Grammatica - loco

1111
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
1
12111
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
41111
*See 11.12.4.1 for an explanation of why geworden is given here in
brackets.
11.12.2
What is the passive?
The passive is a so-called voice, not a tense, because all tenses of the
active extend to the passive too. A passive construction is one where the
object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the finite verb:
active Hij wast de auto.
He washes/is washing the car.
passive De auto wordt (door hem) gewassen.
The car is [being] washed (by him).
In the passive the agent of the action may be left unmentioned if so desired,
but it is always implied.
11.12.3
How to construct the passive
The passive is constructed in English by a form of the verb ‘to be’ plus a
past participle plus an optional agent introduced by the preposition ‘by’:
subject + to be + past participle (+ by + noun/pronoun)
The car is being washed by him.
The Dutch passive differs in that the verb worden is used, not zijn, to
translate the verb ‘to be’ and ‘by’ is translated by door:
subject + worden (+ door + noun/pronoun) + past participle
De auto wordt door hem gewassen.
11.12.4
11.12.4.1
Difficulties with the passive
Perfect and pluperfect passive
A complication arises where the auxiliary worden is required in the perfect
tense, i.e. ‘The car has been washed’. Here one would expect:
*De auto is gewassen geworden.
The car has washed been.
The passive
243