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1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 De man in wiens stoel ik zit is mijn oom. But wier, as in De vrouw in wier stoel ik zit, is mijn tante is very rare indeed, other than in the most formal of contexts. In speech the following would be used: De man in wie z’n stoel ik zit . . . De vrouw in wie d’r stoel ik zit . . . De mensen in wie hun stoel wij zitten . . . In writing, if one wants to avoid wiens and wier, the following might be preferable, but it sounds as contorted in Dutch as its literal translation does in English, i.e. ‘in the chair of whom’ and is therefore not an ideal solution: De man/vrouw/mensen in de stoel van wie ik zit (b) A preposition + whose, when the antecedent is a thing, i.e. not a person, also causes complications if one wishes to avoid using welks (or the even rarer welker which was once used for non-personal feminine and plural antecedents). Once again, as with wiens, welks is sometimes found in the formal written language when preceded by a preposition: Het huis op welks dak de kat de hele nacht had gezeten, is de volgende dag als gevolg van de storm ingestort. The house whose roof the cat had sat on all night, collapsed the next day as a result of the storm. Alternatively this could be expressed by Het huis op het dak waarvan (compare ‘the house on the roof of which’), but both alternatives sound very contorted and would certainly never be encountered in the spoken language and would even be avoided in the written language wherever possible (compare what was said about the last example in (a) above). Dutch simply seeks to rephrase the statement and thus avoid the complication. In the case of the above example something like the following would be more usual: Het huis waar de kat de hele nacht op het dak gezeten had, is de volgende dag als gevolg van de storm ingestort. The house where the cat spent the whole night on the roof collapsed the next day as a result of the storm. Relative pronouns 91
8 Pronouns 92 8.5.8 Independent relatives These are relatives that begin sentences and thus have no antecedent: die/wie 17 ‘he who’, wat ‘what, that which’, hetgeen ‘what, that which’. They could also be regarded as indefinite pronouns: Wie (die) eens steelt, is altijd een dief. Once a thief, always a thief. Wie (die) komen wil, moet nu betalen. Whoever 18 wants to come must pay now. Wat je zegt is allemaal onzin. What (that which) you’re saying is all nonsense. In the final example the meaning is dat wat. This wat is commonly replaced in the formal written language by hetgeen (also ’t geen): Hetgeen je doet is gevaarlijk. What (that which) you are doing is dangerous. Hetgeen ik zeggen wil is dit. What (that which) I want to say is this. 8.5.9 Less common relatives (a) The relative hetgeen commonly replaces in formal writing the wat which refers back to a whole clause, but it is an archaic form (see 8.5.4): Hij heeft zijn auto total loss gereden, hetgeen ik erg jammer vind. He has written his car off, which I think is a great shame. In this sense hetwelk (also written ’t welk) can be used as well; this use of hetwelk too is archaic: De eendracht is in het land hersteld, hetwelk (hetgeen) de gehele bevolking met vreugde vervuld heeft. Unity was restored in the country, which filled the entire population with joy. 17 Die is rather literary. 18 Degene(n) die ‘he/those who’ is common in this sense too (see 8.6.6).
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1 Pronunciation 2 being confused wh
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1 Pronunciation 4 the more common t
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1 Pronunciation 6 their zachte gee,
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8 Chapter 2 Spelling Spelling As wi
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2 Spelling 10 August 1996, dictated
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2 Spelling 12 doet het, hè? ‘You
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2 Spelling 14 7.2.1.4. In the follo
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2 Spelling 16 Under the spelling ru
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2 Spelling 18 2.9 The alphabet The
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20 Generally speaking Dutch punctua
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3 Punctuation 22 The following subt
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4 Cases 24 blootshoofds bare-headed
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5 Articles 26 (b) It is commonly om
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5 Articles 28 Hij is de nieuwe Comm
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5 Articles 30 (d) It is always used
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32 Chapter 6 Demonstratives Aanwijz
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34 Chapter 7 Nouns Zelfstandige naa
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7 Nouns 36 7.1.1.9 Words ending in
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7 Nouns 38 7.1.2 7.1.2.1 Neuter nou
Page 55 and 56: 7 Nouns 40 7.1.2.11 Adjectives endi
Page 57 and 58: 7 Nouns 42 7.1.4 Nouns with two gen
Page 59 and 60: 7 Nouns 44 formation is always to a
Page 61 and 62: 7 Nouns 46 7.2.1.6 Foreign (usually
Page 63 and 64: 7 Nouns Exceptions: nouns of Greek
Page 65 and 66: 7 Nouns 50 7.2.2.3 There is a small
Page 67 and 68: 7 Nouns 52 ei egg eieren gelid join
Page 69 and 70: 7 Nouns The Netherlands Nederland t
Page 71 and 72: 7 Nouns 56 7.3.6 -ster (a) Nouns de
Page 73 and 74: 7 Nouns 58 7.5.1.2 -tje (a) Words c
Page 75 and 76: 7 Nouns 60 7.5.1.5 -kje Nouns endin
Page 77 and 78: 7 Nouns 62 scheermes razor scheerme
Page 79 and 80: 7 Nouns 64 7.5.3.1 Adverbs are the
Page 81 and 82: 66 Chapter 8 Pronouns Voornaamworde
Page 83 and 84: 8 Pronouns 68 (b) The unemphatic fo
Page 85 and 86: 8 Pronouns 70 8.1.2 8.1.2.1 Remarks
Page 87 and 88: 8 Pronouns 72 distinguish singular
Page 89 and 90: 8 Pronouns 74 Doe de deur dicht! Ne
Page 91 and 92: 8 Pronouns 76 Je moet de oostkust b
Page 93 and 94: 8 Pronouns 78 Ik weet het wel. Ik w
Page 95 and 96: 8 Pronouns 80 She gave him the book
Page 97 and 98: 8 Pronouns Masculine antecedents us
Page 99 and 100: 8 Pronouns 84 8.4 8.4.1 Demonstrati
Page 101 and 102: 8 Pronouns 86 8.5 8.5.1 Relative pr
Page 103 and 104: 8 Pronouns 88 In this case the prep
Page 105: 8 Pronouns 90 8.5.6 ‘Whose’ 1 2
Page 109 and 110: 8 Pronouns 94 Alle bomen die in dit
Page 111 and 112: 8 Pronouns 96 Dit is een ‘must’
Page 113 and 114: 8 Pronouns 98 sommige(n) some ander
Page 115 and 116: 8 Pronouns 100 Ik heb ze allebei in
Page 117 and 118: 8 Pronouns 102 8.6.9 Pronominal use
Page 119 and 120: 8 Pronouns 104 When waar and its pr
Page 121 and 122: 106 Chapter 9 Adjectives Bijvoeglij
Page 123 and 124: 9 Adjectives 108 zaakgelastigde ‘
Page 125 and 126: 9 Adjectives 110 2.8), Parijs - Par
Page 127 and 128: 9 Adjectives 112 9.2.2 Inflection o
Page 129 and 130: 9 Adjectives 114 (am)’. It is tha
Page 131 and 132: 9 Adjectives 116 Here hoogst and ui
Page 133 and 134: 9 Adjectives 118 Note that Dutch vo
Page 135 and 136: 9 Adjectives 120 * getrouwd met mar
Page 137 and 138: 9 Adjectives 122 * verwonderd over
Page 139 and 140: 9 Adjectives 124 ‘greenish’. Th
Page 141 and 142: 9 Adjectives 126 -vormig correspond
Page 143 and 144: 9 Adjectives 128 haarscherp very sh
Page 145 and 146: 9 Adjectives Licht- and donker- pre
Page 147 and 148: 9 Adjectives 132 there is also the
Page 149 and 150: 10 Adverbs 134 are basically as for
Page 151 and 152: 10 Adverbs 10.1.2.2 Minder/minst
Page 153 and 154: 10 Adverbs 138 Hartstikke, although
Page 155 and 156: 10 Adverbs 140 The only exceptions
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10 Adverbs 142 A stylistic variant
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10 Adverbs 144 Sunday week zondag o
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10 Adverbs 146 10.3.13 Now now nu (
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10 Adverbs 148 all week (long) de (
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10 Adverbs 150 not yet nog niet sti
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10 Adverbs 152 10.3.21.4 ‘Before
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10 Adverbs 154 10.3.21.11 ‘Then
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10 Adverbs 156 hiervandaan, van hie
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10 Adverbs 158 10.4.1 Indefinite ad
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10 Adverbs 160 10.7 10.7.1 Formatio
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10 Adverbs 162 10.7.7 -waarts Compa
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10 Adverbs 164 Ik ben even gaan kij
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10 Adverbs 166 Je kent onze pastoor
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10 Adverbs 168 Hoor is very frequen
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11 Verbs 170 stole), hij heeft gest
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11 Verbs 172 hij gelooft hij reist
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11 Verbs 174 Those stems that end i
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11 Verbs 176 One should learn both
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11 Verbs 178 Examples: beloven ‘t
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11 Verbs 180 Purists have a prefere
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11 Verbs 182 Zij zullen het mij heb
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11 Verbs 184 Although it is not com
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11 Verbs 186 Onze hond is net doodg
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11 Verbs 188 11.2.4 11.2.4.1 Pluper
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11 Verbs 190 Als hij vroeger harder
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11 Verbs 192 dragen VI drijven I dr
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11 Verbs 194 verdelgen III verdriet
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11 Verbs 196 kijken keek keken geke
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11 Verbs 198 zuipen zoop zopen gezo
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11 Verbs 200 verzwelgen verzwolg ve
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11 Verbs 202 archaic: vraagde vraag
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11 Verbs 204 Jagen and waaien also
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11 Verbs 206 11.4.3 Jagen ‘to hun
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11 Verbs 208 Imperfect tense ik had
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11 Verbs There is an adjective form
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11 Verbs 212 It is impossible to gi
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11 Verbs 214 stikken to suffocate s
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11 Verbs 216 lopen ‘to run’ Hij
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11 Verbs 218 verliezen ‘to lose
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11 Verbs 220 11.8.1 11.8.1.1 Presen
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11 Verbs 222 11.8.2 Perfect tenses
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11 Verbs 224 11.8.3.1.4 mogen There
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11 Verbs 226 Dat kan wel waar zijn
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11 Verbs 228 (c) In formal style th
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11 Verbs 230 Note also the idiom Ho
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11 Verbs 232 11.9.2.2 It is never u
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11 Verbs 234 Zij hoorde mij komen.
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11 Verbs 236 11.9.3 Use of om . . .
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11 Verbs 238 11.10 11.10.1 The impe
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11 Verbs 240 11.10.4 Occasionally t
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11 Verbs 242 11.12 11.12.1 The pass
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11 Verbs 244 This double participle
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11 Verbs 246 Dat had gedaan moeten
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11 Verbs 248 11.13 Progressive or c
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11 Verbs 250 11.15.1 Many adjective
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11 Verbs 252 Although there is the
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11 Verbs 254 When writing such an o
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11 Verbs 256 Going out is very expe
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11 Verbs 258 There are basically tw
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11 Verbs 260 zich uitsloven to go t
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11 Verbs 262 zich vervelen* to be b
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11 Verbs 264 Ik heb geen geld bij m
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11 Verbs 266 laten zinken (tr.) Ik
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11 Verbs 268 betreffen to concern W
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11 Verbs 270 2 Nominal prefixes for
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11 Verbs 272 The above is potential
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11 Verbs 274 meaning. This process
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11 Verbs 276 11.20.2.1.4 The prefix
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11 Verbs 278 11.21 Verbs followed b
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11 Verbs 280 bij aankomen to arrive
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11 Verbs 282 om smaken to taste of
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11 Verbs 284 lijken to look like le
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11 Verbs 286 tot (see 11.21.1) uit
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11 Verbs 288 gelden to count for, b
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290 Chapter 12 Conjunctions Voegwoo
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12 Conjunctions 292 12.1.1.3 In the
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12 Conjunctions 294 Onze kennissen
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12 Conjunctions 296 sinds since (te
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12 Conjunctions 298 It is, for exam
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12 Conjunctions 300 It is also used
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12 Conjunctions 302 The adverbial c
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12 Conjunctions 304 12.2.1.10 Naar
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12 Conjunctions 306 12.4 Correlativ
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12 Conjunctions 308 12.4.2 Adverbia
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12 Conjunctions 310 om 1 in order t
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12 Conjunctions 312 but only or Hij
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12 Conjunctions 314 welk(e) . .. oo
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13 Prepositions 316 geen ster aan d
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13 Prepositions 318 behalve ‘exce
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13 Prepositions 320 binnen ‘withi
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13 Prepositions 322 Hij zit (in) ee
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13 Prepositions 324 naar Parijs ver
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13 Prepositions 326 Onder het lezen
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13 Prepositions 328 Als kind heb ik
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13 Prepositions 330 sinds ‘since,
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13 Prepositions 332 tussen 3 en 4 u
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13 Prepositions 334 Ik heb het via
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13 Prepositions 336 aan deze/die ka
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13 Prepositions 338 Hij is het land
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13 Prepositions 340 Hij is op winst
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13 Prepositions 342 Note also: een
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14 Numerals 344 10 tien 28 achtentw
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14 Numerals 346 14.1.1.2 The Dutch
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14 Numerals 348 14.1.2.2 Honderd, d
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14 Numerals 350 14.2 Ordinal number
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14 Numerals 352 14.2.1.5 Foreign ki
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14 Numerals 354 2/3 twee derde 15 (
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14 Numerals 356 een man van achter
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14 Numerals 358 Het is vijf over ee
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14 Numerals 360 ‘a few’ and hoe
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14 Numerals 362 in vijf jaar tijd i
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14 Numerals 364 14.11.2 Square and
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366 Chapter 15 Er Er, which literal
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15 Er 368 Hij heeft er genoeg. He h
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15 Er 370 Hij verdenkt er zijn vrie
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15 Er 372 15.5.2 When a clause begi
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374 Chapter 16 Negation Ontkenning
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16 Negation 376 Hij is niet mijn va
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16 Negation 378 Hij geeft geen geld
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16 Negation 380 16.1.4.6 ‘Not . .
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16 Negation 382 16.1.4.13 Nietwaar?
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Appendix 1 Letter writing and email
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390 Appendix 2 Proper nouns Eigenna
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 392 Country
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 400 Provinc
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns Berlin Berl
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 404 Lorrain
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 406 3 Histo
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Appendix 3 Common Dutch abbreviatio
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416 Glossary of grammatical terms A
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Glossary of grammatical terms 418 C
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Glossary of grammatical terms 420 e
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Glossary of grammatical terms 422 I
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Glossary of grammatical terms 424 P
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Glossary of grammatical terms 426 i
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428 Index The numbers given are par
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Index 430 daar- + preposition 8.4.3
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Index 432 hun object pronoun 8.1, 8
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Index 434 preposition 13 after verb
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Index 436 punctuation 3 comma 3.1 r
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Index 438 verschillende indefinite
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