Grammatica - loco

1111
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
1
12111
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
41111
e.g. werken – gewerkt, horen – gehoord, reizen – gereisd, leven –
geleefd.
With the past participle, unlike the imperfect, if the stem already
ends in -t or -d, no further -t or -d is added, e.g. zetten – gezet,
branden – gebrand. The rules of Dutch spelling do not permit a
consonant to be doubled at the end of a word.
Note what happens with the many verbs of recent English origin.
The ’t fokschaap rule is applied according to the final sound, not
letter, of the stem: faxen – gefaxt, joggen – gejogd, hockeyen –
gehockeyd, racen – geracet, gerecycled, updaten – geüpdatet,
upgraden – geüpgraded (the last syllable of the final two verbs is not
pronounced, i.e. you say ‘geüpdeet’ and ‘geüpgreet’).
One should be careful with verbs ending in -eren. These are of two
types:
1 Those where the suffix is of French origin with the stress on -eren
and which thus double the e in the past participle to preserve the
long vowel, e.g. reservéren ‘to reserve’ – gereservéérd, waardéren
‘to appreciate’ – gewaardéérd. (These accents are not normally
written but are used here merely to indicate the difference in
stress.)
2 Those native Dutch words with the stress on the stem vowel which
do not double the e, e.g. lúísteren ‘to listen’ – gelúísterd,
herínneren ‘to remind’ – herínnerd. (These accents are not
normally written but are used here merely to indicate the difference
in stress.)
(b) The past participle is invariable for all persons; only the auxiliary
verb is conjugated, e.g.:
ik heb gewerkt wij hebben gewerkt
jij hebt gewerkt jullie hebben gewerkt
hij heeft gewerkt zij hebben gewerkt
For the use of zijn as an auxiliary verb in the perfect tense see
11.7.2.1.
(c) Those verbs beginning with any of the following unstressed prefixes
do not add ge- (which would be yet another unstressed prefix,
which the Dutch like to avoid):
be-, er-, ge-, her-, ont-, ver-
Formation of
tenses
177