Grammatica - loco
Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 Toen ik in Amsterdam woonde, heb ik geregeld mijn tante in Rotterdam bezocht (or bezocht ik . . .) When I lived in Amsterdam I would regularly visit my aunt in Rotterdam. 11.1.7.4 A ‘should’ which means ‘would’, as occurs in British English, is rendered by zou(den) but in all other senses ‘should’ is rendered by a form of moeten (see 11.8.5.2 (b)): Ik zou het doen als ik jou was. I should do it if I were you. 11.1.8 Conditional perfect tense De voltooid verleden toekomende tijd—v.v.t.t. The conditional perfect is the past of the future perfect: Hij zou het gezien hebben (or hebben gezien). He would have seen it. Zij zou gegaan zijn (or zijn gegaan). She would have gone. Zij zouden het mij hebben laten zien. They would have shown it to me. Contracted conditional perfects: Because the conditional perfect employs two auxiliaries (zou/zouden + hebben/zijn) in addition to one or two more verbs (i.e. a past participle or two infinitives), there is a tendency to contract the auxiliaries into one form to reduce the overall number of verbs, i.e. as in German hätte and wäre. This is actually a remnant of the former imperfect subjunctive although the forms are identical to the imperfect of hebben and zijn nowadays: Hij zou het gezien hebben = Hij had het gezien (als . . .) Hij zou gegaan zijn = Hij was gegaan (als . . .) Zij zouden het mij hebben laten zien = Zij hadden het mij laten zien (als . . .) Confusion with the imperfect is usually avoided by context, i.e. there is always an ‘if’ clause preceding, following or implied. Formation of tenses 183
11 Verbs 184 Although it is not compulsory to contract, in cases like the third example where there are four verbs, it is preferable to reduce the number to three by such contraction. (For further verbal contractions see modal verbs, 11.8.3.) 11.1.8.1 See 11.2.7.1 for use of the conditional perfect with reported speech. 11.2 11.2.1 Use of tenses Present tense The present tense is used as in English with the following exceptions: 11.2.1.1 Dutch has its own idiomatic way of expressing the present continuous (i.e. He is reading a book, see 11.13) and the emphatic present (i.e. He does like fish, see 11.14). 11.2.1.2 The present tense is used even more extensively in Dutch than in English to express the future; it is in fact the most usual way of expressing the future (see 11.1.5.3). 11.2.1.3 An English perfect followed by ‘for’ plus an expression of time is rendered by the present tense in Dutch as the action of the verb is seen not to have been completed but as still continuing into the present: Ik woon al tien jaar hier. I have been living here for ten years. I have lived here for ten years. A similar construction is required in sentences introduced by ‘how long’ as the actual meaning is ‘how long for’: Hoe lang leert hij al Nederlands? How long has he been learning Dutch (for)? (see 10.3.7 (c))
- Page 147 and 148: 9 Adjectives 132 there is also the
- Page 149 and 150: 10 Adverbs 134 are basically as for
- Page 151 and 152: 10 Adverbs 10.1.2.2 Minder/minst
- Page 153 and 154: 10 Adverbs 138 Hartstikke, although
- Page 155 and 156: 10 Adverbs 140 The only exceptions
- Page 157 and 158: 10 Adverbs 142 A stylistic variant
- Page 159 and 160: 10 Adverbs 144 Sunday week zondag o
- Page 161 and 162: 10 Adverbs 146 10.3.13 Now now nu (
- Page 163 and 164: 10 Adverbs 148 all week (long) de (
- Page 165 and 166: 10 Adverbs 150 not yet nog niet sti
- Page 167 and 168: 10 Adverbs 152 10.3.21.4 ‘Before
- Page 169 and 170: 10 Adverbs 154 10.3.21.11 ‘Then
- Page 171 and 172: 10 Adverbs 156 hiervandaan, van hie
- Page 173 and 174: 10 Adverbs 158 10.4.1 Indefinite ad
- Page 175 and 176: 10 Adverbs 160 10.7 10.7.1 Formatio
- Page 177 and 178: 10 Adverbs 162 10.7.7 -waarts Compa
- Page 179 and 180: 10 Adverbs 164 Ik ben even gaan kij
- Page 181 and 182: 10 Adverbs 166 Je kent onze pastoor
- Page 183 and 184: 10 Adverbs 168 Hoor is very frequen
- Page 185 and 186: 11 Verbs 170 stole), hij heeft gest
- Page 187 and 188: 11 Verbs 172 hij gelooft hij reist
- Page 189 and 190: 11 Verbs 174 Those stems that end i
- Page 191 and 192: 11 Verbs 176 One should learn both
- Page 193 and 194: 11 Verbs 178 Examples: beloven ‘t
- Page 195 and 196: 11 Verbs 180 Purists have a prefere
- Page 197: 11 Verbs 182 Zij zullen het mij heb
- Page 201 and 202: 11 Verbs 186 Onze hond is net doodg
- Page 203 and 204: 11 Verbs 188 11.2.4 11.2.4.1 Pluper
- Page 205 and 206: 11 Verbs 190 Als hij vroeger harder
- Page 207 and 208: 11 Verbs 192 dragen VI drijven I dr
- Page 209 and 210: 11 Verbs 194 verdelgen III verdriet
- Page 211 and 212: 11 Verbs 196 kijken keek keken geke
- Page 213 and 214: 11 Verbs 198 zuipen zoop zopen gezo
- Page 215 and 216: 11 Verbs 200 verzwelgen verzwolg ve
- Page 217 and 218: 11 Verbs 202 archaic: vraagde vraag
- Page 219 and 220: 11 Verbs 204 Jagen and waaien also
- Page 221 and 222: 11 Verbs 206 11.4.3 Jagen ‘to hun
- Page 223 and 224: 11 Verbs 208 Imperfect tense ik had
- Page 225 and 226: 11 Verbs There is an adjective form
- Page 227 and 228: 11 Verbs 212 It is impossible to gi
- Page 229 and 230: 11 Verbs 214 stikken to suffocate s
- Page 231 and 232: 11 Verbs 216 lopen ‘to run’ Hij
- Page 233 and 234: 11 Verbs 218 verliezen ‘to lose
- Page 235 and 236: 11 Verbs 220 11.8.1 11.8.1.1 Presen
- Page 237 and 238: 11 Verbs 222 11.8.2 Perfect tenses
- Page 239 and 240: 11 Verbs 224 11.8.3.1.4 mogen There
- Page 241 and 242: 11 Verbs 226 Dat kan wel waar zijn
- Page 243 and 244: 11 Verbs 228 (c) In formal style th
- Page 245 and 246: 11 Verbs 230 Note also the idiom Ho
- Page 247 and 248: 11 Verbs 232 11.9.2.2 It is never u
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41111<br />
Toen ik in Amsterdam woonde, heb ik geregeld mijn tante<br />
in Rotterdam bezocht (or bezocht ik . . .)<br />
When I lived in Amsterdam I would regularly visit my aunt in<br />
Rotterdam.<br />
11.1.7.4<br />
A ‘should’ which means ‘would’, as occurs in British English, is rendered<br />
by zou(den) but in all other senses ‘should’ is rendered by a form of<br />
moeten (see 11.8.5.2 (b)):<br />
Ik zou het doen als ik jou was.<br />
I should do it if I were you.<br />
11.1.8<br />
Conditional perfect tense<br />
De voltooid verleden toekomende tijd—v.v.t.t.<br />
The conditional perfect is the past of the future perfect:<br />
Hij zou het gezien hebben (or hebben gezien).<br />
He would have seen it.<br />
Zij zou gegaan zijn (or zijn gegaan).<br />
She would have gone.<br />
Zij zouden het mij hebben laten zien.<br />
They would have shown it to me.<br />
Contracted conditional perfects: Because the conditional perfect employs<br />
two auxiliaries (zou/zouden + hebben/zijn) in addition to one or two<br />
more verbs (i.e. a past participle or two infinitives), there is a tendency to<br />
contract the auxiliaries into one form to reduce the overall number of<br />
verbs, i.e. as in German hätte and wäre. This is actually a remnant of the<br />
former imperfect subjunctive although the forms are identical to the<br />
imperfect of hebben and zijn nowadays:<br />
Hij zou het gezien hebben = Hij had het gezien (als . . .)<br />
Hij zou gegaan zijn = Hij was gegaan (als . . .)<br />
Zij zouden het mij hebben laten zien = Zij hadden het mij laten<br />
zien (als . . .)<br />
Confusion with the imperfect is usually avoided by context, i.e. there is<br />
always an ‘if’ clause preceding, following or implied.<br />
Formation of<br />
tenses<br />
183