Grammatica - loco
Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 Note: erge dorst/honger hebben to be very thirsty/hungry etc. geen dorst/honger hebben to be not thirsty/hungry etc. The following hebben constructions, which employ ‘to be’ in English, contain an idiomatic het which is usually written ’t. They are only used with personal subjects, e.g. Ik heb het druk ‘I am busy’, but Het is erg druk ‘It is very busy’. ’t benauwd hebben to feel off/sick ’t druk hebben to be busy ’t koud hebben to be cold ’t moeilijk hebben to be in trouble ’t warm hebben to be hot ’t hebben over to be talking about 11.7 11.7.1 Zijn ‘to be’ Forms of the verb zijn The verb ‘to be’, as in all European languages, is extremely irregular: Present tense ik ben ‘I am’ etc. wij zijn jij bent jullie zijn u bent, is u bent hij is zij zijn The gij form is zijt (see 11.1.1). U can take a second or third person verb, but bent is more common, particularly in the plural. Imperfect tense singular: was plural: waren The gij form is waart. Perfect tense: The past participle is geweest and is formed from another infinitive wezen (see 11.7.1.1). The perfect tense of zijn takes zijn i.e. ik ben geweest etc. I have been Zijn ‘to be’ 209
11 Verbs There is an adjective formed from the past participle but it is strong in form: de gewezen burgemeester ‘the former mayor’ Pluperfect tense ik was geweest I had been Future tense ik zal zijn I will be Future perfect tense ik zal geweest zijn I will have been Conditional tense ik zou zijn I would be (or contracted to ik was, see 11.2.7) Conditional perfect tense ik zou geweest zijn I would have been (or contracted to ik was geweest) Imperative In the imperative a derivative of the second infinitive wezen is used for all persons: wees! Subjunctive Subjunctive forms of ‘to be’ are still found in some standard expressions: God zij dank! ‘Thank God!’ 20 11.7.1.1 Notes on wezen Volledigheidshalve zij hier vermeld dat. . . ‘For the sake of completeness let it be said that . . .’ als het ware ‘as it were’ Wezen, which is historically a synonym of zijn, is used (other than in the imperative as described above) in two ways: 1 To replace zijn when the latter stands in the infinitive (rather colloquial): Het zou erg leuk kunnen wezen. It could be really nice. Weg wezen! Be off with you! 2 To replace zijn in double infinitive constructions (i.e. it replaces the past participle, see 11.9.2.5 (b)): Ik ben wezen kijken. I have been to look. Hij is wezen vissen. He has been fishing. 11.7.2 Uses of the verb zijn Zijn as an auxiliary verb in compound tenses. 210 20 But this is more commonly expressed as goddank!
- Page 173 and 174: 10 Adverbs 158 10.4.1 Indefinite ad
- Page 175 and 176: 10 Adverbs 160 10.7 10.7.1 Formatio
- Page 177 and 178: 10 Adverbs 162 10.7.7 -waarts Compa
- Page 179 and 180: 10 Adverbs 164 Ik ben even gaan kij
- Page 181 and 182: 10 Adverbs 166 Je kent onze pastoor
- Page 183 and 184: 10 Adverbs 168 Hoor is very frequen
- Page 185 and 186: 11 Verbs 170 stole), hij heeft gest
- Page 187 and 188: 11 Verbs 172 hij gelooft hij reist
- Page 189 and 190: 11 Verbs 174 Those stems that end i
- Page 191 and 192: 11 Verbs 176 One should learn both
- Page 193 and 194: 11 Verbs 178 Examples: beloven ‘t
- Page 195 and 196: 11 Verbs 180 Purists have a prefere
- Page 197 and 198: 11 Verbs 182 Zij zullen het mij heb
- Page 199 and 200: 11 Verbs 184 Although it is not com
- Page 201 and 202: 11 Verbs 186 Onze hond is net doodg
- Page 203 and 204: 11 Verbs 188 11.2.4 11.2.4.1 Pluper
- Page 205 and 206: 11 Verbs 190 Als hij vroeger harder
- Page 207 and 208: 11 Verbs 192 dragen VI drijven I dr
- Page 209 and 210: 11 Verbs 194 verdelgen III verdriet
- Page 211 and 212: 11 Verbs 196 kijken keek keken geke
- Page 213 and 214: 11 Verbs 198 zuipen zoop zopen gezo
- Page 215 and 216: 11 Verbs 200 verzwelgen verzwolg ve
- Page 217 and 218: 11 Verbs 202 archaic: vraagde vraag
- Page 219 and 220: 11 Verbs 204 Jagen and waaien also
- Page 221 and 222: 11 Verbs 206 11.4.3 Jagen ‘to hun
- Page 223: 11 Verbs 208 Imperfect tense ik had
- Page 227 and 228: 11 Verbs 212 It is impossible to gi
- Page 229 and 230: 11 Verbs 214 stikken to suffocate s
- Page 231 and 232: 11 Verbs 216 lopen ‘to run’ Hij
- Page 233 and 234: 11 Verbs 218 verliezen ‘to lose
- Page 235 and 236: 11 Verbs 220 11.8.1 11.8.1.1 Presen
- Page 237 and 238: 11 Verbs 222 11.8.2 Perfect tenses
- Page 239 and 240: 11 Verbs 224 11.8.3.1.4 mogen There
- Page 241 and 242: 11 Verbs 226 Dat kan wel waar zijn
- Page 243 and 244: 11 Verbs 228 (c) In formal style th
- Page 245 and 246: 11 Verbs 230 Note also the idiom Ho
- Page 247 and 248: 11 Verbs 232 11.9.2.2 It is never u
- Page 249 and 250: 11 Verbs 234 Zij hoorde mij komen.
- Page 251 and 252: 11 Verbs 236 11.9.3 Use of om . . .
- Page 253 and 254: 11 Verbs 238 11.10 11.10.1 The impe
- Page 255 and 256: 11 Verbs 240 11.10.4 Occasionally t
- Page 257 and 258: 11 Verbs 242 11.12 11.12.1 The pass
- Page 259 and 260: 11 Verbs 244 This double participle
- Page 261 and 262: 11 Verbs 246 Dat had gedaan moeten
- Page 263 and 264: 11 Verbs 248 11.13 Progressive or c
- Page 265 and 266: 11 Verbs 250 11.15.1 Many adjective
- Page 267 and 268: 11 Verbs 252 Although there is the
- Page 269 and 270: 11 Verbs 254 When writing such an o
- Page 271 and 272: 11 Verbs 256 Going out is very expe
- Page 273 and 274: 11 Verbs 258 There are basically tw
1111<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
1011<br />
1<br />
12111<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
20111<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
30111<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
40<br />
41111<br />
Note:<br />
erge dorst/honger hebben to be very thirsty/hungry etc.<br />
geen dorst/honger hebben to be not thirsty/hungry etc.<br />
The following hebben constructions, which employ ‘to be’ in English,<br />
contain an idiomatic het which is usually written ’t. They are only used<br />
with personal subjects, e.g. Ik heb het druk ‘I am busy’, but Het is erg<br />
druk ‘It is very busy’.<br />
’t benauwd hebben to feel off/sick<br />
’t druk hebben to be busy<br />
’t koud hebben to be cold<br />
’t moeilijk hebben to be in trouble<br />
’t warm hebben to be hot<br />
’t hebben over to be talking about<br />
11.7<br />
11.7.1<br />
Zijn ‘to be’<br />
Forms of the verb zijn<br />
The verb ‘to be’, as in all European languages, is extremely irregular:<br />
Present tense<br />
ik ben ‘I am’ etc. wij zijn<br />
jij bent jullie zijn<br />
u bent, is u bent<br />
hij is zij zijn<br />
The gij form is zijt (see 11.1.1). U can take a second or third person verb,<br />
but bent is more common, particularly in the plural.<br />
Imperfect tense singular: was plural: waren<br />
The gij form is waart.<br />
Perfect tense: The past participle is geweest and is formed from another<br />
infinitive wezen (see 11.7.1.1). The perfect tense of zijn takes zijn i.e. ik<br />
ben geweest etc. I have been<br />
Zijn<br />
‘to be’<br />
209