Grammatica - loco
Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 jij ziet (zie je?) jij doet (doe je?) hij ziet hij doet wij/jullie/zij zien wij/jullie/zij doen The verb komen ‘to come’ shows a slight irregularity in the present tense where the singular forms all contain a short vowel: ik kom (not *koom) wij komen jij komt jullie komen hij komt zij komen 11.1.2 Imperfect tense De onvoltooid verleden tijd—o.v.t. The imperfect or simple past in English is ‘I worked’ (a weak verb), ‘I sang’ (a strong verb). The progressive and emphatic forms ‘I was working’, ‘I did work’ are not usually rendered in Dutch (for exceptions see 11.14). 11.1.2.1 Weak verbs The imperfect is formed, as in English, by the addition of a dental ending to the stem of the verb. The rules for the isolation of the stem are given above. The only difficulty with the formation of the imperfect of weak verbs in Dutch is deciding whether to add -te/-ten or -de/-den to the stem. The two possible conjugations are as follows: werken ‘to work’ ik werkte wij werkten jij werkte jullie werkten u werkte u werkte hij, zij, het werkte zij werkten Gij forms end in -tet. horen ‘to hear’ ik hoorde wij hoorden jij hoorde jullie hoorden u hoorde u hoorde hij, zij, het hoorde zij hoorden Gij forms end in -det. Formation of tenses 173
11 Verbs 174 Those stems that end in the voiceless consonants p, t, k, f, s, ch add the voiceless ending -te/-ten, e.g. hopen ‘to hope’ – hoopte, tikken ‘to type’ – tikte, blaffen ‘to bark’ – blafte, plassen ‘to wee’ – plaste, lachen ‘to laugh’ – lachte etc. The word ’t fokschaap can serve as a mnemonic for these voiceless consonants; if you prefer, use soft ketchup as your mnemonic. Stems ending in any other sound including those ending in a vowel, take -de/-den, e.g. bestellen ‘to order’ – bestelde, bouwen ‘to build’ – bouwde, gooien ‘to throw’ – gooide etc. Note what happens with the many verbs of recent English origin. The ’t fokschaap rule is applied according to the final sound, not letter, of the stem: faxen – faxte, joggen – jogde (pron. with an English ‘g’), hockeyen – hockeyde, racen – racete, recyclen – recyclede, updaten – updatete, upgraden – upgradede (the second last syllable of the final two verbs is not pronounced, i.e. you say ‘updeette’ and ‘upgreedde’). The endings -te/-ten and -de/-den are added to the stems of all weak verbs, regardless of whether they already end in t or d, e.g: praten ‘to talk’ – ik praatte, wij praatten branden ‘to burn’ – ik brandde, wij brandden Because of the tendency in ABN to drop final n’s in speech, the following verbal forms are all pronounced identically: wij praten, ik praatte, wij praatten. Sometimes the difference between the present and the past tense is not evident, e.g. zetten ‘to put’: present tense: – ik zet, wij zetten past tense: – ik zette, wij zetten (i.e. -ten added to the stem zet-) Verbs with v or z in the infinitive The rule given above that states that the decision between -te/-ten and -de/-den is based on the final sound of the stem is in fact a slight oversimplification, but it retains its validity if one remembers this one exception: verbs such as reizen, verhuizen, geloven and leven, which contain a voiced consonant in the infinitive which becomes s and f in the stem (i.e. reis, verhuis, geloof, leef), add -de/-den to this stem, i.e. reisde, verhuisde, geloofde, leefde. But the s and f in such cases are pronounced voiced, i.e. as z and v.
- Page 137 and 138: 9 Adjectives 122 * verwonderd over
- Page 139 and 140: 9 Adjectives 124 ‘greenish’. Th
- Page 141 and 142: 9 Adjectives 126 -vormig correspond
- Page 143 and 144: 9 Adjectives 128 haarscherp very sh
- Page 145 and 146: 9 Adjectives Licht- and donker- pre
- Page 147 and 148: 9 Adjectives 132 there is also the
- Page 149 and 150: 10 Adverbs 134 are basically as for
- Page 151 and 152: 10 Adverbs 10.1.2.2 Minder/minst
- Page 153 and 154: 10 Adverbs 138 Hartstikke, although
- Page 155 and 156: 10 Adverbs 140 The only exceptions
- Page 157 and 158: 10 Adverbs 142 A stylistic variant
- Page 159 and 160: 10 Adverbs 144 Sunday week zondag o
- Page 161 and 162: 10 Adverbs 146 10.3.13 Now now nu (
- Page 163 and 164: 10 Adverbs 148 all week (long) de (
- Page 165 and 166: 10 Adverbs 150 not yet nog niet sti
- Page 167 and 168: 10 Adverbs 152 10.3.21.4 ‘Before
- Page 169 and 170: 10 Adverbs 154 10.3.21.11 ‘Then
- Page 171 and 172: 10 Adverbs 156 hiervandaan, van hie
- Page 173 and 174: 10 Adverbs 158 10.4.1 Indefinite ad
- Page 175 and 176: 10 Adverbs 160 10.7 10.7.1 Formatio
- Page 177 and 178: 10 Adverbs 162 10.7.7 -waarts Compa
- Page 179 and 180: 10 Adverbs 164 Ik ben even gaan kij
- Page 181 and 182: 10 Adverbs 166 Je kent onze pastoor
- Page 183 and 184: 10 Adverbs 168 Hoor is very frequen
- Page 185 and 186: 11 Verbs 170 stole), hij heeft gest
- Page 187: 11 Verbs 172 hij gelooft hij reist
- Page 191 and 192: 11 Verbs 176 One should learn both
- Page 193 and 194: 11 Verbs 178 Examples: beloven ‘t
- Page 195 and 196: 11 Verbs 180 Purists have a prefere
- Page 197 and 198: 11 Verbs 182 Zij zullen het mij heb
- Page 199 and 200: 11 Verbs 184 Although it is not com
- Page 201 and 202: 11 Verbs 186 Onze hond is net doodg
- Page 203 and 204: 11 Verbs 188 11.2.4 11.2.4.1 Pluper
- Page 205 and 206: 11 Verbs 190 Als hij vroeger harder
- Page 207 and 208: 11 Verbs 192 dragen VI drijven I dr
- Page 209 and 210: 11 Verbs 194 verdelgen III verdriet
- Page 211 and 212: 11 Verbs 196 kijken keek keken geke
- Page 213 and 214: 11 Verbs 198 zuipen zoop zopen gezo
- Page 215 and 216: 11 Verbs 200 verzwelgen verzwolg ve
- Page 217 and 218: 11 Verbs 202 archaic: vraagde vraag
- Page 219 and 220: 11 Verbs 204 Jagen and waaien also
- Page 221 and 222: 11 Verbs 206 11.4.3 Jagen ‘to hun
- Page 223 and 224: 11 Verbs 208 Imperfect tense ik had
- Page 225 and 226: 11 Verbs There is an adjective form
- Page 227 and 228: 11 Verbs 212 It is impossible to gi
- Page 229 and 230: 11 Verbs 214 stikken to suffocate s
- Page 231 and 232: 11 Verbs 216 lopen ‘to run’ Hij
- Page 233 and 234: 11 Verbs 218 verliezen ‘to lose
- Page 235 and 236: 11 Verbs 220 11.8.1 11.8.1.1 Presen
- Page 237 and 238: 11 Verbs 222 11.8.2 Perfect tenses
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jij ziet (zie je?) jij doet (doe je?)<br />
hij ziet hij doet<br />
wij/jullie/zij zien wij/jullie/zij doen<br />
The verb komen ‘to come’ shows a slight irregularity in the present tense<br />
where the singular forms all contain a short vowel:<br />
ik kom (not *koom) wij komen<br />
jij komt jullie komen<br />
hij komt zij komen<br />
11.1.2<br />
Imperfect tense<br />
De onvoltooid verleden tijd—o.v.t.<br />
The imperfect or simple past in English is ‘I worked’ (a weak verb), ‘I<br />
sang’ (a strong verb). The progressive and emphatic forms ‘I was working’,<br />
‘I did work’ are not usually rendered in Dutch (for exceptions see 11.14).<br />
11.1.2.1<br />
Weak verbs<br />
The imperfect is formed, as in English, by the addition of a dental ending<br />
to the stem of the verb. The rules for the isolation of the stem are given<br />
above. The only difficulty with the formation of the imperfect of weak verbs<br />
in Dutch is deciding whether to add -te/-ten or -de/-den to the stem. The<br />
two possible conjugations are as follows:<br />
werken ‘to work’<br />
ik werkte wij werkten<br />
jij werkte jullie werkten<br />
u werkte u werkte<br />
hij, zij, het werkte zij werkten<br />
Gij forms end in -tet.<br />
horen ‘to hear’<br />
ik hoorde wij hoorden<br />
jij hoorde jullie hoorden<br />
u hoorde u hoorde<br />
hij, zij, het hoorde zij hoorden<br />
Gij forms end in -det.<br />
Formation of<br />
tenses<br />
173