Grammatica - loco

Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco

04.05.2013 Views

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 Toen ik in Amsterdam woonde, heb ik geregeld mijn tante in Rotterdam bezocht (or bezocht ik . . .) When I lived in Amsterdam I would regularly visit my aunt in Rotterdam. 11.1.7.4 A ‘should’ which means ‘would’, as occurs in British English, is rendered by zou(den) but in all other senses ‘should’ is rendered by a form of moeten (see 11.8.5.2 (b)): Ik zou het doen als ik jou was. I should do it if I were you. 11.1.8 Conditional perfect tense De voltooid verleden toekomende tijd—v.v.t.t. The conditional perfect is the past of the future perfect: Hij zou het gezien hebben (or hebben gezien). He would have seen it. Zij zou gegaan zijn (or zijn gegaan). She would have gone. Zij zouden het mij hebben laten zien. They would have shown it to me. Contracted conditional perfects: Because the conditional perfect employs two auxiliaries (zou/zouden + hebben/zijn) in addition to one or two more verbs (i.e. a past participle or two infinitives), there is a tendency to contract the auxiliaries into one form to reduce the overall number of verbs, i.e. as in German hätte and wäre. This is actually a remnant of the former imperfect subjunctive although the forms are identical to the imperfect of hebben and zijn nowadays: Hij zou het gezien hebben = Hij had het gezien (als . . .) Hij zou gegaan zijn = Hij was gegaan (als . . .) Zij zouden het mij hebben laten zien = Zij hadden het mij laten zien (als . . .) Confusion with the imperfect is usually avoided by context, i.e. there is always an ‘if’ clause preceding, following or implied. Formation of tenses 183

11 Verbs 184 Although it is not compulsory to contract, in cases like the third example where there are four verbs, it is preferable to reduce the number to three by such contraction. (For further verbal contractions see modal verbs, 11.8.3.) 11.1.8.1 See 11.2.7.1 for use of the conditional perfect with reported speech. 11.2 11.2.1 Use of tenses Present tense The present tense is used as in English with the following exceptions: 11.2.1.1 Dutch has its own idiomatic way of expressing the present continuous (i.e. He is reading a book, see 11.13) and the emphatic present (i.e. He does like fish, see 11.14). 11.2.1.2 The present tense is used even more extensively in Dutch than in English to express the future; it is in fact the most usual way of expressing the future (see 11.1.5.3). 11.2.1.3 An English perfect followed by ‘for’ plus an expression of time is rendered by the present tense in Dutch as the action of the verb is seen not to have been completed but as still continuing into the present: Ik woon al tien jaar hier. I have been living here for ten years. I have lived here for ten years. A similar construction is required in sentences introduced by ‘how long’ as the actual meaning is ‘how long for’: Hoe lang leert hij al Nederlands? How long has he been learning Dutch (for)? (see 10.3.7 (c))

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Toen ik in Amsterdam woonde, heb ik geregeld mijn tante<br />

in Rotterdam bezocht (or bezocht ik . . .)<br />

When I lived in Amsterdam I would regularly visit my aunt in<br />

Rotterdam.<br />

11.1.7.4<br />

A ‘should’ which means ‘would’, as occurs in British English, is rendered<br />

by zou(den) but in all other senses ‘should’ is rendered by a form of<br />

moeten (see 11.8.5.2 (b)):<br />

Ik zou het doen als ik jou was.<br />

I should do it if I were you.<br />

11.1.8<br />

Conditional perfect tense<br />

De voltooid verleden toekomende tijd—v.v.t.t.<br />

The conditional perfect is the past of the future perfect:<br />

Hij zou het gezien hebben (or hebben gezien).<br />

He would have seen it.<br />

Zij zou gegaan zijn (or zijn gegaan).<br />

She would have gone.<br />

Zij zouden het mij hebben laten zien.<br />

They would have shown it to me.<br />

Contracted conditional perfects: Because the conditional perfect employs<br />

two auxiliaries (zou/zouden + hebben/zijn) in addition to one or two<br />

more verbs (i.e. a past participle or two infinitives), there is a tendency to<br />

contract the auxiliaries into one form to reduce the overall number of<br />

verbs, i.e. as in German hätte and wäre. This is actually a remnant of the<br />

former imperfect subjunctive although the forms are identical to the<br />

imperfect of hebben and zijn nowadays:<br />

Hij zou het gezien hebben = Hij had het gezien (als . . .)<br />

Hij zou gegaan zijn = Hij was gegaan (als . . .)<br />

Zij zouden het mij hebben laten zien = Zij hadden het mij laten<br />

zien (als . . .)<br />

Confusion with the imperfect is usually avoided by context, i.e. there is<br />

always an ‘if’ clause preceding, following or implied.<br />

Formation of<br />

tenses<br />

183

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