Grammatica - loco

Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco

04.05.2013 Views

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 hoeven hoefde hoefden gehoeven to need kunnen kon konden gekund to be able moeten moest moesten gemoeten to have to mogen mocht mochten gemogen19 to be allowed to willen wilde wilden gewild to want to wou (see 11.8.1.4) zullen zou zouden gezuld will 11.4 11.4.1 Mixed verbs Mixed is the name given to those verbs which for historical reasons have a weak imperfect and a strong past participle (or occasionally vice versa): bakken bakte bakten gebakken to bake For a complete list of such verbs see 11.3.2. 11.4.2 There are five verbs which have a strong imperfect which is now archaic (see 11.3.2): delven dolf dolven to dig raden ried rieden to guess, advise stoten stiet stieten to push wassen wies wiesen to wash zweren zwoor zworen to fester Also verschuilen ‘to hide’ but its strong imperfect is not archaic (see 11.3.1.II). 19 See 11.8.1.3. Mixed verbs 205

11 Verbs 206 11.4.3 Jagen ‘to hunt, chase’, vragen ‘to ask’ and waaien ‘to blow (wind)’ are exceptional mixed verbs in that they all have a strong imperfect and a weak past participle. Jagen and waaien also have a weak imperfect which is current, whereas that of vragen is archaic: jagen joeg/joegen, jaagde/jaagden gejaagd waaien woei/woeien, waaide/waaiden gewaaid vragen vroeg/vroegen, vraagde/vraagden gevraagd But it should be noted that there is a difference in meaning between the weak and strong imperfects of jagen: joeg/joegen ‘chased away’; jaagde/ jaagden ‘hunted’. Scheren ‘to shave, shear [a sheep]’ is usually regarded as a strong verb (see 11.3.1.II) but one commonly hears scheerde as the imperfect of ‘to shave’. Ervaren ‘to experience, discover’ should follow varen (see 11.3.1.VI) but ervaarde is frequently heard in the imperfect by analogy with aanvaarden ‘to accept’, e.g. Hij ervaarde (= ervoer) het als een eer uitgenodigd te worden ‘He regarded it as an honour to be invited’, Hij aanvaardde de eer uitgenodigd te worden ‘He accepted the honour of being invited’. 11.5 Irregular verbs Colloquially the term ‘irregular’ is used as a synonym for ‘strong’ with reference to verbs. Strictly speaking, however, irregular verbs are those that show irregularities that do not follow any of the seven basic patterns of strong verbs, i.e. classes I to VII. There are three groups of irregular verbs: 11.5.1 Those that are historically weak verbs that all show a change of vowel in the past tenses, which they have in common with strong verbs, and also a dental ending, which they have in common with weak verbs. There are only six such verbs, two of which are not used in the spoken language, i.e. dunken and plegen (see 11.3.3). All derivatives of these verbs have the

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hoeven hoefde hoefden gehoeven to need<br />

kunnen kon konden gekund to be able<br />

moeten moest moesten gemoeten to have to<br />

mogen mocht mochten gemogen19 to be allowed<br />

to<br />

willen wilde wilden gewild to want to<br />

wou (see 11.8.1.4)<br />

zullen zou zouden gezuld will<br />

11.4<br />

11.4.1<br />

Mixed verbs<br />

Mixed is the name given to those verbs which for historical reasons have<br />

a weak imperfect and a strong past participle (or occasionally vice versa):<br />

bakken bakte bakten gebakken to bake<br />

For a complete list of such verbs see 11.3.2.<br />

11.4.2<br />

There are five verbs which have a strong imperfect which is now archaic<br />

(see 11.3.2):<br />

delven dolf dolven to dig<br />

raden ried rieden to guess, advise<br />

stoten stiet stieten to push<br />

wassen wies wiesen to wash<br />

zweren zwoor zworen to fester<br />

Also verschuilen ‘to hide’ but its strong imperfect is not archaic (see<br />

11.3.1.II).<br />

19 See 11.8.1.3.<br />

Mixed verbs<br />

205

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