Grammatica - loco
Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 2.3 2.3.1 Use of accents Acute and grave accents Accenttekens The numerous French loanwords written with é (acute) and è (grave) in that language usually retain those accents in Dutch where they are still regarded as loanwords: attaché ‘attaché’, café ‘cafe’, coupé ‘coupé’, volière ‘aviary’ Note that diminutives of words ending in -é do not require the accent: café – cafeetje ‘cafe’, logé – logeetje ‘(overnight) guest’ Words of French origin ending in -ée drop the accent in Dutch: attachee ‘(female) attaché’, logee ‘female (overnight) guest’, orchidee ‘orchid’, marechaussee ‘military police’ French words where the first syllable contains an é also drop the accent: etage ‘floor, storey’, etalage ‘shop window’, rechaud ‘warmer’ The acute accent is otherwise used on Dutch words to indicate emphasis where in an English text we would normally italicize or underline the word: een té behoudende koers a too conservative approach werklozen én studenten both the unemployed and students Dit woord wordt gewoonlijk zónder, maar ook wel mét klemtoon uitgesproken. This word is usually pronounced without, but sometimes with stress. Where a vowel sound is rendered by more than one letter, an accent is put on both vowel symbols where possible, e.g. ééuwig ‘eternal’, vóórkomen ‘to occur’, búíten ‘outside’. The grave is used only on the letter e in Dutch words where it indicates how that e is pronounced; 3 in the sentence Je 3 The rules given here are those according to the Woordenlijst but in practice many Dutch people write èn and tè, for example, where én and té are given above, because the grave on èn, for instance, corresponds to the way this e is pronounced. Use of accents 11
2 Spelling 12 doet het, hè? ‘You’re going to do it, aren’t you?’ the grave distinguishes the word hè (= nietwaar) from hé ‘hey’. Note the difference in meaning the acute accent gives to the following words: een ‘a’, één ‘one’; voor ‘for’, vóór ‘in front of, before’ Even when these two words have the second meaning they are written with accents only when the meaning could be ambiguous, otherwise they are left off: but Hij heeft één kind. He has one child. Er staat één boom voor het huis. There is one tree in front of the house. een van mijn vrienden one of my friends (accents not necessary) 4 Er staat een boom vóór het huis, niet erachter. (accents for emphasis) There is a tree in front of the house, not behind it. The acute can be used in other instances to show stress and thus avoid ambiguity: vérstrekkend ‘far-reaching’, verstrekkend ‘issuing’ 2.3.2 Dieresis Het deelteken, het trema The dieresis (¨) is used in Dutch in non-compound words to indicate that the vowel it is placed on belongs to a separate syllable from the vowel that immediately precedes it: geërgerd ‘irritated’, geïnteresseerd ‘interested’, ruïne ‘ruin’, efficiënt ‘efficient’, financiën ‘finances’, zeeën ‘seas’ 4 The rule for the use of accents on een as given here is heeded as much in the breach as in the observance. It is exceedingly common to see één written even where no ambiguity exists.
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- Page 17 and 18: 1 Pronunciation 2 being confused wh
- Page 19 and 20: 1 Pronunciation 4 the more common t
- Page 21 and 22: 1 Pronunciation 6 their zachte gee,
- Page 23 and 24: 8 Chapter 2 Spelling Spelling As wi
- Page 25: 2 Spelling 10 August 1996, dictated
- Page 29 and 30: 2 Spelling 14 7.2.1.4. In the follo
- Page 31 and 32: 2 Spelling 16 Under the spelling ru
- Page 33 and 34: 2 Spelling 18 2.9 The alphabet The
- Page 35 and 36: 20 Generally speaking Dutch punctua
- Page 37 and 38: 3 Punctuation 22 The following subt
- Page 39 and 40: 4 Cases 24 blootshoofds bare-headed
- Page 41 and 42: 5 Articles 26 (b) It is commonly om
- Page 43 and 44: 5 Articles 28 Hij is de nieuwe Comm
- Page 45 and 46: 5 Articles 30 (d) It is always used
- Page 47 and 48: 32 Chapter 6 Demonstratives Aanwijz
- Page 49 and 50: 34 Chapter 7 Nouns Zelfstandige naa
- Page 51 and 52: 7 Nouns 36 7.1.1.9 Words ending in
- Page 53 and 54: 7 Nouns 38 7.1.2 7.1.2.1 Neuter nou
- Page 55 and 56: 7 Nouns 40 7.1.2.11 Adjectives endi
- Page 57 and 58: 7 Nouns 42 7.1.4 Nouns with two gen
- Page 59 and 60: 7 Nouns 44 formation is always to a
- Page 61 and 62: 7 Nouns 46 7.2.1.6 Foreign (usually
- Page 63 and 64: 7 Nouns Exceptions: nouns of Greek
- Page 65 and 66: 7 Nouns 50 7.2.2.3 There is a small
- Page 67 and 68: 7 Nouns 52 ei egg eieren gelid join
- Page 69 and 70: 7 Nouns The Netherlands Nederland t
- Page 71 and 72: 7 Nouns 56 7.3.6 -ster (a) Nouns de
- Page 73 and 74: 7 Nouns 58 7.5.1.2 -tje (a) Words c
- Page 75 and 76: 7 Nouns 60 7.5.1.5 -kje Nouns endin
2<br />
Spelling<br />
12<br />
doet het, hè? ‘You’re going to do it, aren’t you?’ the grave distinguishes<br />
the word hè (= nietwaar) from hé ‘hey’.<br />
Note the difference in meaning the acute accent gives to the following<br />
words:<br />
een ‘a’, één ‘one’; voor ‘for’, vóór ‘in front of, before’<br />
Even when these two words have the second meaning they are written<br />
with accents only when the meaning could be ambiguous, otherwise they<br />
are left off:<br />
but<br />
Hij heeft één kind.<br />
He has one child.<br />
Er staat één boom voor het huis.<br />
There is one tree in front of the house.<br />
een van mijn vrienden<br />
one of my friends (accents not necessary) 4<br />
Er staat een boom vóór het huis, niet erachter. (accents for<br />
emphasis)<br />
There is a tree in front of the house, not behind it.<br />
The acute can be used in other instances to show stress and thus avoid<br />
ambiguity:<br />
vérstrekkend ‘far-reaching’, verstrekkend ‘issuing’<br />
2.3.2<br />
Dieresis<br />
Het deelteken, het trema<br />
The dieresis (¨) is used in Dutch in non-compound words to indicate that<br />
the vowel it is placed on belongs to a separate syllable from the vowel<br />
that immediately precedes it:<br />
geërgerd ‘irritated’, geïnteresseerd ‘interested’, ruïne ‘ruin’,<br />
efficiënt ‘efficient’, financiën ‘finances’, zeeën ‘seas’<br />
4 The rule for the use of accents on een as given here is heeded as much in the breach<br />
as in the observance. It is exceedingly common to see één written even where no ambiguity<br />
exists.
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