Grammatica - loco

Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco

04.05.2013 Views

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 jij ziet (zie je?) jij doet (doe je?) hij ziet hij doet wij/jullie/zij zien wij/jullie/zij doen The verb komen ‘to come’ shows a slight irregularity in the present tense where the singular forms all contain a short vowel: ik kom (not *koom) wij komen jij komt jullie komen hij komt zij komen 11.1.2 Imperfect tense De onvoltooid verleden tijd—o.v.t. The imperfect or simple past in English is ‘I worked’ (a weak verb), ‘I sang’ (a strong verb). The progressive and emphatic forms ‘I was working’, ‘I did work’ are not usually rendered in Dutch (for exceptions see 11.14). 11.1.2.1 Weak verbs The imperfect is formed, as in English, by the addition of a dental ending to the stem of the verb. The rules for the isolation of the stem are given above. The only difficulty with the formation of the imperfect of weak verbs in Dutch is deciding whether to add -te/-ten or -de/-den to the stem. The two possible conjugations are as follows: werken ‘to work’ ik werkte wij werkten jij werkte jullie werkten u werkte u werkte hij, zij, het werkte zij werkten Gij forms end in -tet. horen ‘to hear’ ik hoorde wij hoorden jij hoorde jullie hoorden u hoorde u hoorde hij, zij, het hoorde zij hoorden Gij forms end in -det. Formation of tenses 173

11 Verbs 174 Those stems that end in the voiceless consonants p, t, k, f, s, ch add the voiceless ending -te/-ten, e.g. hopen ‘to hope’ – hoopte, tikken ‘to type’ – tikte, blaffen ‘to bark’ – blafte, plassen ‘to wee’ – plaste, lachen ‘to laugh’ – lachte etc. The word ’t fokschaap can serve as a mnemonic for these voiceless consonants; if you prefer, use soft ketchup as your mnemonic. Stems ending in any other sound including those ending in a vowel, take -de/-den, e.g. bestellen ‘to order’ – bestelde, bouwen ‘to build’ – bouwde, gooien ‘to throw’ – gooide etc. Note what happens with the many verbs of recent English origin. The ’t fokschaap rule is applied according to the final sound, not letter, of the stem: faxen – faxte, joggen – jogde (pron. with an English ‘g’), hockeyen – hockeyde, racen – racete, recyclen – recyclede, updaten – updatete, upgraden – upgradede (the second last syllable of the final two verbs is not pronounced, i.e. you say ‘updeette’ and ‘upgreedde’). The endings -te/-ten and -de/-den are added to the stems of all weak verbs, regardless of whether they already end in t or d, e.g: praten ‘to talk’ – ik praatte, wij praatten branden ‘to burn’ – ik brandde, wij brandden Because of the tendency in ABN to drop final n’s in speech, the following verbal forms are all pronounced identically: wij praten, ik praatte, wij praatten. Sometimes the difference between the present and the past tense is not evident, e.g. zetten ‘to put’: present tense: – ik zet, wij zetten past tense: – ik zette, wij zetten (i.e. -ten added to the stem zet-) Verbs with v or z in the infinitive The rule given above that states that the decision between -te/-ten and -de/-den is based on the final sound of the stem is in fact a slight oversimplification, but it retains its validity if one remembers this one exception: verbs such as reizen, verhuizen, geloven and leven, which contain a voiced consonant in the infinitive which becomes s and f in the stem (i.e. reis, verhuis, geloof, leef), add -de/-den to this stem, i.e. reisde, verhuisde, geloofde, leefde. But the s and f in such cases are pronounced voiced, i.e. as z and v.

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jij ziet (zie je?) jij doet (doe je?)<br />

hij ziet hij doet<br />

wij/jullie/zij zien wij/jullie/zij doen<br />

The verb komen ‘to come’ shows a slight irregularity in the present tense<br />

where the singular forms all contain a short vowel:<br />

ik kom (not *koom) wij komen<br />

jij komt jullie komen<br />

hij komt zij komen<br />

11.1.2<br />

Imperfect tense<br />

De onvoltooid verleden tijd—o.v.t.<br />

The imperfect or simple past in English is ‘I worked’ (a weak verb), ‘I<br />

sang’ (a strong verb). The progressive and emphatic forms ‘I was working’,<br />

‘I did work’ are not usually rendered in Dutch (for exceptions see 11.14).<br />

11.1.2.1<br />

Weak verbs<br />

The imperfect is formed, as in English, by the addition of a dental ending<br />

to the stem of the verb. The rules for the isolation of the stem are given<br />

above. The only difficulty with the formation of the imperfect of weak verbs<br />

in Dutch is deciding whether to add -te/-ten or -de/-den to the stem. The<br />

two possible conjugations are as follows:<br />

werken ‘to work’<br />

ik werkte wij werkten<br />

jij werkte jullie werkten<br />

u werkte u werkte<br />

hij, zij, het werkte zij werkten<br />

Gij forms end in -tet.<br />

horen ‘to hear’<br />

ik hoorde wij hoorden<br />

jij hoorde jullie hoorden<br />

u hoorde u hoorde<br />

hij, zij, het hoorde zij hoorden<br />

Gij forms end in -det.<br />

Formation of<br />

tenses<br />

173

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