Grammatica - loco
Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 hoeven hoefde hoefden gehoeven to need kunnen kon konden gekund to be able moeten moest moesten gemoeten to have to mogen mocht mochten gemogen19 to be allowed to willen wilde wilden gewild to want to wou (see 11.8.1.4) zullen zou zouden gezuld will 11.4 11.4.1 Mixed verbs Mixed is the name given to those verbs which for historical reasons have a weak imperfect and a strong past participle (or occasionally vice versa): bakken bakte bakten gebakken to bake For a complete list of such verbs see 11.3.2. 11.4.2 There are five verbs which have a strong imperfect which is now archaic (see 11.3.2): delven dolf dolven to dig raden ried rieden to guess, advise stoten stiet stieten to push wassen wies wiesen to wash zweren zwoor zworen to fester Also verschuilen ‘to hide’ but its strong imperfect is not archaic (see 11.3.1.II). 19 See 11.8.1.3. Mixed verbs 205
11 Verbs 206 11.4.3 Jagen ‘to hunt, chase’, vragen ‘to ask’ and waaien ‘to blow (wind)’ are exceptional mixed verbs in that they all have a strong imperfect and a weak past participle. Jagen and waaien also have a weak imperfect which is current, whereas that of vragen is archaic: jagen joeg/joegen, jaagde/jaagden gejaagd waaien woei/woeien, waaide/waaiden gewaaid vragen vroeg/vroegen, vraagde/vraagden gevraagd But it should be noted that there is a difference in meaning between the weak and strong imperfects of jagen: joeg/joegen ‘chased away’; jaagde/ jaagden ‘hunted’. Scheren ‘to shave, shear [a sheep]’ is usually regarded as a strong verb (see 11.3.1.II) but one commonly hears scheerde as the imperfect of ‘to shave’. Ervaren ‘to experience, discover’ should follow varen (see 11.3.1.VI) but ervaarde is frequently heard in the imperfect by analogy with aanvaarden ‘to accept’, e.g. Hij ervaarde (= ervoer) het als een eer uitgenodigd te worden ‘He regarded it as an honour to be invited’, Hij aanvaardde de eer uitgenodigd te worden ‘He accepted the honour of being invited’. 11.5 Irregular verbs Colloquially the term ‘irregular’ is used as a synonym for ‘strong’ with reference to verbs. Strictly speaking, however, irregular verbs are those that show irregularities that do not follow any of the seven basic patterns of strong verbs, i.e. classes I to VII. There are three groups of irregular verbs: 11.5.1 Those that are historically weak verbs that all show a change of vowel in the past tenses, which they have in common with strong verbs, and also a dental ending, which they have in common with weak verbs. There are only six such verbs, two of which are not used in the spoken language, i.e. dunken and plegen (see 11.3.3). All derivatives of these verbs have the
- Page 169 and 170: 10 Adverbs 154 10.3.21.11 ‘Then
- Page 171 and 172: 10 Adverbs 156 hiervandaan, van hie
- Page 173 and 174: 10 Adverbs 158 10.4.1 Indefinite ad
- Page 175 and 176: 10 Adverbs 160 10.7 10.7.1 Formatio
- Page 177 and 178: 10 Adverbs 162 10.7.7 -waarts Compa
- Page 179 and 180: 10 Adverbs 164 Ik ben even gaan kij
- Page 181 and 182: 10 Adverbs 166 Je kent onze pastoor
- Page 183 and 184: 10 Adverbs 168 Hoor is very frequen
- Page 185 and 186: 11 Verbs 170 stole), hij heeft gest
- Page 187 and 188: 11 Verbs 172 hij gelooft hij reist
- Page 189 and 190: 11 Verbs 174 Those stems that end i
- Page 191 and 192: 11 Verbs 176 One should learn both
- Page 193 and 194: 11 Verbs 178 Examples: beloven ‘t
- Page 195 and 196: 11 Verbs 180 Purists have a prefere
- Page 197 and 198: 11 Verbs 182 Zij zullen het mij heb
- Page 199 and 200: 11 Verbs 184 Although it is not com
- Page 201 and 202: 11 Verbs 186 Onze hond is net doodg
- Page 203 and 204: 11 Verbs 188 11.2.4 11.2.4.1 Pluper
- Page 205 and 206: 11 Verbs 190 Als hij vroeger harder
- Page 207 and 208: 11 Verbs 192 dragen VI drijven I dr
- Page 209 and 210: 11 Verbs 194 verdelgen III verdriet
- Page 211 and 212: 11 Verbs 196 kijken keek keken geke
- Page 213 and 214: 11 Verbs 198 zuipen zoop zopen gezo
- Page 215 and 216: 11 Verbs 200 verzwelgen verzwolg ve
- Page 217 and 218: 11 Verbs 202 archaic: vraagde vraag
- Page 219: 11 Verbs 204 Jagen and waaien also
- Page 223 and 224: 11 Verbs 208 Imperfect tense ik had
- Page 225 and 226: 11 Verbs There is an adjective form
- Page 227 and 228: 11 Verbs 212 It is impossible to gi
- Page 229 and 230: 11 Verbs 214 stikken to suffocate s
- Page 231 and 232: 11 Verbs 216 lopen ‘to run’ Hij
- Page 233 and 234: 11 Verbs 218 verliezen ‘to lose
- Page 235 and 236: 11 Verbs 220 11.8.1 11.8.1.1 Presen
- Page 237 and 238: 11 Verbs 222 11.8.2 Perfect tenses
- Page 239 and 240: 11 Verbs 224 11.8.3.1.4 mogen There
- Page 241 and 242: 11 Verbs 226 Dat kan wel waar zijn
- Page 243 and 244: 11 Verbs 228 (c) In formal style th
- Page 245 and 246: 11 Verbs 230 Note also the idiom Ho
- Page 247 and 248: 11 Verbs 232 11.9.2.2 It is never u
- Page 249 and 250: 11 Verbs 234 Zij hoorde mij komen.
- Page 251 and 252: 11 Verbs 236 11.9.3 Use of om . . .
- Page 253 and 254: 11 Verbs 238 11.10 11.10.1 The impe
- Page 255 and 256: 11 Verbs 240 11.10.4 Occasionally t
- Page 257 and 258: 11 Verbs 242 11.12 11.12.1 The pass
- Page 259 and 260: 11 Verbs 244 This double participle
- Page 261 and 262: 11 Verbs 246 Dat had gedaan moeten
- Page 263 and 264: 11 Verbs 248 11.13 Progressive or c
- Page 265 and 266: 11 Verbs 250 11.15.1 Many adjective
- Page 267 and 268: 11 Verbs 252 Although there is the
- Page 269 and 270: 11 Verbs 254 When writing such an o
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hoeven hoefde hoefden gehoeven to need<br />
kunnen kon konden gekund to be able<br />
moeten moest moesten gemoeten to have to<br />
mogen mocht mochten gemogen19 to be allowed<br />
to<br />
willen wilde wilden gewild to want to<br />
wou (see 11.8.1.4)<br />
zullen zou zouden gezuld will<br />
11.4<br />
11.4.1<br />
Mixed verbs<br />
Mixed is the name given to those verbs which for historical reasons have<br />
a weak imperfect and a strong past participle (or occasionally vice versa):<br />
bakken bakte bakten gebakken to bake<br />
For a complete list of such verbs see 11.3.2.<br />
11.4.2<br />
There are five verbs which have a strong imperfect which is now archaic<br />
(see 11.3.2):<br />
delven dolf dolven to dig<br />
raden ried rieden to guess, advise<br />
stoten stiet stieten to push<br />
wassen wies wiesen to wash<br />
zweren zwoor zworen to fester<br />
Also verschuilen ‘to hide’ but its strong imperfect is not archaic (see<br />
11.3.1.II).<br />
19 See 11.8.1.3.<br />
Mixed verbs<br />
205