Volume II - The Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development ...
Volume II - The Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development ...
Volume II - The Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development ...
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Office of the Premier of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
National Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> and Land Reform<br />
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL<br />
DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> <strong>Volume</strong> <strong>Volume</strong> 2: 2: 2: Profile Profile and and Key Key Aspects<br />
Aspects<br />
December 2011<br />
RQ RQ - 055312<br />
G3881
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
SECTION A: INTRODUCTION<br />
i<br />
December 2011<br />
A.1 BACKGROUND 1<br />
A.1.1 FORMAT AND STRUCTURE OF THE PSDF 1<br />
A.2 METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF VOLUME 2 2<br />
A.3 STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF VOLUME 2 2<br />
SECTION B: CONTEXT<br />
B.1 LOCATION 4<br />
B.2 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTEXT 5<br />
B.3 DISTINCTIVE MACRO‐REGIONS 10<br />
SECTION C: THE ENVIRONMENT<br />
C.1 GENERAL BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 12<br />
C.1.1 CLIMATE 12<br />
C.2 HYDROLOGY AND WATER 14<br />
C.2.1 WATER MANAGEMENT 15<br />
C.2.2 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 16<br />
C.2.3 WATER SERVICE INSTITUTIONS 17<br />
C.2.4 WATER AVAILABILITY 18<br />
C.2.4.1 LOWER ORANGE WMA 20<br />
PAGE<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
C.2.4.2 UPPER ORANGE WMA 21<br />
C.2.4.3 LOWER VAAL WMA 21<br />
C.2.4.4 OLIFANTS / DOORN WMA 22<br />
C.2.5 GROUNDWATER 22<br />
C.2.6 WATER BALANCE 23<br />
C.2.7 STORAGE DAMS 23<br />
C.2.8 WATER QUALITY 25<br />
C.2.8.1 THE LOWER VAAL 25<br />
C.2.8.2 LOWER ORANGE 26<br />
C.2.9 WATER‐RELATED KEY ISSUES 27<br />
C.3 BIODIVERSITY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 28<br />
C.3.1 FLORA 28<br />
C.3.1.1 NAMA KAROO BIOME 28<br />
C.3.1.2 SUCCULENT KAROO BIOME 29<br />
C.3.1.3 SAVANNA BIOME 30<br />
C.3.1.4 GRASSLAND BIOME 31<br />
C.3.1.5 FYNBOS BIOME 31<br />
C.3.1.6 CENTRES OF ENDEMISM 31<br />
C.3.2 FAUNA 32<br />
C.3.3 PROTECTED NATURE AREAS 33<br />
C.4 THE COASTAL ZONE 34<br />
C.4.1 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT 36<br />
C.4.2 COASTAL MANAGEMENT 37<br />
C.4.3 COASTAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 37<br />
C.4.4 ACCESS TO MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES 38<br />
C.5 HERITAGE RESOURCES 39<br />
C.5.1 PREHISTORIC HISTORY 39<br />
C.5.2 KHOISAN HISTORY 40<br />
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Dennis Moss Partnership
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
C.5.3 EARLY PIONEERS AND TRAVELLERS 41<br />
C.5.4 HISTORY OF MINING 42<br />
SECTION D: SETTLEMENT PATTERN<br />
D.1 INTRODUCTION 45<br />
D.1.1 ROLE OF SMALL SETTLEMENTS IN REGIONAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 46<br />
D.1.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SETTLEMENTS 48<br />
D.1.3 RELEVANT POLICY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADOPTED FOR THE PSDF 50<br />
D.1.3.1 NATIONAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE (NSDP, 2006) 50<br />
D.1.3.2 NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY<br />
(PGDS)<br />
D.2 PREMISE AND RATIONALE FOR GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR<br />
INVESTMENT<br />
D.2.1 INDICATORS AND COMPOSITE INDICES 54<br />
D.2.2 DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL 57<br />
D.2.3 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED 60<br />
D.2.4 INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED 62<br />
D.2.5 CHANGE ASSESSMENT 65<br />
D.3 INTEGRATED PROFILES 67<br />
D.3.1 MUNICIPAL PROFILES 67<br />
D.3.2 SETTLEMENT PROFILES 68<br />
D.4 USE OF THE SETTLEMENT INDICES 71<br />
D.5 RECOMMENDATIONS 73<br />
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<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
SECTION E: SOCIAL AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENT<br />
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E.1 HUMAN CAPITAL 75<br />
E.1.1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE 75<br />
E.1.2 DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS THAT CAN INFLUENCE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 79<br />
E1.2.1 DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN DATA SETS 80<br />
E.1.2.2 MIGRATION PATTERN 81<br />
E.2 SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS 83<br />
E.2.1 POVERTY 84<br />
E.2.1.1 POVERTY ALLEVIATION FOCUS AREA 85<br />
E.2.2 INCOME LEVELS IN THE NORTHERN CAPE 86<br />
E.2.3 SOCIAL GRANTS RECEIVED 87<br />
E.2.4 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT 88<br />
E.2.5 EDUCATION 89<br />
E.2.6 LITERACY AND EDUCATION LEVELS 90<br />
E.2.7 SKILL LEVELS 91<br />
E.3 GENERAL SOCIO‐ECONOMIC INFORMATION 95<br />
E.3.1 SERVICE STANDARDS: HOUSING 95<br />
E.3.2 SERVICE STANDARDS: SEWAGE REMOVAL 97<br />
E.3.3 SERVICE STANDARDS: WATER RETICULATION 100<br />
E.3.3.1 BLUE DROP STATUS 101<br />
E.3.3.2 WATER NEEDS ON FORMAL AND INFORMAL STANDS 102<br />
E.3.4 SERVICE STANDARDS: TELECOMMUNICATIONS 103<br />
E.3.5 SERVICES STANDARDS: ROADS AND STREETS 104<br />
E.3.5.1 MODE OF TRANSPORT 104<br />
E.3.6 SERVICE STANDARDS: REFUSE REMOVAL 105<br />
E.3.7 SERVICE STANDARDS: ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY 106<br />
E.3.8 SERVICE STANDARDS: HEALTH 107<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
E.4 COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT 111<br />
E.4.1 THE COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CRDP) 111<br />
E.5 LAND REFORM 112<br />
SECTION F: ECONOMY<br />
F.1 ECONOMIC SECTORS 118<br />
F.1.1 MINING SECTOR 120<br />
F.1.2 AGRICULTURE AND AGRO‐PROCESSING SECTOR 124<br />
F.1.3 FISHING AND MARICULTURE SECTOR 126<br />
F.1.3.1 AQUACULTURE AND MARICULTURE 127<br />
F.1.3.2 CURRENT INITIATIVES 127<br />
F.1.4 ENERGY SECTOR 128<br />
F.1.4.1 SOLAR ENERGY 130<br />
F.1.4.2 WIND ENERGY 131<br />
F.1.5 TOURISM 131<br />
F.1.6 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 133<br />
F.1.6.1 SOUTHERN AFRICAN LARGE TELESCOPE (SALT) 134<br />
F.1.6.2 SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY (SKA) 134<br />
F.1.6.3 KAROO ARRAY TELESCOPE 136<br />
F.2 DEVELOPMENT REGIONS AND CORRIDORS 136<br />
F.3 SUPPORTING PROVINCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE BASE 138<br />
F.3.1 TRANSPORT 138<br />
F.3.1.1 ROADS 138<br />
F.3.1.2 AIRPORTS 139<br />
F.3.1.3 RAILWAYS 140<br />
F.3.1.4 HARBOURS 141<br />
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Dennis Moss Partnership
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
F.3.2 WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 141<br />
SECTION G: PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
G.1 KEY INTERVENTIONS PROPOSED BY PGDS 144<br />
SECTION H: SUMMARY OF KEY ASPECTS<br />
H.1 CATEGORIES OF KEY ASPECTS 153<br />
H.2 WAY FORWARD 158<br />
H.2.1 METHODOLOGY FOR PHASE 3 AND PHASE 4 158<br />
H.2.2 SUBMISSION TO PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE 159<br />
SECTION 1: REFERENCE FRAMEWORK<br />
LIST OF FIGURES<br />
Figure A.1 <strong>Volume</strong>s of the PSDF. 1<br />
Figure A.2 Structure and content of <strong>Volume</strong> 2. 3<br />
Figure C.1 Rainfall of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in context of the country as a whole. 14<br />
Figure C.2 Annual direct and diffuse solar radiation in South Africa. 15<br />
Figure C.3 Water management institutional arrangements. 17<br />
Figure C.4 Rivers of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. 20<br />
Figure C.5 <strong>The</strong> Gariep River Basin. 21<br />
Figure C.6 Water Management Areas of South Africa. 23<br />
Figure C.7 Main dams in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. 25<br />
Figure C.8 Biomes of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. 30<br />
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December 2011<br />
Figure C.9 Centres of Endemism in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. 33<br />
Figure C.10 National and provincial protected areas in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. 35<br />
Figure C.11 Coastal regions of South Africa 36<br />
Figure C.12 Coastal region properties owned by mining companies 40<br />
Figure D.1 Key dimensions of settlement study. 53<br />
Figure D.2 Composite Resource Indices used to classify the municipalities and<br />
settlements.<br />
Figure D.3 Determining the development potential of local municipalities and<br />
settlements.<br />
Figure D.4 Determining the human development needs of local municipalities and<br />
settlements.<br />
Figure D.5 Defining the appropriate investment types for the municipalities and<br />
settlements.<br />
Figure D.6 General approach to the appropriation of capital. 63<br />
Figure D.7 Determining change that took place in local municipalities and<br />
settlements.<br />
Figure D.8 Context of this chapter. 67<br />
Figure D.9 Histogram illustration of Upington (Source: Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman,2011).<br />
Figure D.10 Histogram illustration profile of //Khara Hais Municipality (Source: Van der<br />
Merwe & Zietsman,2011).<br />
Figure E.1 Land reform in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 122<br />
Figure F.1 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> growth rate of the GDP per region between 2001 and<br />
2009<br />
Figure H.1 Categories of key issues 153<br />
Figure H.2 Basic steps towards preparation of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4. 158<br />
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<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
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LIST OF TABLES<br />
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Table B.1 Municipalities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. 5<br />
Table B.2 Inventory of the settlements of the province. 7<br />
Table C.1 Monthly average temperature and rainfall for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 12<br />
Table C.2 <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> national and provincial protected areas 33<br />
Table D.1 Integrated Municipal Profiles 67<br />
Table D.2 Integrated Settlement Profiles 68<br />
Table E.1 Population composition of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province 76<br />
Table E.2 Population groups in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> per district municipality 76<br />
Table E.3 Percentage distribution of the population by population group in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Table E.4 <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> gender and age composition from 1996, 2001 and 2007 77<br />
Table E.5 Population Structure of the district municipalities of <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province 78<br />
Table E.6 Population of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> on provincial and district level 80<br />
Table E.7 Average Population Growth of the district municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong><br />
Table E.8 Population of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> on district level for 2007 and 2009 81<br />
Table E.9 Estimated emigration from the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>: 2006‐2011 82<br />
Table E.10 Percentage distribution of non‐migrants and migrants based on place of<br />
birth<br />
Table E.11 Human <strong>Development</strong> Index for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and District<br />
Municipalities<br />
Table E.12 Percentage of people living in poverty in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 84<br />
Table E.13 Percentage of the monthly household income in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province, 2007<br />
Table E.14 Average Monthly Household Income in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, 2007 86<br />
Table E.15 Social Grants received in South Africa and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, 2007 87<br />
Table E.16 Social Grants received on district level in the <strong>Northern</strong> level, 2007 88<br />
Table E.17 Employment in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in relation to other provinces 88<br />
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Dennis Moss Partnership
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<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
Table E.18 Employment in the district municipalities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 89<br />
Table E.19 Adult Education levels of South Africa per province, 2007 90<br />
Table E.20 Adult Education on district level, 2007 91<br />
Table E.21 Employment by skill on national and provincial level, 2007 92<br />
Table E.22 Formal employment by skills on district level, 2007 92<br />
Table E.23 Number of households in the districts of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> for 2001 and<br />
2007<br />
Table E.24 Household living in formal and informal dwellings in South Africa 95<br />
Table E.25 General dwelling information of the district municipalities 96<br />
Table E.26 Household backlog per district municipality 96<br />
Table E.27 Household Access to appropriate sanitation per district, 2007 98<br />
Table E.28 Standard of Sewage Removal per district municipality 98<br />
Table E.29 Top sewage concerns per district municipality of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 99<br />
Table E.30 Percentage of Household Access to Piped Water on district level, 2007 100<br />
Table E.31 Standard of Water Reticulation (2001 and 2007) 101<br />
Table E.32 Water needs in the district municipalities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 102<br />
Table E.33 Top water concerns per district municipality of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 102<br />
Table E.34 Percentage of household access to telecommunication facilities per district 103<br />
Table E.35 Availability of transport 104<br />
Table E.36 Household refuse removal by local authority, 2007 105<br />
Table E.37 Households by type of refuse disposal of district municipalities in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (2001 and 2007)<br />
Table E.38 Households using electricity for lighting, cooking and heating of the<br />
provinces in South Africa<br />
Table E.39 Household Access of electricity services on district level, 2007 107<br />
Table E.40 Provision of Electricity for entire <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 107<br />
Table E.41 <strong>The</strong> number of public facilities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province 108<br />
Table E.42 Top ten causes of death in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 109<br />
Table E.43 Land Redistribution per district municipality 113<br />
Table F.1 Employment by Economic Sector and Industry (Source: Community Survey,<br />
2007 as cited in the LED Strategy)<br />
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Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
Table F.2 <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Sectoral Economic Trends (Source: LED Strategy) 119<br />
Table F.3 Key Economic Industries in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 120<br />
Table F.4 Mineral Production and Pricing, 2007 121<br />
Table F.5 Key mining concerns per district municipality of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 123<br />
Table F.6 <strong>Development</strong> regions and corridors of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (PGDS) 137<br />
Table F.7 Primary roads in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 139<br />
Table G.1 Strategic interventions in agriculture 145<br />
Table G.2 Strategic interventions in mining and mineral processing 145<br />
Table G.3 Strategic interventions in tourism 146<br />
Table G.4 Strategic interventions on energy 146<br />
Table G.5 Strategic interventions on enterprise development 146<br />
Table G.6 Strategic interventions in science and technology 146<br />
Table G.7 Strategic interventions in local economic development 150<br />
Table G.8 Strategic interventions in comprehensive rural development program 150<br />
Table G.9 Interventions in transport operations 151<br />
Table H.1 Key aspects to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4 154<br />
LIST OF MAPS<br />
Map B.1 National context of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province 4<br />
Map B.2 Linkages between the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, the surrounding provinces, Namibia<br />
and Botswana<br />
Map B.3 Municipalities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province 6<br />
Map B.4 Settlements in context of the municipalities of the Province 9<br />
Map B.5 Macro‐bioregions of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 10<br />
Map C.1 Rainfall of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in context of the country as a whole 13<br />
Map C.2 Annual direct and diffuse solar radiation in South Africa 14<br />
Map C.3 Water management institutional arrangements 16<br />
Map C.4 Rivers of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 19<br />
Map C.5 <strong>The</strong> Orange River Basin 20<br />
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December 2011<br />
Map C.6 Water Management Areas of South Africa 22<br />
Map C.7 Main dams in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 24<br />
Map C.8 Biomes of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 29<br />
Map C.9 Centres of Endemism in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 32<br />
Map C.10 National and provincial protected areas in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 34<br />
Map C.11 Coastal regions of South Africa 35<br />
Map D.1 Composite resource index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.2 Composite infrastructure index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.3 Composite economic index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.4 Composite resource index of settlements (Van der Merwe & Zietsman,<br />
2011)<br />
Map D.5 Composite infrastructure index of settlements (Van der Merwe & Zietsman,<br />
2011)<br />
Map D.6 Composite economic activities of settlements (Van der Merwe & Zietsman,<br />
2011)<br />
Map D.7 <strong>Development</strong> potential index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.8 <strong>Development</strong> potential index of settlements (Van der Merwe & Zietsman,<br />
2011)<br />
Map D.9 <strong>Development</strong> potential index of local municipalities and settlements (Van<br />
der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.10 Human development needs index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.11 Human development needs index of settlements (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.12 Human development needs index of local municipalities and settlements<br />
(Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011)<br />
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Map D.13 Investment typology of local municipalities (Van der Merwe & Zietsman,<br />
2011)<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
xii<br />
December 2011<br />
Map D.14 Investment typology of settlements (Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011) 64<br />
Map D.15 Investment typology of local municipalities and settlements (Van der<br />
Merwe & Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.16 <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index change between 2001 and 2007 of local<br />
municipalities (2011 boundaries) (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.17 Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs Change between 2001 and 2007 of local<br />
municipalities (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map D.18 Urban population distribution of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> settlements (2001)<br />
(Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011)<br />
Map E.1 Land reform in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 114<br />
Map F.1 Location of mining operation concentrations in the province in 2011 124<br />
Map F.2 Astronomy Reserve in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with the core site of SKA 135<br />
Map F.3 <strong>Development</strong> regions and corridors of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 137<br />
Map F.4 Transport network of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 139<br />
Map F.5 <strong>Provincial</strong> water plan and strategy 142<br />
LIST OF BOXES<br />
Box 1 Summary of Key Contextual Aspects 11<br />
Box 2 Summary of key Environmental Aspects 44<br />
Box 3 Summary of Key Settlement Aspects 74<br />
Box 4 Summary of Key Social and Human Aspects 117<br />
Box 5 Summary of Key Economic Aspects 143<br />
Box 6 Summary of Key PGDS Interventions 153<br />
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LIST OF ANNEXURES<br />
Annexure 1 Record of Public Participation: September 2011.<br />
Annexure 1.1 Presentation made in Kuruman: 5 September 2011.<br />
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December 2011<br />
Annexure 2 Study Report: <strong>Development</strong> Potential of Urban Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong>. Van der Merwe, I.J, and Zietsman, H.L. 2011.<br />
Annexure 3 Minutes of Project Management Committee Meeting on 1 November 2011<br />
regarding <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Annexure 4 Inventory of Completed Tasks and Way Forward <strong>Volume</strong> 1 and 2.<br />
Annexure 5 Agenda of Project Steering Committee Meeting 29 November 2011<br />
Annexure 6 PPT Presentation to Project Steering Committee on 29 November 2011<br />
Annexure 7 PPT Presentation (Way Forward) to Project Steering Committee on 29<br />
November 2011<br />
Annexure 8 Minutes of Project Steering Committee Meeting 29 November 2011<br />
Annexure 9 <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF DVD<br />
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS<br />
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<strong>The</strong> following terms, abbreviations and acronyms have been used, or are referred to in this<br />
document.<br />
ACSA Airports Company South Africa.<br />
Agenda 21 Agenda 21 is an international program, adopted by more than 178 governments, to<br />
put sustainable development into practice around the world. It emerged from the<br />
United Nations Conference on Environment and <strong>Development</strong> (UNCED) held in Rio<br />
de Janeiro in 1992.<br />
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused<br />
by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.<br />
ASGISA Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa.<br />
BEE Black Economic Empowerment.<br />
BCLME Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem.<br />
Biodiversity It is an abbreviation of “biological diversity” which is described as the mix of species in an<br />
ecosystem that enables the system both to provide a flow of ecosystem services under<br />
given environmental conditions, and to maintain that flow if environmental conditions<br />
change. <strong>The</strong> loss of biodiversity limits the resilience of the affected ecosystem, which in<br />
turn, may have direct negative socio‐economic implications. Furthermore, biodiversity is<br />
the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet.<br />
Biodiversity is one measure of the health of ecosystems, and life on earth today consists<br />
of many millions of distinct biological species.<br />
Biodiversity Hotspot A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of<br />
biodiversity that is under threat from human interventions. To qualify as a hotspot,<br />
a region must meet two strict criteria:<br />
1. It must contain at least 1 500 species of vascular plants (less than 0.5 percent of<br />
the world’s total) as endemics.<br />
2. It has to have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat.<br />
Biological resources Includes genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations, or any other<br />
biotic component of ecosystems with actual, or potential, value for humanity.<br />
Biome Biomes can be defined as the major communities of the world, classified according to<br />
their predominant vegetation and characterised by adaptations of organisms to that<br />
particular environment. Furthermore, biomes are defined by factors such as plant<br />
structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and<br />
needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate. Biomes are<br />
composed of several ecosystems and represent a regional community of organisms<br />
named after the dominant vegetation.<br />
Bioregional planning Land‐use planning and management that promotes sustainable development by<br />
recognizing the relationship between, and giving practical effect to, environmental<br />
integrity, human well‐being and economic efficiency within a defined geographical<br />
space, the boundaries of which were determined in accordance with environmental<br />
and social criteria.<br />
Biosphere reserve An area of terrestrial and coastal/marine ecosystems, or a combination thereof, which is<br />
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internationally recognised within the framework of the UNESCO's MAB Programme.<br />
Each biosphere reserve is intended to fulfil three basic functions, which are<br />
complementary and mutually reinforcing:<br />
1. a conservation function ‐ to contribute to the conservation of landscapes,<br />
ecosystems, species and genetic variation;<br />
2. a development function ‐ to foster economic and human development which is<br />
socio‐culturally and ecologically sustainable;<br />
3. a logistic function ‐ to provide support for research, monitoring, education and<br />
information exchange related to local, national and global issues of<br />
conservation and development.<br />
CASP Comprehensive Agriculture Support Program.<br />
Catchment or catchment<br />
area<br />
<strong>The</strong> entire drainage area from which water flows into a river or other water body.<br />
Generally consisting of various smaller ‘quaternary’ catchments, or ‘sub‐catchments’.<br />
CMA Catchment Management Agency<br />
Conservancy A group of farms, or natural areas, on which the landowners have pooled some, or<br />
all, of their resources for the purpose of conserving natural and cultural resources on<br />
the combined properties. <strong>The</strong>se resources include wildlife and their habitats,<br />
indigenous vegetation, forests, catchments, sites of geological and archaeological<br />
importance, and generally undisturbed natural and scenic landscapes.<br />
Conservation <strong>The</strong> management of human use of the biosphere to yield the greatest benefit to<br />
present generations while maintaining the potential to meet the needs and<br />
aspirations of future generations. Conservation thus includes sustainable use,<br />
protection, maintenance, rehabilitation, restoration, and enhancement of the<br />
natural and cultural environment.<br />
Constitution Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996.<br />
CPPP Community Public Private Partnerships are defined as a contract between a public<br />
sector institution/municipality and a private party, in which the private party<br />
assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the design, financing,<br />
building and operation of a project.<br />
CRDP Comprehensive Rural <strong>Development</strong> Program.<br />
Critical Regionalism Critical regionalism constitutes a sensory understanding and appreciation of the<br />
environment and its component ‘things’. Critical regionalism recognises the quality<br />
and attributes of regional characteristics and builds upon the development of<br />
regional idiosyncrasies and variations. It is based on five basic principles or senses<br />
that should guide the planning, design and management of development, namely<br />
sense of place, sense of history, sense of craft, sense of nature and sense of limits.<br />
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.<br />
CSP Concentrating Solar Power.<br />
DBSA <strong>Development</strong> Bank of Southern Africa.<br />
DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.<br />
<strong>Development</strong>al State A development state tries to balance economic growth and social development. It<br />
uses State resources and State influence to attack poverty and expand economic<br />
opportunities.<br />
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DTI Department of Trade and Industry.<br />
DWA Department of Water Affairs.<br />
DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.<br />
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Ecosystem A dynamic system of plant, animal and micro‐organism communities and their non‐<br />
living environment interacting as a functional unit.<br />
EMP Environmental Management Plan.<br />
EMPR Environmental Management Programme Report.<br />
EMS Environmental Management System.<br />
Endemic species Any plant or animal species confined to, or exclusive to, a particular, specified area.<br />
Environment <strong>The</strong> surroundings within which humans exist and that are made up of:<br />
a) the land, water and atmosphere of the earth;<br />
b) micro‐organisms, plant and animal life;<br />
c) any part or combination of (a) and (b) and the interrelationships among and<br />
between them; and<br />
d) the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the<br />
foregoing that influence human health and well‐being.<br />
Eskom Eskom is a South African electricity public utility, and is the largest producer of<br />
electricity in Africa, and is among the top seven utilities in the world in terms of<br />
generation capacity and among the top nine in terms of sale.<br />
GDP Gross Domestic Product refers to the market value of all final goods and services<br />
produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an<br />
indicator of a country’s standard of living.<br />
GEF Global Environmental Facility.<br />
GGP <strong>The</strong> Gross Geographic Product of a particular area amounts to the total income or<br />
payment received by the production factors (i.e. land, labour, capital and<br />
entrepreneurship) for their participation in the production within that area.<br />
GIS Geographical Information System or ‘a system that captures, stores, analyses,<br />
manages and presents data with reference to geographic location data – it is a<br />
system of hardware and software used for storage, retrieval, mapping, and analysis<br />
of geographic data’’.<br />
GIWA Global International Waters Assessment.<br />
HIV Human Immunodeficiency virus that causes the condition in which progressive<br />
failure of the immune system allows life‐threatening opportunistic infections and<br />
cancers to thrive.<br />
I&AP<br />
Interested and Affected Party.<br />
IDC Industrial <strong>Development</strong> Corporation.<br />
IDP<br />
Integrated <strong>Development</strong> Plan.<br />
IEM Integrated Environmental Management.<br />
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International Institute for Sustainable <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
Indigenous Native to a particular area.<br />
LRAD Land Reform and Agricultural <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
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Irreplaceability <strong>The</strong> potential contribution of a site to a preservation or representation goal. It is a<br />
fundamental way of measuring the conservation value of any site. An irreplaceable<br />
site will appear in every analysis of alternative combinations of sites. In other words,<br />
it is one which must be included in a conservation area because significant options<br />
for preservation are lost if the site is excluded.<br />
ISO<br />
IUCN<br />
<strong>The</strong> “International Organisation for Standardisation” is an international‐standard<br />
setting body composed of representatives from various national standard<br />
organizations. <strong>The</strong> organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and<br />
commercial standards.<br />
International Union for the Conservation of Nature.<br />
JPTC Joint Permanent Technical Committee.<br />
LED Local Economic <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
MAB<br />
Man and the Biosphere.<br />
MaB Program Launched in 1971 by UNESCO, it is a global program of international scientific co‐<br />
operation, dealing with people‐environment interactions over the entire realm of<br />
bioclimatic and geographic situations of the biosphere.<br />
Macro biogeographical<br />
region<br />
A region defined by its unique biological characteristics (flora and fauna) and<br />
biophysical characteristics (climate, geology, soils), giving rise to a variety of major<br />
landscapes, and variations in human settlement patterns and economic activity.<br />
MDGs Millennium <strong>Development</strong> Goals.<br />
MW Megawatt is equal to one million watts. Watts are the yardstick for measuring<br />
power.<br />
NEMA National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998.<br />
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
NGO Non‐Governmental Organisation.<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework.<br />
NSDP National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Perspective.<br />
ORASECOM Orange‐Senqu River Commission.<br />
PWC Permanent Water Commission.<br />
PGDS <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy, 2004 ‐ 2014.<br />
PSDF <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework.<br />
Quaternary catchment<br />
Usually the area that feeds a tributary of a river or a part of the main river.<br />
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Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.<br />
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Rehabilitation To return a degraded ecosystem or population to a safe, stable, predetermined<br />
condition.<br />
Restoration To return a degraded ecosystem or place to its original condition.<br />
SADC Southern African <strong>Development</strong> Community.<br />
SALT Southern African Large Telescope.<br />
SDI Sustainable <strong>Development</strong> Initiative.<br />
SDF <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework.<br />
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment.<br />
SKA Square Kilometre Array.<br />
SLAG Settlement and Land Acquisition Grant.<br />
SOER State of the Environment Report<br />
SPC <strong>Spatial</strong> Planning Category.<br />
Species Plants, animals, or other organisms that do not normally interbreed with individuals<br />
of another kind, including any sub‐species, cultivar, variety, strain, hybrid, or<br />
geographically separate population provided they are not part of another species.<br />
SMA Special Management Area which is defined as ‘an area of excellence and good practice,<br />
where the ethos sustainable development is served in practice. It is a cadastral<br />
geographical unit, which is formally recognised and managed as an area where<br />
environmental sustainability is promoted in practise and in accordance with international<br />
standards for environmental sustainability.’<br />
SMME Small Micro Medium Enterprises.<br />
Stone Age <strong>The</strong> earliest known period of human culture, characterised by the use of stone tools. In<br />
South Africa, the stone age is divided into three periods:<br />
1. Early Stone Age ranges from between 2 million to 250 000 years ago.<br />
2. Middle Stone Age ranges from between 300 000 to 20 000 years ago and is<br />
associated with early modern humans.<br />
3. Late Stone Age dates to the last 20 000 years and is associated with fully modern<br />
people.<br />
Sustainable agriculture This is refers to agriculture that is socially just, humane, economically viable and<br />
environmentally sound. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals:<br />
environmental stewardship, farm profitability and prosperous farming communities.<br />
Sustainable<br />
development<br />
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present<br />
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own<br />
needs.<br />
TB Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. TB is<br />
caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As<br />
TB is a common opportunistic infection ailing people with HIV, South Africa has a<br />
particularly high burden of TB due to its high prevalence of HIV.<br />
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UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
UNDP United Nations <strong>Development</strong> Program.<br />
UNEP United Nations Environmental Program.<br />
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UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. It is a specialized<br />
agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945. Its stated purpose<br />
is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration<br />
through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for<br />
justice, the rule of law and the human rights along with fundamental freedoms<br />
proclaimed in the UN Charter.<br />
Urban edge Is the demarcated outer boundary of urban areas and marks the transition between<br />
urban and rural land‐uses.<br />
World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a place (such as a desert, mountain, building, architectural<br />
monument, etc.) that is listed by UNESCO as of special cultural or physical<br />
significance. <strong>The</strong> list is maintained by the International World Heritage Programme<br />
administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Each World Heritage Site<br />
belongs to the country in which it is located, but it is conserved for the benefit of the<br />
global community and future generations.<br />
WMA Water Management Area.<br />
WQOs Water Quality Objectives.<br />
WRI World Resources Institute. <strong>The</strong> WRI is an environmental think tank that conducts<br />
research to find practical ways to protect the earth and improve people’s lives. It<br />
focuses on four key programs, namely: climate protection, governance, markets and<br />
enterprise, and people and ecosystems.<br />
WSA Water Services Authority.<br />
WSP Water Services Provider.<br />
WUA Water User Association.<br />
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SECTION A: INTRODUCTION<br />
SECTION CONTENT<br />
This section comprises the following key aspects of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF:<br />
• Its format, structure and content.<br />
• Key objectives and function as part of the PSDF process.<br />
• Process and methodology followed in the preparation of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
A.1 BACKGROUND<br />
December 2011<br />
<strong>The</strong> Office of the Premier of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and the Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong><br />
and Land Reform jointly commissioned the preparation of a <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> and<br />
Resource Management Plan / <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework for the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> Province (hereinafter also referred to as the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> or the Province). For ease<br />
of reference the document is referred to as the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF, or the PSDF. <strong>The</strong> PSDF<br />
is a legal requirement in terms of Chapter 4 of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Planning and <strong>Development</strong><br />
Act 7 of 1998.<br />
A.1.1 FORMAT AND STRUCTURE OF THE PSDF<br />
<strong>The</strong> PSDF consists of four volumes, with this document being <strong>Volume</strong> 2 (refer to Figure A.1).<br />
<strong>The</strong> various volumes each has a distinct<br />
purpose and can function as stand‐alone<br />
components of the PSDF. <strong>The</strong>y<br />
collectively address all the requirements<br />
and guidelines for the preparation of<br />
SDFs and the terms of reference.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1 provides the context, policy<br />
and principle framework, procedural<br />
guidance for the preparation of <strong>Volume</strong>s<br />
2, 3 and 4 and for the implementation of<br />
the PSDF as a whole. <strong>Volume</strong> 1 has been<br />
completed and was approved by the<br />
Project Steering Committee in June<br />
2011.<br />
VOLUME 1<br />
CONTEXT & OVER‐ARCHING PO LIC Y<br />
VOLUME 2<br />
PROFILE & KEY ASPECTS<br />
VOLUME 3<br />
SPATIAL DIRECTIVES & GUIDELINES<br />
VOLUME 4<br />
STRATEG IES, PRO GRAM S & PRO JEC T S<br />
Figure A.1: <strong>Volume</strong>s of the PSDF.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2 (this volume) summarises the key environmental, cultural, heritage, economic,<br />
social, demographic, institutional and infrastructural aspects to be addressed by the PSDF. It<br />
incorporates the findings of an empirical study and evaluation of the urban settlements of<br />
the Province the purpose of which is to inform the formulation of guidelines for the<br />
allocation of government funds and facilitation of private sector investment. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 inter<br />
alia provides the basis for the preparation of a spatial vision for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and for<br />
the land‐use proposals put forward in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4.<br />
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<strong>Volume</strong> 3 puts forward the spatial directives and guidelines pertaining to land‐use<br />
throughout the Province. This volume consists of a ‘package’ of plans that covers the entire<br />
surface area of the Province together with areas outside the provincial boundaries that are<br />
of relevance and significance to the long‐term future of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. As such, the<br />
primary purpose of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 is to serve as the spatial manual for the future development of<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Based upon the above situational analysis, <strong>Volume</strong> 3 provides a spatial<br />
vision for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> which serves as a basis for the land‐use proposals put forward<br />
in <strong>Volume</strong> 4.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 4 addresses the (primarily non‐spatial) key issues that emerged from inter alia the<br />
PSDF process, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy (2011)<br />
(hereinafter referred to as the PGDS), and the input provided by other relevant sources. <strong>The</strong><br />
key issues were collated and addressed under sectoral programs for which detailed planning<br />
and management strategies are provided. Collectively these sectoral programs are the<br />
‘mechanisms’ through which the goals and objectives of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are to be<br />
achieved.<br />
A.2 METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF VOLUME 2<br />
<strong>The</strong> methodology for the preparation of this volume was adapted from Denzin and Lincoln<br />
(1994). It constitutes the gathering, collation and interpretation of qualitative and<br />
quantitative information from inter alia empirical studies, scientific research papers, study<br />
reports, local traditional knowledge of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and its component places and<br />
resources, and from the public participation process. Information was furthermore obtained<br />
from questionnaires completed by all municipalities, meetings with individual sectors and<br />
stakeholder groups. <strong>The</strong> PSDF Project Management Committee scrutinised the initial draft of<br />
this volume and submitted comment which was incorporated into this draft of the report.<br />
Stakeholders were informed through inter alia official notices by the Office of the Premier,<br />
personal notification and communication with sectoral and stakeholder representatives by<br />
the Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> and Land Reform and the service provider, meetings<br />
between the service provider and individual municipalities, and media communications.<br />
Posters and pamphlets were prepared and distributed through inter alia departmental and<br />
municipal offices, offices of other key stakeholders, and during the public participation<br />
process.<br />
<strong>The</strong> public participation process included presentations in Kimberley, De Aar, Upington,<br />
Springbok and Kuruman. (Annexure 1 comprises one of the PowerPoint presentations held<br />
and Annexure 1.1 provides a summary of the aspects identified by the stakeholders during<br />
the public process).<br />
A.3 STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF VOLUME 2<br />
In addition to this introductory section (Section A), this document comprises 8 further<br />
sections, the contents and functions of which are summarised in the figure below. Sections B<br />
to F comprise a summary of the key environmental social and economic aspects of the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Section G provides an inventory of the interventions proposed by the PGDS<br />
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that are of relevance to the PSDF. Section H constitutes a summary of the key aspects drawn<br />
from Sections B to G that are to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 (<strong>Spatial</strong> Directives and Guidelines)<br />
and <strong>Volume</strong> 4 (Strategies, Programs and Projects) of the PSDF.<br />
SECTION B:<br />
CONTEXT<br />
SECTION C:<br />
ENVIRONMENT<br />
SECTION D:<br />
SETTLEMENT<br />
SECTION E:<br />
SOCIAL & HUMAN<br />
SECTION F:<br />
ECONOMY<br />
Location<br />
Location<br />
& Administrative<br />
Administrative<br />
Biophysical<br />
Biodiversity<br />
Cultural<br />
Pattern & Status<br />
Demography<br />
Status<br />
Sectors<br />
Corridors<br />
Infrastructure<br />
SECTION G:<br />
PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
Figure A.2: Structure and content of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
SECTION H:<br />
KEY ASPECTS INVENTORY<br />
Premise for preparation of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
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SECTION B: CONTEXT<br />
SECTION CONTENT<br />
December 2011<br />
This section comprises the following:<br />
• Location and context of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province.<br />
• International and national significance of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in terms of its primary comparative economic<br />
advantages.<br />
• Administrative context with specific reference to the component municipalities and settlements.<br />
• Summary of the key aspects of the settlements.<br />
• Macro‐regions that characterise the province.<br />
B.1 LOCATION<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is located in the north‐western corner of South Africa and has a shoreline<br />
of approximately 310 km with the Atlantic Ocean (refer to Map B.1 below). <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> Province is the largest of the nine Provinces of South Africa – it covers approximately<br />
372 889 km², which is 30.5% of the total land area of the country. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is<br />
bordered by the Provinces of the North West, Free State, Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> and Western <strong>Cape</strong>. In<br />
the north the Province shares a common international border with Namibia and Botswana<br />
respectively. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has a pivotal function as a linkage between the remainder<br />
of South Africa and Namibia (refer to Map B.2).<br />
Map B.1: National context of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
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Map B.2: Linkages between the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, the surrounding provinces, Namibia and<br />
Botswana.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Province is bisected by the Orange River which has its origins in the Drakensberg<br />
Mountains in Lesotho. <strong>The</strong> Orange River forms the international border between the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and Namibia and flows into the Atlantic Ocean at Alexander Bay.<br />
B.2 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTEXT<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, in its current jurisdictional form, was created in 1994 when the historic<br />
Western <strong>Cape</strong> was subdivided into the present‐day Western <strong>Cape</strong>, Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> and the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Kimberley is the capital of the Province which comprises 5 District<br />
Municipalities and 27 Local Municipalities. Important regional settlements include<br />
Springbok, Upington, De Aar, Kuruman, Calvinia and Colesberg. <strong>The</strong> tables and maps below<br />
summarise and contextualise the various municipalities and the component settlements.<br />
Table B.1: Municipalities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY<br />
NO. ADMIN.<br />
CAPITAL<br />
AREA KM² & %<br />
OF THE<br />
PROVINCE<br />
Frances Baard DC9 Kimberley 12 800 (3.4%) Dikgatlong<br />
Magareng<br />
Phokwane<br />
Sol Plaatje<br />
NO. AREA KM² & % OF<br />
THE DISTRICT<br />
MUNICIPALITY<br />
NC092<br />
NC093<br />
NC094<br />
NC091<br />
7 300 (57.0%)<br />
1 510 (11.8%)<br />
836 (6.5%)<br />
3 154 (24.6%)<br />
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DC45 Kuruman 27 300 (7.3%) Gamagara<br />
Ga‐Segonyaya<br />
Joe Morolong<br />
Namaqua DC6 Springbok 126 900 (34.0%) Hantam<br />
Kamiesberg<br />
Karoo Hoogland<br />
Khâi‐Ma<br />
Nama Khoi<br />
Richtersveld<br />
Pixley ka Seme DC7 De Aar 103 500 (27.8%) Emthanjeni<br />
Kareeberg<br />
Renosterberg<br />
Siyancuma<br />
Siyathemba<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle<br />
Ubuntu<br />
Umsobomvu<br />
Siyanda DC8 Upington 102 500 (27.5%) //Khara Hais<br />
!Kheis<br />
Kai Garib<br />
Kgatelopele<br />
Mier<br />
Tsanatsabane<br />
NC453<br />
NC452<br />
NC451<br />
NC065<br />
NC064<br />
NC066<br />
NC067<br />
NC062<br />
NC061<br />
NC073<br />
NC074<br />
NC075<br />
NC078<br />
NC077<br />
NC076<br />
NC071<br />
NC072<br />
NC083<br />
NC084<br />
NC082<br />
NC086<br />
NC081<br />
NC085<br />
December 2011<br />
2 621 (9.6%)<br />
4 498 (16.5%)<br />
20 181 (73.9%)<br />
36 139 (28.5%)<br />
14 237 (11.2%)<br />
32 275 (25.4%)<br />
16 619 (13.1%)<br />
18 028 (14.2%)<br />
9 602 (7.6%)<br />
13 497 (13.0%)<br />
17 700 (17.1%)<br />
5 502 (5.3%)<br />
16 776 (16.2%)<br />
14 733 (14.2%)<br />
8 037 (7.8%)<br />
20 412 (19.7%)<br />
6 843 (6.6%)<br />
21 780 (21.3%)<br />
11 103 (10.8%)<br />
26 361 (25.7%)<br />
2 442 (2.4%)<br />
22 470 (21.9%)<br />
18 344 (17.9%)<br />
Map B.3: Municipalities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman,<br />
2011).<br />
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Table B.2: Inventory of the settlements of the Province (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman,<br />
2011).<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY SETTLEMENT POPULATION<br />
Frances Baard Dikgatlong Barkly West 14062<br />
Delportshoop 9253<br />
Holpan 528<br />
Ulco 1066<br />
Windsorton 5074<br />
Magareng Warrenton 18171<br />
Phokwane Hartswater 5261<br />
Jan Kempdorp 16448<br />
Ganspan 2700<br />
Pampierstad 21129<br />
Sol Plaatje Kimberley 185173<br />
Ritchie 11222<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe Gamagara Dibeng 4020<br />
Dingleton 2866<br />
Kathu 8242<br />
Olifantshoek 7026<br />
Ga‐Segonyana Kuruman 31878<br />
Joe Morolong Blackrock 1005<br />
Hotazel 1220<br />
Van Zylsrus 851<br />
Namakwa Hantam Brandvlei 2311<br />
Calvinia 8459<br />
Loeriesfontein 2347<br />
Nieuwoudtville 1434<br />
Kamiesberg Garies 1655<br />
Hondeklip Bay 540<br />
Kamieskroon 908<br />
Karkams 1292<br />
Kheis 444<br />
Klipfontein 463<br />
Koingnaas 721<br />
Leliefontein 807<br />
Nourivier 416<br />
Paulshoek 494<br />
Spoegrivier 456<br />
Karoo Hoogland Fraserburg 2406<br />
Sutherland 1983<br />
Williston 2846<br />
Khâi‐Ma Aggeneys 2054<br />
Onseepkans 910<br />
Pella 1423<br />
Pofadder 2920<br />
Nama Khoi Buffelsrivier 1117<br />
Carolusberg 967<br />
Concordia 4031<br />
Kleinzee 2708<br />
Komaggas 3309<br />
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Nababeep 5592<br />
Okiep 5250<br />
Springbok 10292<br />
Steinkopf 7261<br />
Vioolsdrif 492<br />
Richtersveld Alexander Bay 1455<br />
Eksteenfontein 446<br />
Khubus 1095<br />
Lekkersing 420<br />
Port Nolloth 5014<br />
Sanddrif 1137<br />
Pixley Ka Seme Emthanjeni Britstown 4028<br />
De Aar 26027<br />
Hanover 2693<br />
Kareeberg Carnarvon 5233<br />
Van Wyksvlei 1421<br />
Vosburg 1131<br />
Renosterberg Petrusville 3584<br />
Phillipstown 2782<br />
Vanderkloof 1017<br />
Siyancuma Campbell 1769<br />
Douglas 15476<br />
Griekwastad 5211<br />
Schmidtsdrift 3249<br />
Siyathemba Marydale 2077<br />
Niekerkshoop 1998<br />
Prieska 11515<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle Hopetown 8057<br />
Orania 516<br />
Strydenburg 2345<br />
Ubuntu Loxton 771<br />
Richmond 4316<br />
Victoria West 5728<br />
Umsobomvu Colesberg 12761<br />
Norvalspont 1014<br />
Noupoort 6870<br />
Siyanda !Kheis Boegoeberg 1584<br />
Gannaput 965<br />
Groblershoop 440<br />
Grootdrink 2183<br />
Stutterheim 3037<br />
Wegdraai 1553<br />
//Khara Hais Karos 953<br />
Klippunt 1948<br />
Lambrechtsdrif 568<br />
Leerkrans 1064<br />
Louisvale 902<br />
Raaswater 1980<br />
Swartkop 1272<br />
Upington 61358<br />
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Kai !Garib Alheit 689<br />
Augrabies 2693<br />
Cillie 1527<br />
Kakamas 7306<br />
Keimoes 7311<br />
Kenhardt 3795<br />
Lennetsville 1499<br />
Loxtonberg 711<br />
Lutzburg 1305<br />
Marchand 1674<br />
Riemvasmaak 702<br />
Kgatelopele Danielskuil 10075<br />
Lime Acres 4079<br />
Mier Groot Mier 422<br />
Philandersbron 790<br />
Rietfontein 2151<br />
Tsantsabane Goedgedacht 539<br />
Groenwater 517<br />
Postmasburg 21232<br />
Map B.4: Settlements in context of the municipalities of the Province (Source: Van der<br />
Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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B.3 DISTINCTIVE MACRO‐REGIONS<br />
December 2011<br />
<strong>The</strong> vastness, area‐based economic resources, environmental manifestations and unique<br />
cultural groupings of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have, over the ages, given rise to spontaneous<br />
delimitation of what could be referred to as ‘macro‐regions’ (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Tourism<br />
Authority, 2011) 1 . <strong>The</strong> broad informal parameters of these ‘macro‐regions’ will serve as a<br />
layer in the demarcation of the component bioregions of the Province to be undertaken<br />
under Phase 3 and Phase 4 of the PSDF process.<br />
Map B.5: Macro‐bioregions of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Tourism Authority, 2011).<br />
Diamond Fields<br />
This region is located in the eastern corner of the Province and borders the Free State<br />
and North West Provinces. Its name is derived from the primary diamond rush in the<br />
19th century when hordes of prospectors converged on the area, scouring the river<br />
banks and probing soil in a frantic exploration for wealth. <strong>The</strong> Diamond Fields include<br />
Kimberley, Barkly West, Harstwater, Jan Kempdorp, Modder River, Warrenton and<br />
Windsorton.<br />
Kalahari<br />
<strong>The</strong> Kalahari desert in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is part of the huge sand basin that reaches<br />
from the Orange River up to Angola in the west to Namibia and in the east to<br />
Zimbabwe. <strong>The</strong> Kalahari is known for the unique aesthetic appeal of its red‐dune<br />
1<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Tourism Authority, 2011: http://www.inabustours.com/North<strong>Cape</strong>.pdf ‐ Inabus Tours.<br />
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landscape. Well‐known settlements include Kuruman, Van Zylsrus, and<br />
Postmansburg, and the other smaller settlements were largely established where<br />
mineral deposits occur.<br />
Green Kalahari:<br />
<strong>The</strong> Green Kalahari is a region of dramatic contrasts, where semi‐desert dunes meet<br />
with vineyards and other cultivated farmlands. A flourishing green valley associated<br />
with the Orange River cuts through the Province. Settlements in this region include<br />
Kakamas, Kanoneiland, Keimoes, Kenhardt, Upington etc. <strong>The</strong> Augrabies Falls<br />
National Park and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park are two of the main natural<br />
resources of this region.<br />
Karoo<br />
Approximately 250 million years ago the Karoo was an inland lake fringed by cycads<br />
and roamed by mammalian reptiles. Today, it is a geological wonderland with<br />
fossilised prints of dinosaurs and other fossils. It is one of the largest wool and<br />
mutton producing regions in South Africa. Important settlements are Colesberg, De<br />
Aar, Hopetown, Marydale and Prieska, etc. <strong>The</strong> Karoo includes broad sub‐regions<br />
such as the Hantam, Roggeveld and Boesmanland.<br />
Namaqualand<br />
This region extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to roughly Pofadder in the<br />
east, up to the Orange River in the north, and beyond Bitterfontein in the south. It<br />
includes the coastline, Richtersveld in the north, Knersvlakte in the south, and a<br />
portion of the Boesmanland in the east. <strong>The</strong> primary settlements include Alexander<br />
Bay, Garies, Kamieskroon, Nababeep, Port Nolloth, Springbok and Steinkopf.<br />
Prominent conservation areas include the Richtersveld National Park, Namaqua<br />
National Park and Goegap Nature Reserve.<br />
BOX 1<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY CONTEXTUAL ASPECTS<br />
a) Align PSDF with development directives and objectives of adjoining countries and provinces.<br />
b) Consider traditional parameters as a key criterion in the demarcation of municipal boundaries.<br />
c) Enhance management of Kgalagadi and Richtersveld Transfrontier Conservation Areas.<br />
d) Include municipalities in formulation and establishment of cross-border agreements (currently<br />
primarily the function of national government).<br />
e) Interrogate boundaries of John Gaetsewe District Municipality against inter alia traditional<br />
domain parameters.<br />
f) Interrogate efficiency of cross-border arrangements with Namibia with specific reference to<br />
the Noord-Oewer / Vioolsdrift irrigation scheme, cross-frontier conservation schemes, and<br />
cross-frontier economic schemes such as the proposed film industry.<br />
g) Interrogate the delineation of the provincial, district, municipal and ward boundaries.<br />
h) Provide appropriate spatial context and orientation for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in terms of<br />
international agreements, protocols and conventions.<br />
i) Strengthen historical binds between the Karas Region of Namibia and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province - aspects identified for further action are (i) the education and training sector, with<br />
the focus on ensuring that best practice is shared in skills development for economic growth,<br />
(ii) further development of the Nama language and culture, (iii) exchange of learners’ support<br />
material and teacher development programs.<br />
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SECTION C: THE ENVIRONMENT<br />
SECTION CONTENT<br />
December 2011<br />
This section addresses the key aspects of the natural and cultural environment of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in terms<br />
of the holistic definition of the ‘environment’ as put forward by the National Environmental Management Act<br />
(NEMA) 107 of 1998, namely the aggregate of all external conditions and influences affecting the life of an<br />
organism. In particular, ‘environment’ refers to the surroundings within which humans exist and that are made<br />
up of:<br />
a) the land, water and atmosphere of the earth;<br />
b) micro‐organisms, plant and animal life;<br />
c) any part or combination of (a) and (b) and the interrelationships among and between them; and<br />
d) the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that influence<br />
human health and well‐being.<br />
NOTE: <strong>The</strong>re is a significant gap in information relating to the biodiversity resources of the Province and the<br />
associated environmental services. This shortcoming has to be addressed in order to ensure that the<br />
requirements of the environment receive rightful and balanced consideration in land use planning and in the<br />
adjudication of the desirability of land use applications in terms of the PSDF and municipal SDFs.<br />
C.1 GENERAL BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS<br />
C.1.1 CLIMATE<br />
<strong>The</strong> weather of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is typically that of desert and semi‐desert areas. It is a<br />
generally hot and dry region with fluctuating temperatures and generally low rainfall.<br />
Evaporation levels exceed the annual rainfall which varies between 50 mm and 400 mm (the<br />
average annual rainfall over the Province is 202 mm). <strong>The</strong> western areas of the Province,<br />
which include Namaqualand, portions of Boesmanland, and small areas of the Green<br />
Kalahari, receive rainfall during the winter months (April to September). <strong>The</strong> central,<br />
northern and eastern parts of the Province receive rain primarily during the summer months<br />
(December to February). Map C.1 below illustrates the average rainfall of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
in context of the country as a whole. In January, average afternoon temperatures range<br />
between 34°C and 40°C in the interior. Summer temperatures often top the 40°C mark in<br />
most of the Province, with temperatures as high as 48°C having been recorded along the<br />
Orange River. During winter (especially in June and August), average day temperatures are<br />
mild (approximately 22°C). Night temperatures often drop below 0°C. In winter, snow often<br />
falls in the mountainous areas of Sutherland. This town lies at an altitude of 1 500 meters<br />
above sea level and is one of the coldest settlements in southern Africa with winter<br />
temperatures often being between ‐6 to ‐9°C.<br />
Table C.1: Monthly average temperature and rainfall for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source:<br />
http://www.wheretostay.co.za/nc/info/climate.htm)<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec<br />
Temp (°C) 25.3 24.1 22.0 17.9 13.9 10.7 10.8 13.1 17.2 19.9 22.4 24.3<br />
Rainfall (mm) 57 76 65 49 16 7 7 7 12 30 42 46<br />
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Map C.1: Rainfall of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in context of the country as a whole (Source:<br />
Department of Water Affairs).<br />
<strong>The</strong> Benguela current plays a very important role in Namaqualand’s climate, with onshore<br />
winds blowing over the cold, up‐welled waters of the Atlantic Ocean ensuring that summer<br />
temperatures are seldom extreme, ranging from 25 to 35°C. Along the coastline,<br />
temperatures reach 25°C in summer. Winter temperatures range between 5°C and 15°C.<br />
Frost occurs in the high‐laying regions with snow occasionally falling in the Kamiesberg<br />
uplands region. <strong>The</strong> fog that blankets much of Namaqualand is a phenomenon that occurs<br />
frequently during the autumn months when onshore wind speeds are not strong enough to<br />
produce the turbulence that breaks up the fog. <strong>The</strong> fog is an important alternative source of<br />
moisture for the plants and various animal species and fulfils a vitally important function in<br />
the ecology of the Richtersveld.<br />
A key environmental phenomenon which represents an important potential comparative<br />
economic advantage is the high occurrence of sunny days and the regular occurrence of<br />
strong wind (especially the on‐shore winds along the coastline) both of which could be<br />
source of energy. <strong>The</strong> wind regine, especially along the coast, is suitable for sustainable<br />
electricity generation 2 .<br />
2<br />
<strong>The</strong> upper limit of wind energy available to be captured in South Africa is estimated at 3 GW. Taking a<br />
conservative estimate of 30% conversion efficiency and 25% capacity factor, it is estimated that wind<br />
power could supply at least 1% of South Africa’s projected electricity requirements (19 800 GWh) in 2002.<br />
This excludes the offshore wind energy potential which should also be assessed (White Paper of<br />
Renewable Energy, 2003).<br />
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<strong>The</strong> portions of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> that border on the Orange River and Namibia have the<br />
highest solar radiation intensity in Southern Africa (SOER, 2011). <strong>The</strong> Map below illustrates<br />
the measured annual direct and diffuse solar radiation of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in context of<br />
the country as a whole 3 .<br />
Map C.2: Annual direct and diffuse solar radiation in South Africa (Source: CSIR et al, 2001).<br />
C.2 HYDROLOGY AND WATER<br />
King et al (2009) state that ‘water is considered one of the most essential of all natural<br />
resources. Due to the nature of water resources and the importance of water for the<br />
perpetuation of life, interventions through supply or demand management are required in<br />
order to meet social and economic goals such as: efficacy, economic efficiency, equity,<br />
environmental impacts, fiscal impacts, political and public acceptability, sustainability and<br />
administrative feasibility. Water of acceptable quality is both necessary for the improvement<br />
of the quality of life and is essential in the maintenance of all forms of life. <strong>The</strong> availability of<br />
3<br />
<strong>The</strong> average daily solar radiation in South Africa varies between 4.5 and 6.5 kWh/m. the radiation of the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is between 8.501 and 9.500 kWh/m 2 . <strong>The</strong> total area of high radiation in South Africa<br />
amounts to approximately 194 000 km 2 and it includes the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. If the electricity production<br />
per km 2 of mirror surface in a solar thermal power station is 30.2 MW and only 1 % of the area of high<br />
radiation is available for solar power generation, then generation potential is already approximately 64<br />
GW. A mere 1.25 % of the area of high radiation could thus meet projected South African electricity<br />
demand in 2025 (80 GW) (Pegels, 2009).<br />
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water for various uses is directly related to the management of water quantity, quality<br />
and/or the elimination of diseases.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province is the driest Province in South Africa with an average annual<br />
rainfall of about 200 mm. <strong>The</strong> scarcity of water resources is a defining feature of this arid<br />
environment. <strong>The</strong> Orange River with its tributaries is the main source of surface water in the<br />
Province. Ground water plays an important part in the region, especially in settlements far<br />
removed the Orange River and other small rivers, however, the quality and quantity of<br />
ground water varies. <strong>The</strong> western part of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> borders on the Atlantic Ocean<br />
and these marine resources play an integral role in the economy, environment and climate<br />
of the Province.<br />
C.2.1 WATER MANAGEMENT<br />
<strong>The</strong> institutional landscape for the water sector is set out in the Water Services Act of 1997<br />
and the National Water Act of 1998. <strong>The</strong> 1997 Water Services Act is the instrument that<br />
regulates the accessibility of water by domestic users. It secures the right of access to basic<br />
water supply and basic sanitation necessary to ensure efficient water and an environment<br />
not harmful to health or well‐being as stipulated in the Constitution of the Republic of South<br />
Africa. In terms of the Water Services Act Water Services Institution is defined in the as a<br />
water services authority, water services provider, water board or a water services<br />
committee.<br />
<strong>The</strong> 1998 National Water Act defines the legal framework under which water resources are<br />
protected, developed and managed, using the three principles of equity, efficiency and<br />
sustainability. Water management institutions that are defined in this legislation are:<br />
• Catchment Management Agencies<br />
• Water User Associations<br />
• A body responsible for International Water Management<br />
Although the water sector policy framework is highly regarded, the institutional and<br />
legislative framework that anchors the implementation of policy has not been functioning<br />
optimally. To address this, a process of reviewing the water sector institutional framework<br />
started in 2007. <strong>The</strong> process included various stages of intensive research, consultation and<br />
analysis. From the analysis of the various institutions, it has been decided that institutional<br />
reform of CMAs, WUAs, Water Boards and institutions responsible for national water<br />
resources infrastructure will be undertaken. A new model has been derived from the<br />
two‐year process and it is guided by the following principles:<br />
a) Wall‐to‐wall coverage of water resources and water services institutions<br />
b) Reduction of the number of institutions to ensure economies of scale and improved<br />
regulation<br />
c) Ensure clear accountability by addressing the span of control and relationships<br />
d) Strengthen institutional capacity in the value chain<br />
e) Maximize service delivery<br />
f) Impact on water pricing for socio economic growth by reducing transactional costs of<br />
institutional arrangements<br />
g) Strengthen capacity to collect revenue<br />
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In terms of the proposed model, the Minister of Water Affairs will retain the responsibility to<br />
establish various water sector institutions through consultation with various government<br />
and water sector stakeholders.<br />
Map C.3: Water management institutional arrangements (Source: Department of Water<br />
Affairs).<br />
C.2.2 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> borders on Namibia and Botswana. Most of the rivers shared with<br />
Botswana are ephemeral due to very low rainfall figures, but the Province shares a<br />
significant part of the Orange River with Namibia. Chapter 10 of the 1998 National Water<br />
Act, 36 of 1998, discusses issues related to international water management and outlines<br />
the establishment of institutional bodies to implement international agreements with<br />
respect to the management and development of shared water resources with neighbouring<br />
countries. It outlines the key governance functions, reporting requirements, and<br />
management of financial affairs. <strong>The</strong> key functions of such bodies are as follows:<br />
• Investigating, managing, monitoring and protecting water resources.<br />
• Regional cooperation on water resources.<br />
• Acquiring, constructing, altering, operating or maintaining a water work.<br />
• Allocation, use, and supply of water.<br />
At the time of the promulgation of the National Water Act, the Noordoewer Joint Irrigation<br />
Authority, which was established through an agreement on 14 September 1992 with the<br />
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Government of Namibia, already existed. Institutional bodies that deal with cross‐border<br />
water issues related to the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are the:<br />
a) ORASECOM: South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana and Namibia are the watercourse<br />
states (or co‐basin countries) of the Orange River System. Cooperation amongst the<br />
Orange River Basin Countries is facilitated through the Orange‐Senqu River<br />
Commission (ORASECOM) with membership by the basin countries.<br />
b) Permanent Water Commission (PWC) between South Africa and Namibia, dealing<br />
with all matters related to common Watercourses and also supervises the<br />
Vioolsdrift/Noordoewer Joint Irrigation Authority (JIA).<br />
c) Joint Permanent Technical Committee (JPTC) between South Africa and Botswana<br />
that deals with all matters relating to common watercourses.<br />
Interaction between Namibia and South Africa currently deals with common interests in the<br />
following areas:<br />
(i) Permanent Water Commission with representatives from South African and Namibia<br />
at a national level.<br />
(ii) Orange River Mouth Interim Management Committee.<br />
(iii) Ai‐Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Conservation Park (addressing guidelines for the<br />
joint management of the park).<br />
(iv) Lower Orange Mediation Forum, mainly addressing the problem of toxic algae.<br />
C.2.3 WATER SERVICE INSTITUTIONS<br />
Effective and efficient water services delivery is entirely dependent on an effective local<br />
government. <strong>The</strong> policies and legislation that guides the provision of potable water supply to<br />
all, include the following:<br />
1994 Reconstruction and <strong>Development</strong> Programme<br />
1996 Constitution (Act 108 of 1996)<br />
Transitional Local Government System<br />
1997 Water Services Act (Act 108 of 1997)<br />
1998 Demarcation Act (Act 27 of 1998)<br />
National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998)<br />
Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998)<br />
2000 New local government systems in place<br />
Municipal Systems Act<br />
2001 Set of Norms and Standards: Regulations relating to Compulsory National<br />
Standards and measures to conserve water – Government Gazette, 08 June 2001<br />
2003 <strong>The</strong> Strategic Framework for Water Services<br />
Municipal Financial Management Act<br />
Even though DWA sets national policy and strategy for water services and is the regulator,<br />
the Constitution states that local government has the executive authority in respect of the<br />
delivery and administration of potable water and sanitation services and therefor has the<br />
constitutional obligation to ensure that residents get access to water and sanitation services.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Water Services Act defines two different roles at the municipal level in terms of water<br />
services: Water Services Authority (WSA) and Water Services Provider (WSP). <strong>The</strong> WSA is in<br />
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effect the local regulator, whereas the Provider carries out operation of the system on a<br />
day‐to‐day basis and reports to the WSA.<br />
<strong>The</strong> primary responsibility for the provision of safe drinking water rests with the Water<br />
Service Authority who has the legal responsibility to:<br />
• Plan (through the Water Services <strong>Development</strong> Plan)<br />
• Regulate (through the development of bylaws)<br />
• Monitor the quality of drinking water provided to consumers<br />
• Compare the results to national drinking water standards<br />
• Communicate any health risks to consumers and appropriate authorities<br />
Although the Amendment to the Municipal Structures Act assigns WSA functions to the<br />
district municipalities (Category C), the service capacity rests with the local municipalities<br />
(Category B) and thus they continue to be the service providers. Section 78 of the Municipal<br />
Systems Act 32 of 2000, obligates all WSAs to undertake a strategic assessment to determine<br />
how to go about the water services provision function – whether the WSA can carry out the<br />
provision function by itself, or whether it can delegate it to a range of other suitable parties,<br />
be they in the public or private sector.<br />
In the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, all local municipalities and district municipalities have been authorised<br />
as both WSAs and WSPs. No other South African Province has this situation. On farms, the<br />
landowner provides water. In the case of the district municipalities, their authorisation is<br />
only for District Management Areas, which tend to be sparsely populated, which makes the<br />
role a relatively minor one. Most of the municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have capacity<br />
challenges in water services provision.<br />
C.2.4 WATER AVAILIBILITY<br />
<strong>The</strong> Orange and the Vaal River system are the most relevant in context of water availability<br />
in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province.<br />
Contrary to popular belief, the Orange River was not named after the reddish orange colour<br />
of its silt‐laden water. It was in fact named in 1779 by Colonel Robert Gordon, the<br />
commander of the garrison of the Dutch East India Company (<strong>Cape</strong> Town) during a<br />
reconnaissance into the interior, in honour of the Dutch House of Orange. <strong>The</strong> Lesotho part<br />
of the river is called Senqu, and the whole river is sometimes referred to the as the Orange‐<br />
Senqu. It is also refered to as the ‘Gariep’, a Nama or Korana name that could have meant<br />
‘the river’ or ‘our river’ or ‘the great river’. To the earlier hunter‐gatherers this was the<br />
mother of all rivers. It brought life to the desert areas, but the source of the vast flow of<br />
water was a mystery (Earle et al, 2005).<br />
<strong>The</strong> Orange River Basin (refer to Map C.5) is an international river basin shared by 4<br />
southern African countries, South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana and Namibia and encompasses<br />
an area of 896 368 km² (Diederichs et al, 2005) making it the largest river system south of<br />
the Zambezi. Approximately 70% of the Orange River Basin is situated in the south‐western<br />
arid to semi‐arid southern African sub‐region, where mean annual precipitation ranges, from<br />
east to west, between 500 and 0mm and evaporation between 2900 and >3500 mm. In the<br />
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South African context, the Orange River Basin stretches over 6 of the country’s nine<br />
Provinces, i.e. Mpumalanga, Gauteng, North West, Eastern <strong>Cape</strong>, Free State and the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Approximately 50% of the Orange River Basin is situated within the semi‐arid<br />
to arid <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province.<br />
Topographically, the Orange River System, which drains approximately 47% of South Africa’s<br />
total surface area and approximately 22% of the country’s mean annual rainfall run‐off, can<br />
be divided into an upper (origin to Orange ‐Vaal confluence), a middle, (Orange ‐Vaal<br />
confluence to Augrabies Falls) and a lower (Augrabies Falls to Orange River Mouth) section.<br />
Approximately 98% of the Orange River System’s runoff is generated in the upper section.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Orange River System is the most developed transboundary river basin in the region, with<br />
a variety of water transfer schemes to supply water to municipalities, industries and farms<br />
inside and outside the basin. It has become highly regulated by virtue of 24 major<br />
impoundments (constructed within the catchment between 1884 and 1997), numerous<br />
minor impounding structures and 6 inter‐basin as well as 5 inter‐catchment water transfer<br />
schemes.<br />
Map C.4: Rivers of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: Department of Water Affairs).<br />
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Map C.5: <strong>The</strong> Orange River Basin (Source: WRP in Earl et al 2005).<br />
December 2011<br />
<strong>The</strong> Province largely falls within 4 Water Management Areas, namely the Lower Orange<br />
(WMA 06), Upper Orange (WMA 12), Olifants/Doorn (WMA 15) and the Lower Vaal (WMA<br />
20) Water Management Area (WMA) (refer to Map C.6 below).<br />
C.2.4.1 LOWER ORANGE WMA<br />
This WMA largely corresponds to the boundaries of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province with<br />
Botswana and Namibia, as well as having small portions located in the Western <strong>Cape</strong> and<br />
Free State Provinces. Most of the water requirement is met from releases from major dams<br />
in the Upper Orange WMA. <strong>The</strong> area receives the lowest mean annual rainfall in the country,<br />
ranging from 20mm at the coast and 400mm on the eastern boundary. Evaporation can be<br />
several times more than the rainfall received, being as high as 3,000 mm per annum. <strong>The</strong><br />
area is also characterised by prolonged droughts often interspersed with severe flooding.<br />
57% Of the natural runoff is generated in Lesotho, 33% in the Upper Orange WMA and the<br />
remaining 10% in the Lower Orange WMA. <strong>The</strong> Vaal River is the main tributary to the Orange<br />
River with the confluence near the town of Douglas. Other tributaries are Ongers,<br />
Hartebeest and Molopo rivers, as well as the Fish River in Namibia. Most of the runoff<br />
generated in the WMA is coming from the Fish River and enters the main Orange River close<br />
to the river mouth. <strong>The</strong> WMA is extremely dependent on water from upstream WMAs. Over<br />
95% of water available in the WMA is released from the Vanderkloof Dam in the Upper<br />
Orange WMA. Water is transferred within the WMA from the Orange River to the Coastal<br />
sub‐area. This water transfer supplies 75% of the requirements for water in the sub‐area.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Orange River’s negative yield within the Lower Orange WMA is a result of evaporation<br />
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losses and evapo‐transpiration by riparian vegetation along that part of the river, which by<br />
far exceed the run‐of‐river yield contributed by local inflows. <strong>The</strong> WMA is also most<br />
impacted upon by upstream developments. It is the most downstream of five WMAs<br />
covering the Orange/Vaal River Basis, with extensive inter‐catchment transfers into and from<br />
most of these WMAs. Water use in Lesotho, and transfers from Lesotho to the Upper Vaal<br />
WMA, as well as the sharing of water with Namibia and underground resources with<br />
Botswana, also have an influence on the WMA.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Orange River Estuary is a transboundary Ramsar site. <strong>The</strong> in‐stream and estuarine flow<br />
requirements are approximately 280 million m³ per annum and this water is currently being<br />
released from the Vanderkloof Dam. <strong>The</strong> three sub‐areas of the water management area are<br />
the Orange, the Orange Tributaries and the Orange Coastal sub‐areas.<br />
C.2.4.2 UPPER ORANGE WMA<br />
This WMA lies predominantly within the Free State. As with the Lower Orange WMA, the<br />
Orange River, which rises in the eastern highlands of Lesotho where it is known as the Senqu<br />
River, is the main river in this WMA. <strong>The</strong> Orange River is the largest and longest river in<br />
South Africa and discharges into the Atlantic Ocean some 2 300 km from its origin in<br />
Lesotho. <strong>The</strong> climate over the Upper Orange WMA is cool to temperate and ranges from<br />
semi‐arid to arid. Rainfall mainly occurs as summer thunder showers and reduces<br />
dramatically from as high as 1 000 mm per year at locations in the east to about 200 mm per<br />
year in the west. In Lesotho rainfall varies between 600 mm per year to about 1 500 mm per<br />
year. Potential evaporation within the Upper Orange WMA is also well in excess of the<br />
annual rainfall. Main storage dams in the WMA are:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> Gariep and Vanderkloof dams, which command the two largest reservoirs in<br />
South Africa. Hydropower for peaking purposes is generated at both sites.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> Armenia and Egmont dams on tributaries in the Caledon sub‐area, the<br />
Welbedacht Dam on the Caledon River, and the Knellpoort Dam that supplements<br />
the water to Bloemfontein.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> Rustfontein, Mockes and Krugersdrift dams that are situated on the Modder<br />
River, and the Tierpoort and Kalkfontein dams on the Riet River.<br />
C.2.4.3 LOWER VAAL WMA<br />
<strong>The</strong> Vaal River is the only major river in the Lower Vaal WMA flowing across its south‐<br />
eastern corner connecting it to the Middle Vaal and Lower Orange WMAs. <strong>The</strong> Harts River is<br />
the only significant tributary to the Vaal River as it enters the Lower Orange WMA. <strong>The</strong><br />
largest part of the Lower Vaal WMA falls within the catchment of the Molopo River, a<br />
tributary to the Orange River. However, the Molopo is an endorheic river with its flow not<br />
reaching the Orange River. Intensive irrigation is practiced at Vaalharts and along the Vaal<br />
River. <strong>The</strong> Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme is the largest in the country and of its 35,302 ha,<br />
31,732 ha is located in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong>re are no distinct topographic features in the<br />
Lower Vaal WMA and most of the terrain is relatively flat with no climatic barriers. Climate<br />
over the Lower Vaal WMA therefore varies gradually according to the larger regional<br />
patterns. Annual rainfall ranges from about 500 mm in the east to as low as 100 mm in the<br />
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west. Potential evaporation can be as high as 2 800 mm per year, which, as is the case with<br />
the Upper and Lower Orange WMAs, exceeds the rainfall.<br />
Map C.6: Water Management Areas of South Africa (Source: Department of Water Affairs).<br />
C.2.4.4 OLIFANTS / DOORN WMA<br />
This is the least populated WMA in South Africa. <strong>The</strong> main river in the area is the Olifants<br />
River with the Doring River as its main tributary. <strong>The</strong> Olifants / Doorn WMA is predominantly<br />
a winter rainfall region, with only the south‐eastern region receiving more than 300 mm of<br />
rain annually (DWAF, 2004).<br />
C.2.5 GROUNDWATER<br />
Over a third of the rural population of South Africa is dependent on groundwater resources<br />
for household and agricultural use (Colvin et al. 2007). In all areas of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>,<br />
except along the Orange and Vaal rivers, the population is dependent on groundwater.<br />
C.2.6 WATER BALANCE<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below demonstrates the water balance in the Province as it was in 2000, and<br />
adjusted to estimate the envisaged situation in 2025 (Source: Department of Water Affairs).<br />
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AVAILABLE WATER IN MILLION WATER REQUIREMENTS IN MILLION<br />
M³/PA<br />
M³/PA<br />
SUB AREA DATE LOCAL YIELD TRANSF. IN TOTAL LOCAL REQ. TRANSF. OUT TOTAL<br />
Harts 2000 136 419 555 494 45 539<br />
Harts 2025 136 419 555 494 45 539<br />
Molopo 2000 35 4 39 36 0 36<br />
Molopo 2025 35 4 39 36 0 36<br />
Vaal<br />
(downstream<br />
from Bloem)<br />
2000 ‐46 545 499 65 423 488<br />
Vaal<br />
(downstream<br />
from Bloem)<br />
2025 ‐46 545 499 65 423 488<br />
Riet/Modder 2000 137 242 379 351 29 380<br />
Riet/Modder 2025 160 301 461 410 52 462<br />
Vanderkloof 2000 3534 0 3534 346 2809 3155<br />
Vanderkloof 2025 3264 0 3264 384 2918 3302<br />
Doring 2000 11 3 14 15 0 15<br />
Doring 2025 11 3 14 15 0 15<br />
Knersvlakte 2000 4 4 8 7 0 7<br />
Knersvlakte 2025 4 4 8 6 0 6<br />
C.2.7 STORAGE DAMS<br />
<strong>The</strong> follow primary irrigation dams occur in the Province (refer to Map C.7):<br />
a) Gariep and Vanderkloof<br />
<strong>The</strong> Gariep and Vanderkloof dams are the largest and second largest water reservoirs<br />
respectively in the country. Vanderkloof Dam is situated 130 km downstream of the<br />
Gariep Dam. <strong>The</strong>se dams, which are owned and operated by DWA and the Eskom<br />
hydro power stations, are integral components of the Orange River Scheme. Eskom<br />
contributed to the cost of raising the walls of both Gariep and Vanderkloof dams in<br />
order to substantially increase the hydro power potential of the dams. <strong>The</strong>re is thus a<br />
close liaison and co‐operation between DWA and Eskom in order to ensure that a<br />
balance is maintained between irrigation, urban water supplies, recreation and the<br />
generation of electricity needs. Laker (2009) indicates that the Gariep Dam was built<br />
just for storage andhydro‐electric power generation, and does not have any canal<br />
outlets. <strong>The</strong> dam cannot be used to irrigate the irrigable Plooysburg area. He further<br />
notes that the Vanderkloof dam is sited originally with the intention that it provides<br />
irrigation water to large areas south of the Orange River in the Karoo, but there are<br />
no viable irrigable soils in this area. <strong>The</strong> dam is currently just providing water to small<br />
areas at Rama, Douglas and the Riet River Scheme.<br />
b) Vaalharts Weir<br />
<strong>The</strong> Vaalharts Weir is located in the Vaal River near Hartswater. This is one of the<br />
most important schemes in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in that it feeds and the Vaalharts<br />
WUA, Magareng Municipality and Phokwane.<br />
c) Boegoeberg Dam<br />
<strong>The</strong> Boegoeberg dam is located near Groblershoop and Langberg, and was<br />
constructed during the 1930s economic depression as a measure to relieve<br />
unemployment. <strong>The</strong> original capacity of the dam was over 40 million m³ has been<br />
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reduced by half to approximately 20 million m³ due to the build‐up of sedimentation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> dam currently provides approximately 7,560 ha of irrigation water.<br />
d) Douglas Storage Weir<br />
<strong>The</strong> Douglas Storage Weir is situated near Douglas, upstream of the Orange ‐Vaal<br />
confluence.<br />
e) Neusberg Storage Weir<br />
<strong>The</strong> Neusberg Storage Weir is situated on the Orange River 12km upstream from<br />
Kakamas and was completed in 1993. <strong>The</strong> weir is 960m long and on average 5m high<br />
and has a storage capacity of almost two million m³. <strong>The</strong> weir diverts water into two<br />
canals, one on each bank of the Orange River. <strong>The</strong>se canals supply water to the<br />
Kakamas Irrigation Scheme.<br />
f) Spitskop Dam<br />
<strong>The</strong> Spitskop Dam is situated near Kimberley on the Harts River in the Lower Vaal<br />
WMA.<br />
Map C.7: Main dams in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: Department of Water Affairs).<br />
Approximately eight possible locations for future dams on the Orange River have been<br />
identified. <strong>The</strong> Boskraai Dam is mentioned as a priority in the 2004 National Water Resource<br />
Strategy. This dam is planned to be constructed at the Orange /Kwaai confluence. A dam at<br />
Vioolsdrift is also a priority to improve the control of the last section of the Orange River,<br />
approximately 1,800 km from the Vanderkloof Dam. <strong>The</strong> Orange River mouth is a protected<br />
area and a constant volume of water needs to be released into the sea to protect the<br />
ecology of the area. Namibia in turn is supporting the plan for the dam as it will secure<br />
additional irrigation water from the Orange River. This dam is required by 2023‐2026, and it<br />
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is anticipated that the planning, surveying, design, and the South Africa‐Namibia<br />
negotiations will delay construction until 2014‐2018. An investigation of the potential of a<br />
dam at Aspoort in the Doring subarea of Olifants/Doorn WMA was undertaken by <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> in the 1990s. <strong>The</strong> study indicated that a dam would have the potential for irrigation<br />
developments on a large scale. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Department of Agriculture originally<br />
proposed to undertake a pilot scheme to verify some of the assumptions used in the Aspoort<br />
Scheme proposal. However, this has not yet been undertaken. <strong>The</strong> Western <strong>Cape</strong> also<br />
investigated the Melkboom and Melkbosrug dams and a development cap was put in place<br />
for a period of seven years, up to end 2005, to ensure that ad hoc development did not<br />
preclude the development of any schemes by the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
C.2.8 WATER QUALITY<br />
C.2.8.1 THE LOWER VAAL<br />
<strong>The</strong> land use in the Lower Vaal WMA is primarily livestock farming, with some dry land<br />
cultivation in the northeast. Intensive irrigation is practiced at Vaalharts. Diamond‐bearing<br />
intrusions near Kimberley and alluvial diamonds are found near Bloemhof. Iron ore and<br />
other minerals are found in the south‐eastern parts of the Lower Vaal WMA. <strong>The</strong><br />
development in the Upper and Middle Vaal WMAs has led to the deterioration in the water<br />
quality of the water resources in the system, with salinisation and eutrophication being the<br />
two major water quality problems being experienced.<br />
Salination has either a natural or an anthropogenic cause. Although the origin of natural<br />
salination of river water is geological, human activities are associated with increased<br />
releases of salts, particularly at point sources of pollution, such as poorly managed urban<br />
settlements and mining residues. Water quality studies have found that levels of dissolved<br />
salts are high in the Lower Vaal downstream of the Harts River confluence. Irrigation along<br />
the lower Vaal River to Douglas causes concentration of salts. <strong>The</strong> Modder and Riet River<br />
irrigation schemes consume large amounts of fresh water and raise salinity levels in the<br />
depleted river flow to high levels, further adding to the pollution of the lower Vaal River at<br />
Douglas Barrage. Water quality can have a significant effect on crop production. All irrigation<br />
water contains dissolved mineral salts, but the concentration and composition of the<br />
dissolved salts vary according to the source of the water. Very high salt levels can reduce and<br />
even stop crop growth. Other reasons for high levels of salinity are related to mining<br />
activities.<br />
Eutrophication is the enrichment of water with plant nutrients nitrate and phosphates,<br />
which encourages the growth of algae. <strong>The</strong> algae cause problems in water purification. <strong>The</strong><br />
sources of the nutrients include irrigation return flows, urban runoff, industrial discharges<br />
and wastewater treatment works discharges. Water quality studies have found that there is<br />
also excessive growth of water hyacinth. Eutrophication has negative economic implications<br />
for water users. Water boards in the Middle Vaal have been forced to upgrade their water<br />
treatment works to treat odour and colour associated with the eutrophication. Further<br />
impacts include alteration of the ecology of the river systems, the clogging of irrigation<br />
equipment, and being unable to use river systems for recreational purposes. <strong>The</strong> regulation<br />
of the Vaal River has resulted in a reduction in baseflows and flow variations in the river. <strong>The</strong><br />
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low flows and the lack of variation in flow has been identified as contributing factors to the<br />
eutrophic conditions in the middle reaches of the Vaal River.<br />
Water quality studies have also found localised occurrence of microbiological pollutants in<br />
specific catchments, including the Harts River catchment. <strong>The</strong> reason for microbiological<br />
contamination is that many of the wastewater treatment works are not performing to their<br />
specifications and are not complying with their licence discharge standard requirements.<br />
Investigations have found that the maintenance and management of the sewerage systems<br />
have also fallen into disrepair in many of the local municipalities in the immediate vicinity of<br />
the specific catchment. This is resulting in microbiological pollution of the receiving streams<br />
with the resulting public health issues.<br />
C.2.8.2 LOWER ORANGE<br />
Nutrients and algae blooms are the main concern in the Lower Orange WMA. Salination is<br />
currently not the main problem experienced in the Lower Orange WMA in terms of water<br />
quality. <strong>The</strong> pre‐feasibility study conducted in 2004/2005 found that total dissolved salts<br />
concentrations in the Orange River, just downstream of its confluence with the Vaal River,<br />
were in a range of 150 to 160 mg/l. However, according to the September/October 2006<br />
edition of ‘<strong>The</strong> Water Wheel’, substantial volumes of low salinity water from the Orange<br />
River has been diverted to the Vaal River Catchment since the implementation of the<br />
Lesotho Highlands Water Project. This has led to increased salt levels in the Gariep and<br />
Vanderkloof dams. <strong>The</strong> article reports on a Water Research Council funded study focused on<br />
the river reach between Boegoeberg and Onseepkans. More than 35 000 ha of land in this<br />
area are under irrigation cultivation, with 60% grapes and 20% cotton. <strong>The</strong> study found that<br />
the water in this stretch is still in relatively good quality, with limited potential for salinity<br />
and sodicity, but that there are problems in the area between Onseepkans to Alexander Bay,<br />
with the highest potential for problems at Alexander Bay where the water quality was<br />
influenced by tidal flows. However, an unyielding increase in salinity could seriously affect<br />
the economy of the Boegoeberg‐Onseepkans area, as it has been found that grapevines are<br />
more sensitive to salinity under local conditions than found by international salinity<br />
guidelines. <strong>The</strong> following water quality management strategies for the Vaal River have been<br />
recommended 4 :<br />
a) Improving management of the water resources of the system by more effective<br />
monitoring, assessment and reporting.<br />
b) Implementing source control measures through licensing, EIA and EMPR processes.<br />
c) Putting in place Water Quality Objectives (WQOs).<br />
d) Maintaining or improving the water quality of the water resources of the system for<br />
all users and beneficial uses<br />
e) Controlling the salinity, eutrophication and microbiological levels.<br />
C.2.9 WATER‐RELATED KEY ISSUES<br />
4<br />
As recommended in the following documents:<br />
DWAF. 2004. Internal strategic perspective – System: Overarching. February 2004. Report number P RSA<br />
D000/00/0104. Page 2‐16.<br />
DWAF. 2008. Integrated water quality management plan for the Vaal River system: Water Quality<br />
Management Strategy. Directorate National Water Resource Planning. Report<br />
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Key Issues and Trends in the Orange River Basin (Diederichs, O’Regan, Sullivan, Fry, Mander,<br />
Haines & McKenzie, 2005) are the following:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> Orange River Basin is an international river basin with an advanced hydropolitics<br />
regime, different legal and management capacities and frameworks for water<br />
resource management in each of the basin states.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> basin is water‐scarce, with run‐off disproportionately distributed. It is a highly<br />
regulated basin, with large dams and extensive transfer schemes. Transformation of<br />
freshwater and groundwater systems has resulted in biodiversity loss and water<br />
quality problems, resulting in a range of ecological, economic and human health<br />
impacts. Infrastructure to deliver water is lacking in some rural areas, and many<br />
households cannot afford to pay for water. Floods and droughts are common,<br />
particularly in the middle and lower Orange River Basin.<br />
c) Water availability is limited. <strong>The</strong> water resources in the basin are considered to be<br />
close to maximally utilised or developed. Future water demands are likely to be met<br />
through transfers from other river basins into the Orange River.<br />
d) Gauteng Province, the economic hub of Southern Africa, is highly dependent on<br />
water resources from outside the Province. Gauteng’s water supply is largely<br />
delivered by inter‐basin transfers from other areas.<br />
e) Water resources from the Orange River underpin the regions cereal production and<br />
industrial sectors. Within the boundaries of the basin, 70% of South Africa’s cereal<br />
crop is produced, and 80% of the region’s industrial activities are contained.<br />
f) Food production in the basin contributes to livelihoods, markets, raw materials and<br />
foreign exchange. Agriculture is a cause of water and air pollution, and<br />
mismanagement has resulted in significant land degradation.<br />
g) Mineral extraction contributes to economies and creates employment, but impacts<br />
negatively particularly on groundwater resources. Owing to the region’s geology, the<br />
basin contains fuel deposits (coal) and mineral resources of regional and global<br />
importance.<br />
h) Human well‐being the in the basin is highly variable. <strong>The</strong> population comprises a<br />
diverse mix of cultural and ethnic backgrounds, a multitude of languages, and wide‐<br />
ranging socio‐economic status. <strong>The</strong> majority of people live in the higher‐rainfall areas<br />
in the east, with significantly fewer people living in the more arid west. High rates of<br />
unemployment, low rural literacy, and high HIV‐AIDS occurrences have significant<br />
consequences for livelihoods options on the basin.<br />
i) <strong>The</strong> basin contains all seven of South Africa’s biomes, including two international<br />
biodiversity hotspots: the Drakensberg Grasslands and the Succulent Karroo, east of<br />
the river’s terminus.<br />
j) Declining water quality and river health in the lower basin has recently resulted in<br />
the RAMSAR status of the Orange River mouth being rescinded.<br />
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C.3 BIODIVERSITY AND NATURAL RESOURCES<br />
December 2011<br />
As stated in <strong>Volume</strong> 1, the PSDF recognises that natural biodiversity 5 is essential to human<br />
survival. On the genetic level, for example, biodiversity underpins the development of<br />
cultivated food crops varieties and animal breeds. Many of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s people have<br />
livelihoods dependent on direct use of species, including the gathering, harvesting or<br />
hunting of animals and plants for food, medicine, shelter, fuel and fibre (Wynberg, 2002).<br />
Ecosystem services such as the maintenance of soil fertility, climate regulation and natural<br />
pest control, as well as intangible benefits such as aesthetic and cultural values, all support<br />
human activity and sustain human life (Chapin et al, 2002). Biodiversity provides a variety of<br />
environmental services, including the regulation of the gaseous composition of the<br />
atmosphere, protection of coastal zones, regulation of the hydrological cycle and climate,<br />
generation and conservation of fertile soils, dispersal and breakdown of wastes, pollination<br />
of many crops, and absorption of pollutants. Biodiversity is no longer an issue confined to<br />
conservation and wildlife proponents, rather its importance to farmers, to indigenous people<br />
and their livelihoods, to human rights, political dispensations and global trade issues, is now<br />
well recognised (CSIR, 2004).<br />
According to the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> State of the Environment Report (2004), a rational and<br />
consolidated system of formally protected areas is essential to ensure effective conservation<br />
of biodiversity. Current trends indicate that a landscape or regional approach to<br />
conservation is more effective than designing conservation efforts around protecting<br />
individual species (DEAT, 2001). Such an approach is effective if the designated protected<br />
areas are located in areas that contribute to the representation of the local/regional<br />
biodiversity (Margules and Pressey, 2000). Within South Africa the existing protected area<br />
system poorly represents biodiversity patterns and processes. As many as 50 of of South<br />
Africa’s 68 vegetation types are less than 10% conserved.<br />
C.3.1 FLORA<br />
<strong>The</strong> five biomes 6 that occur in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are illustrated and decribed below (refer<br />
to Map C.8):<br />
C.3.1.1 NAMA KAROO BIOME<br />
<strong>The</strong> Nama Karoo Biome is dominated by grassy, dwarf shrubland and covers 25% of the land<br />
surface of South Africa and more than 50% of that of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province. Within<br />
this biome grasses (hemicryptophytes) tend to be more common in landscape depressions<br />
5<br />
<strong>The</strong> Convention on Biological Diversity defines it as ’the variability among living organisms from all<br />
sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which<br />
they are part; this includes diversity within, and between, species and of ecosystems’.<br />
6<br />
A group of ecosystems, which may differ considerably in the species they contain, but function in<br />
ecologically similar ways. In practice, although biomes contain both plants and animals, for purposes of<br />
identifying biomes and mapping them, the vegetation type is used to define the biome boundaries.<br />
Biomes are classified according to their predominant vegetation. Biomes are defined by factors such as<br />
plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant<br />
spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate.<br />
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and on sandy soils (as opposed to clayey soils). Grazing rapidly increases the relative<br />
abundance of shrubs (chaemaphytes). Although not remarkably rich in species or endemism,<br />
the flora and fauna of this region are impressively adapted to its climate extremes.<br />
Some of the more abundant shrubs in this biome include species of Drosanthemum,<br />
Eriocephalus, Galenia, Pentzia, Pteronia and Ruschia, while the principle perennial grasses<br />
are Aristida, Digitaria, Enneapogon and Stipagrostis spp. <strong>The</strong> more well‐known species that<br />
occur in the Nama Karoo include Sweet Thorn (Acacia karroo), Three Thorn (Rhigozum<br />
trichotomum), Bitterbos (Chrysocoma ciliate), Stone Plant (Lithos ruschiorum) and Karoo<br />
daisy (Felicia austalis). <strong>The</strong> major large‐scale disturbance to the Nama Karoo ecosystem has<br />
been grazing, previously by a variety of indigenous migratory ungulates and now by sheep<br />
and goats confined within farm boundaries. Very little of the Nama Karoo is formally<br />
protected (WWF, 2008).<br />
Map C.8: Biomes of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: Department of Environmental Affairs).<br />
C.3.1.2 SUCCULENT KAROO BIOME<br />
<strong>The</strong> Succulent Karoo Biome is recognised as an International Biodiversity Hotspot. It occurs<br />
along the western extremities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (refer to Map C.8) and includes<br />
the Namaqualand and the Richtersveld regions. <strong>The</strong> Succulent Karoo Biome Biome has the<br />
richest succulent flora on earth of which 69% are endemic 7 . Plants in the Succulent Karoo<br />
are adapted to survive extremely dry summers. <strong>The</strong> typical vegetation of the Succulent<br />
7<br />
Confined to, or exclusive to, a particular, specified area.<br />
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Karoo is a dwarf shrubland dominated alm ost entirely by leaf succulents such as Vygies<br />
(Mesembryanthemacceae) and Stonecrops (Crassulaceae). Mass flowering displays occurs<br />
annually (mainly Daisies Asteraceae) during the months of spring, often on degraded or<br />
fallow agricultural land.<br />
Notable plants species found in this Hotspot include the Botterboom (Tylecodon paniculatus)<br />
and the Halfmens (Pachypodium namaquanum), a stem succulent endemic to the<br />
Richtersveld that can grow up to four meters tall. Clusters of Halfmens trees tend to face<br />
towards the north, giving the appearance of groups of people gazing northwards. <strong>The</strong> iconic<br />
quiver tree (Aloe dichotoma) 8 occurs in the Richtersveld and is a keystone species in the<br />
region. <strong>The</strong> Succulent Karoo is also famous for its numerous species of lithops, tiny succulent<br />
plants which resemble small stones. <strong>The</strong>y are amongst the smallest perennial plants in the<br />
world.<br />
Another outstanding feature of the Succulent Karoo is the high diversity of geophytes or<br />
bulblike plants. Most of the 630 species of geophytes are petaloid monocots in the families<br />
Hyacinthaceae (Lachenalia, Ornithogalum), Iridaceae (Babiana, Lapeirousia, Moraea,<br />
Romulea), Amaryllidaceae (Brunsvigia, Hessea, Strumaria) and Asphodelaceae (Bulbine,<br />
Trachyandra). No other desert region has this diversity and splendour of bulbs.<br />
<strong>The</strong> distinctive climatic characteristics of the Succulent Karoo make it different from all other<br />
deserts in the world. Rainfall is reliable and predictable, falling mostly in winter and<br />
prolonged droughts are rare. Precipitation is supplemented by heavy dewfalls and fog<br />
generated by the cold Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean. Another interesting feature is<br />
the prevalence of ‘heuweltjies’ which are raised mounds of calcium‐rich soil, thought to have<br />
been created by termites. <strong>The</strong>se often support distinctive plant communities.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Biome is threatened by overgrazing, especially on communal lands, and mining activities<br />
(mining for diamonds, heavy minerals, gypsum, limestone, marble, monazite, kaolin,<br />
ilmenite and titanium) continue to transform this landscape.<br />
C.3.1.3 SAVANNA BIOME<br />
<strong>The</strong> Savanna Biome covers the northern part of the Province. It is the largest biome in<br />
Southern Africa, occupying 46% of its area and over one‐third of South Africa. It is<br />
characterised by a grassy ground layer and a distinct upper layer of woody plants. Where this<br />
upper layer is near the ground the vegetation may be referred to as Shrubveld, where it is as<br />
dense as Woodland the intermediate stages are locally known as Bushveld. A major factor<br />
delimiting the biome is the lack of sufficient rainfall which prevents the upper layer from<br />
dominating, coupled with fires and grazing, which keep the grass layer dominant. Most of<br />
the Savanna vegetation types are used for grazing, mainly by cattle or game.<br />
In the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and the Kalahari, the most distinctive trees are the Camel Thorn<br />
(Acacia erioloba) and the Camphor Bush (Tarchonanthus camphorates). Other prominent<br />
trees are the Portly Baobab (Adansonia digitata) and the Candelabra tree (Euphorbia ingens).<br />
8<br />
Known as ‘Choje’ to the indigenous San people, the Quiver tree gets its name from the San practice of<br />
hollowing out of the tubular branches to form quivers for their arrows.<br />
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Much of the area is used for game‐farming and can thus be considered effectively preserved,<br />
provided that sustainable stocking levels are maintained.<br />
C.3.1.4 GRASSLAND BIOME<br />
As illustrated by Map C.8, small parts in the southern‐eastern region of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
fall under the Grassland Biome. Grasslands are dominated by a single layer of grasses. <strong>The</strong><br />
amount of cover depends on rainfall and the degree of grazing. Trees are absent, except in a<br />
few localised habitats. Geophytes (bulbs) are often abundant. Frosts, fire and grazing<br />
maintain the grass dominance and prevent the establishment of trees.<br />
Grasslands are one of the most threatened biomes in South Africa and play an important<br />
role in water production. For instance, the Orange River has its headwaters in the biome.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Grassland Biome is a very old, complex and slowly evolved system with indigenous<br />
species diversity second only to the Fynbos Biome. Only one in six plants species in the<br />
Biome is a grass, the remainder includes bulbous plants such as Arum Lillies, Orchids, Red‐<br />
Hot Pokers, Aloes, Watsonias, Gladioli, Ground Orchids and Underground trees. This biome<br />
is the mainstay of dairy, beef and wool production in South Africa and pastures may be<br />
augmented in wetter areas by the addition of legumes and sweet grasses.<br />
C.3.1.5 FYNBOS BIOME<br />
As illustrated by Map C.8, small portions of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> fall within the world‐<br />
renowned Fynbos Biome 9 . According to the Namakwa District Biodiversity Sector Plan (2008)<br />
Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos and Niewoudtville Shale Renosterveld are found within the<br />
Hantam Local Municipality. Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld and Kamiesberg Granite<br />
Fynbos are found within the Kamiesberg Local Municipality. <strong>The</strong> Kamiesberg Protea (Protea<br />
namaquana) is endemic to the Kamiesberg area.<br />
C.3.1.6 CENTRES OF ENDEMISM<br />
In addition to the 5 biomes that occur in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, 8 out of the 18 Centres of<br />
Endemism that exist in South Africa are found within the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong> Kamiesberg,<br />
Orange and Hantam‐Roggeveld centres fall almost exclusively within the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
(refer to Map C.9 below).<br />
9<br />
<strong>The</strong> Fynbos Biome is one of the six floral kingdoms of the world. It covers a mere 0.04 % of the land<br />
surface of the world and is only floral kingdom found within the boundaries of one country. It has more<br />
than 8 500 species of which more than 6 000 are endemic.<br />
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Map C.9: Centres of Endemism in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: Department of Environmental<br />
Affairs).<br />
C.3.2 FAUNA<br />
In the mid and late 1800s, travellers witnessed game migrations numbering millions across<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, especially close to the Orange River. One account recalls a herd taking<br />
three days to pass through a small town. Springbok were by far the most numerous species<br />
involved in these migrations but were also joined by Wildebeest, Blesbok, Eland etc (WWF,<br />
2008). Today a large variety of game species is still found throughout the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Big<br />
game animals like Black Rhinoceros, Buffalo, Giraffe and Eland along with numerous species<br />
of plains game occur mainly in protected areas and on game farms.<br />
<strong>The</strong> critically endangered and endemic Riverine Rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) is found in<br />
limited habitats in the southern Karoo). It is regarded as one of the world’s rarest mammals<br />
with an estimated adult population of less than 250. In August 2003, the Riverine Rabbit<br />
Program (EWT‐RRP) was established to co‐ordinate all conservation efforts of this species<br />
and its habitat.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, especially the Kalahari, is a primary bird habitat. Raptors that occur<br />
include Black Eagle (Aquila verreauxii), Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax), Black‐breasted Snake<br />
Eagle (Circaetus pectoralis), Jackal Buzzard (Buteo rufofuscus), Pale Chnating Goshawk<br />
(Melierax canorus), Rock Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and Pygmy Falcon (Polihierax<br />
semitorquantus), etc.<br />
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C.3.3 PROTECTED NATURE AREAS<br />
December 2011<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> includes the Richtersveld Botanical and Landscape World Heritage Site<br />
which has been inscribed as an UNESCO World Heritage Site under the World Heritage<br />
Convention. <strong>The</strong> World Heritage Site sits in the heart of the Succulent Karoo Biodiversity<br />
Hotspot ‐ an ecosystem with approximately 4 850 succulent plants, 40% to 60% of which are<br />
endemic to the area. <strong>The</strong> Province furthermore includes the Orange River Mouth Ramsar<br />
Site which focuses on the conservation of the riverine and estuarine ecosystem of the<br />
Orange River.<br />
<strong>The</strong> formally protected areas in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> currently represent an area of<br />
approximately 14 000 km². This area represents 3.8% of the total area of the Province. This<br />
area constitutes 2 transfrontier conservation areas established in terms of international<br />
protocols and agreements (i.e. the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and the Richtersveld/Ai‐Ais<br />
Transfrontier Part), 5 national parks, and 6 provincial reserves (refer to the table below and<br />
Map C.10).<br />
Table C.2: <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> national and provincial protected areas (Source: Department of<br />
Environmental Affairs).<br />
NORTHERN CAPE PROTECTED AREAS AREA (KM²)<br />
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (South Africa) 9 591<br />
Richterveld National Park 1 610<br />
Tankwa Karoo National Park 800<br />
Namaqua National Park 686<br />
Augrabies FallsNational Park 554<br />
Mokala National Park 196<br />
Goegap Nature Reserve 148<br />
Doornkloof Nature Reserve 119<br />
Nababiep Nature Reserve 109<br />
Rolfontein Nature Reserve 81<br />
Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve 47<br />
Witsand Nature Reserve 32<br />
Total Area Formally Protected 13 973<br />
It is estimated that approximately 16.5% of South Africa’s land cover has been transformed,<br />
and a further 10% degraded (Wynberg, 2002). Sensitive arid habitat such as the Succulent<br />
Karoo Biome of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province is particularly prone to degradation as a result<br />
of overgrazing, alien invasive species and mining (CEPF, 2003). <strong>The</strong> aridity of the climate<br />
precludes rapid recovery of degraded areas. When examining veld degradation in terms of<br />
severity and rate of degradation, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> emerged as the third most degraded<br />
Province in South Africa, after the Limpopo Province and KwaZulu‐Natal (Hoffman and<br />
Ashwell, 2001).<br />
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Map C.10: National and provincial protected areas in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source:<br />
Department of Environmental Affairs).<br />
C.4 THE COASTAL ZONE<br />
December 2011<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province includes the the Namaqualand Coastal Region (refer to Map<br />
C.11). <strong>The</strong> Namaqualand Coastal Region of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> extends over 3 local<br />
municipalities within the Namaqua District Municipality, namely Richtersveld, Nama Khoi<br />
and Kamiesberg, and stretches over 313 km. <strong>The</strong> coastal area is a sparsely inhabited, hot, dry<br />
region with rainfall averaging less than 100 mm per annum. <strong>The</strong> scarcity of freshwater is an<br />
obstacle to development and the soil along the coast is generally of a very poor quality and<br />
limits the potential for agriculture in the area (CSIR, 2004). A lack of physical access to<br />
coastal resources and isolation from the centre of provincial administration constrain<br />
development opportunities for coastal communities.<br />
<strong>The</strong> greatest value from marine and coastal resources is generated through the mining and<br />
fishing sectors. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has an abundance of diamond deposits both onshore and<br />
in marine deposits. This has led to the development of a large diamond mining sector, which<br />
has become the dominant activity of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s coastal zone. Diamond deposits<br />
are so extensive along the coast that mining companies hold the mineral rights and diamond<br />
concession areas covering most of the coast.<br />
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Map C.11: Coastal regions of South Africa (Source: Department of Environmental Affairs).<br />
Fisheries along the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> benefit from the presence of the Benguela Current Large<br />
Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). <strong>The</strong> icy Benguela current moves from the Southern Ocean<br />
(around Antarctica) and flows northwards along the west coast of Africa as far as southern<br />
Angola – it is shared by South Africa, Namibia and Angola. <strong>The</strong> nutrient‐rich Benguela<br />
current supports a wide range of marine life. <strong>The</strong> cooling and upwelling of the Benguela<br />
brings moisture‐laden sea winds to the west coast. <strong>The</strong> Benguela current is driven by the<br />
prevailing south‐easterly trade winds and source water for the Benguela include Indian and<br />
South Atlantic subtropical thermoclimate water – saline, low‐oxygen tropical Atlantic water,<br />
and cooler, fresher deep water. According to CSIR (2004), the BCLME is one of the four major<br />
coastal upwelling ecosystems of the world, and is an important centre of marine biodiversity<br />
and marine food production. It is estimated that the BCLME is one of the most productive<br />
ocean areas in the world, with a mean annual primary productivity of 1.25 grams of carbon<br />
m 2 per year.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Benguela ecosystem supports large populations of living marine resources that are of<br />
substantial economic importance to the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Fish species include small pelagic<br />
fish species, such as Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), Red‐eye Round Heriing (Etrumeus<br />
whiteheadi), Sardine (Sardinops sagax), and the Sardinellas (Sardinella aurita and S.<br />
mederensis). Midwater fish species include <strong>Cape</strong> Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus<br />
capensis), etc. and species such as Hake (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus) and West<br />
Coast Lobster (Jasus lalandii) are well established along the coast. Other species include the<br />
<strong>Cape</strong> Fur Seal (Artocephalus pusillus), Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis), and the<br />
rare Heaviside’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus heavisidei). Furthermore, the near‐shore and off‐<br />
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shore sediments hold rich deposits of precious minerals (particularly diamonds) as well as oil<br />
and gas reserves. This massive ecosystem contains numerous endangered and vulnerable<br />
species, as well as a few altered food webs and migrations of fish, bird and animals due to<br />
the El Niño 10 events. Among the endangered species are the African penguin, the<br />
leatherback and loggerhead turtles, and the black African oystercatcher. <strong>The</strong> Global<br />
International Waters Assessment (GIWA) program has identified the Benguela ecosystem as<br />
environmentally unhealthy with regard to habitat destruction and modification (including<br />
wetlands and lagoons), as a result of the occurrence of pollution, solid wastes, radionuclides<br />
and oils spills stemming from the heavy traffic of oil tankers past this coastal area.<br />
Not only is the Benguela Current at a critical location in terms of the global climate system,<br />
but its marine and coastal environments are also potentially extremely vulnerable to future<br />
climate change or increasing variability in climate – with obvious consequences for long‐<br />
term sustainable management of the coast and marine resources.<br />
Although dominated by large mining and fishing companies, the Namaqualand region has<br />
the second lowest economic growth rate in South Africa. Challenges include declining fish<br />
stocks, poor road infrastructure, lack of sheltered bays for ports and limited agricultural<br />
potential. With the closure of many land‐based diamond‐mining operations, extensive<br />
rehabilitation programmes will be necessary to rehabilitate the natural environment and to<br />
create alternative livelihoods for people. Potential exists for the harvesting of under‐utilised<br />
coastal resources, such as mussels and limpets, for small‐scale industries that add value to<br />
fishing and agriculture and for small‐scale mining. Other natural assets, such as the annual<br />
wildflower display, a high diversity of succulent plant species and the stark beauty of the<br />
area offer potential for nature‐based tourism with community participation. More equitable<br />
distribution of mining and fishing concessions and the development of value‐added activities<br />
could contribute to retaining revenue in local communities.<br />
C.4.1 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT<br />
<strong>The</strong> Coastal Management Office of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism<br />
(DEAT) has a number of responsibilities relating to policy formulation, environmental<br />
education, coordination of management activities, and international conventions, protocols<br />
and agreements. Management functions affecting the coast are also carried out by other<br />
offices of the DEAT, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, the Department of<br />
Transport, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Public Works, the Department<br />
of Land Affairs, the Department of Minerals and Energy and other departments. Coastal<br />
management is largely carried out through the provincial planning, environment and nature<br />
conservation departments.<br />
At local authority level, institutional arrangements are still in a state of transition. New<br />
planning procedures are in the process of being implemented or developed. <strong>The</strong> application<br />
of these procedures will significantly influence the coast and coastal management. <strong>The</strong>re is a<br />
10<br />
El Niño is the warming of the sea‐surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean which influences<br />
atmospheric circulation, and consequently rainfall and temperature in specific areas around the world.<br />
This could result in droughts along Namaqualand and diminishing fish stocks with could have adverse<br />
economic repercussions for the fishing industry.<br />
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widespread lack of resources and skills for coastal management, particularly in smaller local<br />
authorities and District or Regional Councils in rural areas. This means that proactive coastal<br />
management efforts are especially difficult to initiate. In attempts to boost their capacity,<br />
some local authorities co‐operate with nature conservation agencies and are involved in co‐<br />
management initiatives with community groups.<br />
C.4.2 COASTAL MANAGEMENT<br />
In terms of the White Paper for Sustainable Coastal <strong>Development</strong> in South Africa (2000) the<br />
following agents are responsible for the management of the coastal region:<br />
National:<br />
<strong>The</strong> Chief Directorate: Marine and Coastal Management of the Department of<br />
Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) will act as national lead agent for coastal<br />
management and undertake certain executive functions, for example, preparing<br />
State of the Coast reports and running national education and training programmes.<br />
Co‐ordination with other national departments and the Provinces will occur through<br />
a Coastal Management Subcommittee to be established under the Committee for<br />
Environmental Co‐ordination (CEC).<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong>:<br />
In the four coastal Provinces a provincial lead agent for coastal management is<br />
defined, e.g., the planning department. Responsibilities of the lead agent include<br />
reviewing provincial legislation and monitoring the state of the coast in the Province.<br />
It is proposed that a Coastal Working Group be established in each Province as a sub‐<br />
structure of the national CEC, in order to improve co‐ordination of coastal<br />
management at provincial level through involving governmental and<br />
nongovernmental role‐players.<br />
Local:<br />
Local authorities will continue to carry out many day‐to‐day responsibilities for<br />
coastal management above the high water mark, for example, planning, engineering,<br />
beach management and tourism. In some areas local coastal forums may need to be<br />
established to promote dialogue between governmental and nongovernmental<br />
coastal role‐players, as well as to improve co‐ordination.<br />
Achieving the ideal of sustainable coastal development is dependent on the establishment of<br />
partnerships and co‐responsibility between government, the private sector, parastatals and<br />
other statutory management bodies, civil society organizations and the research community,<br />
all of whom have a key role to play in coastal management.<br />
C.4.3 COASTAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT<br />
Coastal planning and management should be undertaken proactively to optimise sustainable<br />
development opportunities. Our coast provides many social and economic development<br />
opportunities that are dependent on maintaining the diversity, health and productivity of<br />
coastal ecosystems. We need to proactively identify and realise these opportunities, in the<br />
interests of current and future generations. In particular, there is an urgent need to<br />
streamline coastal development approvals, to make sure that costly delays are avoided,<br />
whilst ensuring that the environmental impacts of proposed developments are carefully<br />
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considered and that mechanisms are in place to ensure that conditions of approval are<br />
implemented. <strong>The</strong> following key coastal issues are relevant regarding efficient coastal region<br />
planning:<br />
a) Diversify coastal economies<br />
b) Consider alternative livelihood opportunities<br />
c) Promote mariculture opportunities<br />
d) Promote <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Initiatives and coastal management<br />
e) Retain revenues generated in local areas<br />
f) Promote local benefits from tourism<br />
g) Promote tourism and local cultural values<br />
h) Improve infrastructure for tourism<br />
i) Improve public facilities at beaches<br />
j) Upgrade and maintain small‐craft harbours<br />
k) Promote multiple use of harbours<br />
l) Reduce agriculture and conservation conflicts<br />
m) Reconcile development opportunities and land claims<br />
n) Encourage the establishment of buffer and transition zones<br />
o) Retain aesthetic values<br />
p) Limit ribbon development<br />
q) Control sprawling urban development<br />
r) Limit development speculation<br />
s) Limit inappropriate development and its impact on ecosystems<br />
t) Reduce risk due to development<br />
u) Address informal settlements and their impact on sensitive ecosystems<br />
v) Take into account water availability in development planning<br />
w) Promote sustainable use of all water resources, including coastal aquifers<br />
x) Address sea level rise<br />
y) Recognise cost of maintaining protection works<br />
z) Explore coast's potential to contribute to the provision of energy and freshwater.<br />
C.4.4 ACCESS TO MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES<br />
Diamond mining is the main economic activity along the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> coastline, so much<br />
so that the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> coast as has been described ‘an extensive mining area, with<br />
different areas in various stages of the mining process, awaiting prospecting, undergoing<br />
prospecting, being mined or having been mined’ (Enviro‐Fish Africa, 2003a). Terrestrial<br />
onshore mining concessions, including beach concessions, occur between the Orange River<br />
mouth and an area slightly south of the Olifants River. Two major companies, Alexkor and De<br />
Beers Namaqualand (Pty) Ltd dominate diamond mining in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> coastal zone<br />
(Clark et al, 1999).<br />
All mining concession areas have some level of restriction in terms of public access to the<br />
area (Enviro‐Fish Africa, 2003a). This access is often limited to employees of the mining<br />
companies and sub‐contractors. In some cases, recreational access is permitted on an<br />
informal basis (Brand, 2002). As a result, the majority of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> population do<br />
not enjoy public access to the marine and coastal resources of the Province. Marine and<br />
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coastal resources can therefore not be utilised to their maximum sustainable capacity for the<br />
socio‐economic benefit of the people of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are a number of indirect impacts resulting from the lack of public coastal property<br />
through the monopolisation of coastal land by mining activities. <strong>The</strong> most obvious and<br />
concerning impact is that restricted access limits people’s use of marine and coastal<br />
resources. This restriction of access does not occur to such an extent in the other coastal<br />
Provinces of South Africa. Due to the limited use of coastal areas, the physical infrastructure<br />
of the area is also poorly developed (Tapscott, 1999) and those that do exist are mostly<br />
related to mining use (<strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Initiatives, 2003).<br />
From an economic perspective, lack of access to marine and coastal resources has limited<br />
the development of other economic activities such as fishing, mariculture and tourism along<br />
the coast (Enviro‐Fish Africa, 2003a). This has implications for community development<br />
projects and the long term sustainability of the economy of the area. <strong>The</strong> activity of mining<br />
has a limited life‐span in any area as it is based on the extraction of a non‐renewable<br />
resource (Hounsome and Ashton, 2001). <strong>The</strong> long‐term mining concessions have an impact<br />
on the growth of alternative economic activities in the area (Enviro‐Fish Africa, 2003a) and it<br />
is important to consider viable alternative economic opportunities for the long term<br />
(FAMDA, 2003).<br />
Recognising these impacts, mining companies together with local municipalities have<br />
initiated projects to create local economic development at the small and medium scale (Eco‐<br />
Africa, 2002; <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Initiatives, 2003). However there still exists a significant<br />
obstacle to public access to marine and coastal resources which is contradictory to the spirit<br />
of the White Paper on Sustainable Coastal <strong>Development</strong> (Republic of South Africa, 1999).<br />
C.5 HERITAGE RESOURCES<br />
C.5.1 PREHISTORIC HISTORY<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has a particularly rich history dating back millions of years. Early hominid<br />
remains occur, in particular, along the Ghaap escarpment in the vicinity of Kuruman and<br />
along the coastline. Based upon the discovery of the Taung skull approximately 100 km north<br />
of Kimberley, it is estimated that Australopithecus were the first hominid to roam the area.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se hominids evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago before spreading<br />
throughout the continent and eventually becoming extinct 2 million years ago.<br />
Remains of the Stone Age have been discovered on several locations primarily along rivers or<br />
around pans. Stone tools found at the bottom level of Wonderwerk Cave 43 km south of<br />
Kuruman show that human ancestors resided in the cave two million years ago. <strong>The</strong><br />
Wonderwerk Cave is 139 m deep and archaeologically of considerable importance.<br />
Archaeological research in the cave has revealed an immensely long record of human and<br />
environmental history spanning hundreds of thousands of years. <strong>The</strong> cave, which is a<br />
national heritage site, has a geological context of stratified dolomitic limestone of the 2.3<br />
billion‐year old Ghaap Paltaeu Dolomite Formation. It is believed that the stone tools found<br />
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were more than likely made by Homo habilis 11 . <strong>The</strong> Wonderwerk Cave discoveries are close<br />
in age to the very earliest known stone tools and similar to date to the bottom levels at<br />
Olduvia Gorge, Tanzania.<br />
Homo erectus 12 existed in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> approximately 800 000 to a million years ago.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se hunter‐gatherers mainly survived on wild plants and scavenged on kills made by other<br />
predators (Kostka, 2002). Furthermore, the Acheulian stone age culture affiliated with Home<br />
erectus dates between 1 million and 500 000 years in the Vaal basin and artefacts range<br />
from large stone handaxes and cleavers, and a number of very large flakes.<br />
Later Stone Age (the last 20 000 years) remnants associated with hunter‐gatherers who, in<br />
the subsequent historical record, are referred to as Bushman, tend to be preserved mostly in<br />
the foothills and rocky outcrops. Late Stone Age deposits in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are often<br />
found in conjunction with rock art. <strong>The</strong> significance of archaeological remains can be variable<br />
depending on the context of the deposits and the degree of preservation. In areas that have<br />
been extensively farmed over the centuries, the context of archaeological remains is mostly<br />
destroyed.<br />
C.5.2 KHOISAN HISTORY<br />
For thousands of years the land was inhabited by the Bushman 13 . Small groups of San<br />
hunter‐gatherers travelled through the landscape, collecting plants and catching birds and<br />
animals. <strong>The</strong>y found shelter in caves and rock formations and constructed windbreaks and<br />
waterproof skerms in more open areas. <strong>The</strong> rock art presents a record of their presence.<br />
Early archaeological evidence tells that the San inhabited the Richtersveld area thousands of<br />
years ago. Arrowheads made of stone and plant resin have been found around<br />
Eksteenfontein.<br />
Researchers claim that some of the rock paintings probably depict shaman of the San calling<br />
for rain, attracting herds of antelope or revealing enemies. In this ecstatic state, they<br />
believed that they are transformed into another being, probably an eland antelope (which<br />
was considered a holy animal) or the mysterious rainmaker animal. When shamans painted<br />
an eland, they didn’t just pay homage to a sacred animal, they also harnessed its essence.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y put paint to rock and opened portals to the spirit world.<br />
Today the two largest San groups in South Africa are immigrants from Angola and Botswana.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se are the !Xû and the Khwe currently living at Schmidtsdrift, 80 km outside Kimberley.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are 3 500 !Xû and 1 100 Khwe. Both groups claim an indigenous identity on the basis<br />
of their languages and cultures. <strong>The</strong> next largest group is the San population of the southern<br />
Kalahari a group which refers to themselves as the !Khomani San. This group lives in the<br />
11<br />
<strong>The</strong> name means ‘handy man’ and were the first humans to use tools. Part of the species of the genus,<br />
Homo, they lived approximately 2.3 to 1.4 million years ago.<br />
12<br />
Homo erectus (meaning ‘upright man) lived for 1.5 million years from approximately 1.9 million years to<br />
400 000 years ago. <strong>The</strong>y were very adaptable, had fire and made stone tools that are part of the<br />
Acheulian stone tool culture.<br />
13<br />
<strong>The</strong> historic terms of ‘Bushmen’ and ‘Hottentot’ are considered to be derogatory. <strong>The</strong> terms<br />
Khoekhoe/Khoikhoi and San are preferred. Collectively, the indigenous people who lived in and around<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are referred to as Khoisan.<br />
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northern reaches of Gordonia at Witdraai, Ashkam, Welkom, Rietfontein and surrounding<br />
villages.<br />
At approximately 2000 years ago the Khoi herders moved into South Africa with their cattle<br />
and sheep. <strong>The</strong>y led a semi‐nomadic lifestyle and lived in small ‘kraals’ often with over one<br />
hundred people. <strong>The</strong>se kraals or village communities were organised along patrilineal lines<br />
and consisted of a group of males, descended from the same male ancestor. <strong>The</strong><br />
matjieshuis, a semi‐permanent mat‐house, was perfectly suited to the nomadic lifestyle of<br />
the Khoi herders.<br />
<strong>The</strong> arrival of Governor Jan van Riebeeck at the <strong>Cape</strong> threatened the land‐rights of the<br />
Khoisan people. As the Dutch expanded their territorial rights they later clashed with<br />
different Khoisan tribes. <strong>The</strong> Khoi tribes of the <strong>Cape</strong> Peninsula (the Goringhaiqua and<br />
Goraxouqua) decided to leave the area as a result of these bloody clashes. In 1672 the two<br />
tribes moved in a northerly direction and reached the Orange River in 1680. Here they<br />
amalgamated and became known as the Korannas. <strong>The</strong>y formed smaller groups which were<br />
ruled by tribe captains and each small tribe lived in a separate area (//Khara Hais SDF, 2009).<br />
Inevitably the Khoi and the San competed for land as grazing herds increased, especially on<br />
the more marginal lands. <strong>The</strong> pastoralist Khoi took the upper hand, having a more consistent<br />
food source, a centralised and stable community and much larger numbers. <strong>The</strong> Nama are<br />
remnants of one of the largest Khoi groups to settle in Namaqualand, Hantam Karoo and<br />
southern Namibia. In 1991 a portion of Namaqualand, home of the Nama and one of the last<br />
true wilderness areas of South Africa, became the Richtersveld National Park. Today, the<br />
Richtersveld National Park is one of the few places where the old Nama ways still exist.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Nama language is widely used in areas such as Namaqualand, although Afrikaans is the<br />
preferred language. Many of Namaqualand’s places of interest, rivers, springs, mountains,<br />
farms and settlements have Nama names, although modernised. <strong>The</strong> provincial motto Sa<br />
ka//a !aisi ?uisi (‘Strive for a better life’) is written in the !Auni language of the Khomani San,<br />
which was given by the last speakers of the language, Ms. Elsie Vaalbooi of Rietfontein in<br />
1997 (Makiti Guides and Tours, 2008). This pre‐dates the national motto which is written in<br />
the extinct !Xam language and the provincial motto. It is the first officially registered motto<br />
in the history of South Africa to be in a Khoisan language.<br />
C.5.3 EARLY PIONEERS AND TRAVELLERS<br />
In 1685 Simon van der Stel visited Namaqualand with a large entourage seeking the copper<br />
treasures of the area. Many other adventurers and explores followed, such as H.J. Wikar<br />
(1779), R.J. Gordon (1780), J. Campbell (1815) and G. Thompson (1827). According to history,<br />
the remote northern reaches of the <strong>Cape</strong> Colony were home to cattle rushers, gun‐runners,<br />
river pirates and outlaws of all kinds. Namaqualand and other parts of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
had its fair share of violence and border wars with expansion of white farmers into the<br />
hinterland. For long until the 19 th century the Middle and Lower Orange River Valley<br />
remained relatively unknown, except for a small number of European explorers, hunters,<br />
adventures and freehold farmers. <strong>The</strong>se were later joined by miners, missionaries and<br />
runaway slaves. Rouges such as Jager Afrikaner, based at Warmbad, southern Namibia,<br />
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created so much havoc that by the 1780s the Middle and Lower Orange River Valley and<br />
much of Namaqualnd became a zone of terror. This induced many frontiersman of varied<br />
origins to join this rouge robbing, pillaging and killing weaker groups for their livestock.<br />
Missionaries played an integral part in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
Among the most sought‐after hideouts were the densely‐wooded islands in the Orange River<br />
around the present‐day Upington. From such a stronghold Nama Chief Jonker Afrikaner<br />
allegedly rustled cattle from other clans in the region. In 1884 the settlement was visited by<br />
the new prime minister of the <strong>Cape</strong> Colony, Sir Thomas Upington and promptly renamed the<br />
settlement in his honour. After a pontoon ferry service across the Orange River was<br />
introduced, Upington became the main administrative centre for the vast region north of the<br />
Orange River. <strong>The</strong> region was called Gordonia in honour of Sir Gordon Sprigg, four times<br />
prime minister of the <strong>Cape</strong> Colony between 1878 and 1892. Prior to this the area was known<br />
as Korannaland.<br />
Due to its isolation, the Richtersveld was only visited by European travellers by the middle of<br />
the 19 th century. One of the earliest explorers was James Alexander, who prospected for<br />
copper and visited Aries Drfit in 1836. <strong>The</strong> Richtersveld is named after an inspector, Dr<br />
Richter, who came to inspect the Kuboes mission station. White farmers settled in the<br />
Richtersveld during the 20 th century. <strong>The</strong> South African government also resettled a large<br />
group of Basters during the apartheid years in the settlements of Eksteenfontein and<br />
Lekkersing from their settlements in Bushmanland.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> was very important in the Anglo‐Boer War (1899‐1902) and played a<br />
decisive role in the war, the major battles of the Western Campaign taking place within 120<br />
kilometres of Kimberley. Kimberley was besieged for 103 days by the Boers and a number of<br />
great battles were fought, including the battle of Magersfontein. However, through the war,<br />
Boer guerrilla forces roamed the entire <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> region with skirmishes between Boer<br />
and Brits being regular occurrences.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is also the birthplace of Sol Plaatje who was a renowned author and<br />
journalist who played an integral role in the history of South Africa and was part of the rise<br />
of African political consciousness. Plaatje was a founder member of the ANC and the first<br />
Secretary General of the organisation. He was the first black South African to write a novel<br />
in English, and made a significant contribution to South African journalism by recording<br />
events of the Anglo‐Boer War and translated many Shakespearean works in Setswana.<br />
C.5.4 HISTORY OF MINING<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has an abundance of natural resources. <strong>The</strong> discovery of these resources<br />
has led to major exploration and the development of the mining sector in the Province to<br />
the point where mining has transformed the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province, especially during the<br />
19 th century. Archaeological evidence at Blinkklipkop, near Postmasburg, indicates that the<br />
Khoisan attempted mining as early as 700 AD. <strong>The</strong>y mined specularite, which is a soft form of<br />
haematite. This was used as a cosmetic as well as in certain rituals. Furthermore, in the<br />
Dithakong area, east of Kuruman, there are sites attributable to the Iron Age of South Africa<br />
(100 AD to 1600 AD).<br />
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<strong>The</strong> first copper miners of Namaqualand were the Nama, who, as early as 1691, presented<br />
Simon van der Stel with fine examples of copper and copper artefacts. Early Cornish and<br />
Welsh miners (1848) found and mined the abundance of copper. Some very promising<br />
copper deposits were discovered at Okiep in 1862 and in the 1870s it was ranked the richest<br />
copper min in the world. This led to the construction of a narrow‐gauge railway from Okiep<br />
to Port Nolloth. Springbok, first known as Springboksfontein (reference to the thousands of<br />
Springbok antelopes that frequented the strong spring), owes its existence to the first<br />
copper mines in these parts discovered in the 1850s (Erasmus, 2004).<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s history changed dramatically with the discovery of diamonds. <strong>The</strong> first<br />
major diamond was purportedly discovered at Barkley West. In 1866 Erasmus Jacobs found a<br />
small brilliant pebble on the banks of the Orange River on the farm De Kalk leased from local<br />
Griquas, near Hopetown. He showed the pebble to his father who sold it. <strong>The</strong> pebble was<br />
purchased from Jacobs by Schalk van Niekerk, who later sold it and turned out to be a 21.25<br />
carat (4.25 g) diamond, known as the Eureka. Three years later Schalk van Niekerk sold<br />
another diamond also found in the De Kalk vicinity, the Star of South Africa, for £11,200. <strong>The</strong><br />
second diamond was promptly resold in the London markets for £25,000.<br />
Diamond deposits were discovered in 1871 on the farm Vooruitzicht owned by the De Beers<br />
brothers. By 1872, 50 000 hopeful miner/diggers were housed in tents around the hillcock<br />
where the discovery was made. <strong>The</strong> conditions were ghastly with insufficient water. Medical<br />
and sanitary facilities were very poor and disease was a constant threat. <strong>The</strong> subsequent<br />
digging of the area created the so‐called Big Hole which is an open‐pit and underground<br />
mine, claimed to be the largest hole excavated by hand. <strong>The</strong> Big Hole has a surface area of<br />
17 ha and is 463 metres wide. It was excavated to a depth of 240 metres, but then partially<br />
infilled with debris reducing its depth to approximately 215 metres. <strong>The</strong>re were many stories<br />
of success and riches but equal amounts of despair and loss. By 1873 grand homes were<br />
being built and the town was named Kimberley after the Earl of Kimberley who was the<br />
British Secretary of State for the Colonies at the time.<br />
With time Kimberley was able to add a number of ‘firsts’ to its list of accomplishments. It<br />
had the first South African flying school, first stock exchange and first city in the Southern<br />
Hemisphere to install electric street lights. Diamonds and religion seldom go together, but<br />
they did at Kimberley. Here, diamond profits were used to establish and develop the<br />
Seventh Day Adventists faith in South Africa and Australia.<br />
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BOX 2<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS<br />
December 2011<br />
a) Consider designation of agricultural reserves in areas of high-potential agricultural soils with<br />
adequate irrigation water.<br />
b) Create appropriate ecological linkages between conservation areas.<br />
c) Designate coastal zone as a core conservation area.<br />
d) Institute standard development approach along the Orange River by all relevant<br />
municipalities. //Khara Hais SDF is to serve as a model in this regard.<br />
e) Enhance sustainable use of formal conservation areas and their resources.<br />
f) Enhance viability and sustainability of the Richtersveld Botanical and Landscape World<br />
Heritage Site which is the core of the Succulent Karoo Biodiversity Hotspot.<br />
g) Explore desirability of implementing strategies such as Protected Nature Areas and Special<br />
Management Areas in collaboration with organised agriculture and the Department of the<br />
Environment.<br />
h) Indicate mining areas with a dedicated SPC.<br />
i) Land-use along the coastline must be addressed in a similar manner by all relevant<br />
municipalities and stakeholders.<br />
j) Preparation and implementation of an efficient Water Demand Conservation Strategy must be<br />
mandatory on all municipalities.<br />
k) Promote cross-border conservation initiatives – explore the merit and desirability of UNESCO<br />
biosphere reserves.<br />
l) Promote history and archaeology as primary tourism resources.<br />
m) Protect high-potential agricultural land through appropriate land-use designation.<br />
n) Provide for biodiversity conservation in terms of SANBI’s ‘critical biodiversity area’ (CBA)<br />
indicators.<br />
o) Provide guidelines for the re-use and/or the more sustainable use of resources.<br />
p) Provide innovative strategies to help conserve conservation-worthy habitats on private land.<br />
q) Provide land-use plan as a basis for integration of mining activities with conservation.<br />
r) Provide strategy to off-set loss of conservation-worthy habitat through mining through ex-situ<br />
conservation projects.<br />
s) Standardise land-use planning and management by municipalities and other stakeholders.<br />
t) //Khara Hais Tourism Plan is to serve as a model for municipal tourism & environmental<br />
planning.<br />
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SECTION D: SETTLEMENT PATTERN<br />
SECTION CONTENT<br />
December 2011<br />
This section describes the settlement pattern of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with specific reference to the development<br />
potential of the settlements and the human needs of the inhabitants of the settlements. <strong>The</strong> section is based upon the<br />
findings of the empirical study that was undertaken specifically for the PSDF by Van der Merwe and Zietsman (2011 14 )<br />
This section should be read together with the said report which is appended under Annexure 2.<br />
<strong>The</strong> purpose of the section is to provide a premise and rationale for the formulation of guidelines (refer to <strong>Volume</strong> 3<br />
and <strong>Volume</strong> 4) as it relates to the following:<br />
a) Determining and assessing the status of the settlements of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
b) Prioritising government spending and LED to best benefit of province as a whole.<br />
c) Preparing IDPs and prioritising IDP spending.<br />
d) Indicating what type of development and investment are required and how the municipal budget should be<br />
allocated to eradicate backlog or weaknesses.<br />
e) Measuring the change that occurred in local municipalities and settlements over a defined period in order to<br />
create a basis for future performance assessment<br />
D.1 INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>The</strong> settlement system in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is characterised by numerous small and isolated<br />
urban and quasi‐urban settlements scattered across the vast area of the province. Many of these<br />
settlements find it hard to provide basic services and sufficient income generating‐opportunities<br />
to their inhabitants.<br />
A general consensus in the international literature is that sustainable rural development is closely<br />
bound to a vibrant and functional urban settlement system. Villages, settlements and cities are the<br />
‘engine rooms’ that drive regional development and economic growth. Unfortunately not all urban<br />
settlements have the same growth potential. Growth trends fluctuate over time due to many<br />
influencing factors. In a large province such as the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> such ‘engine rooms’ make a<br />
special contribution towards meeting the general needs in both the settlements and the<br />
surrounding rural hinterland. Such ‘engine rooms’ also affect global links, the national spatial<br />
economy and sustainable regional development in the province.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> comprises approximately 115 urban settlements of various sizes (refer to Map<br />
B.4 on Page 9), some of which have a solid economic base which stimulate energetic growth.<br />
Other settlements are steadily losing economic power, service‐ability and infrastructural strength.<br />
This situation poses the self‐evident question whether there is an effective remedy for such a<br />
distressful picture?<br />
<strong>The</strong> starting point was a comprehensive evaluation and monitoring of the performance patterns of<br />
the province’s settlements in order to ascertain how the various communities could be optimally<br />
supported by a system of dynamic town structures. An empirical urban audit was accordingly<br />
undertaken to investigate the challenges and problems of urban development in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong>. This process was carried out within the framework of existing national and provincial policy<br />
strategies, as well as recognised development theory. <strong>The</strong> overall aim of the study was to<br />
14<br />
Van der Merwe IJ & Zietsman HL, 2011 <strong>Development</strong> Potential of Urban Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. A<br />
research study undertaken for Dennis Moss Partnership, Stellenbosch.<br />
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determine the growth performance and development potential of the urban settlements in the<br />
province, with a focus on their role in the creation of a dynamic urban and rural development<br />
system. More specifically this includes the following objectives:<br />
a) Identify criteria and indicators for assessing the urban growth/development potential from<br />
relevant academic literature and policy documents. <strong>The</strong> National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong><br />
Perspective (NSDP) and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS provide valuable guidelines in this regard.<br />
b) Statistically measure and compare the growth performance of the urban settlements and<br />
local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
c) Qualitative assessment of the economic base and place identity of these localities by<br />
engaging local stakeholders – in the process communities will have the opportunity to<br />
make input regarding the growth potential of their municipality and town’s.<br />
d) Index and categorise these settlements according to their development potential and<br />
human needs levels.<br />
e) Make recommendations for appropriate decision‐making and investment strategies to<br />
facilitate comprehensive rural development and performance management in the<br />
settlements and municipalities.<br />
D.1.1 ROLE OF SMALL SETTLEMENTS IN REGIONAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
<strong>The</strong> role of small‐ and medium‐sized settlements has received renewed interest and recognition<br />
globally as bridges on the rural‐urban development continuum. In a well‐balanced settlement<br />
system they act as infrastructural clusters and growth engines for regional development (Weliwita<br />
& Okpala, 2004). During the 1980s many academics, regional planners and policy makers reached<br />
consensus that small settlements played an essential role as service centres in the development of<br />
a region through their economic base, production linkages, as well as trickle‐down effects (Van der<br />
Merwe, 1983; Rondinelli, 1988; Evans, 1992; Gaile, 1992).<br />
It is a generally‐eccepted principle that public funds should be applied for the improvement of a<br />
small town’s structure and functioning (e.g. investment in market support, provision of water and<br />
electricity, development of housing and new industrial areas) only if the basic rural development<br />
conditions are found to be suitable (Hinderink & Titus, 2002). <strong>The</strong> basic driving force behind a<br />
town’s growth is provided by its specific economic activities, which generate job opportunities,<br />
capital, buildings and infrastructure (Badcock 2002: 66).<br />
<strong>The</strong> potential contribution of small rural settlements to local economic development has probably<br />
not been sufficiently recognised in rural development strategies. <strong>The</strong>re is scope for a more<br />
positive and dynamic approach, which duly recognises the existing and potential economic and<br />
social role of rural settlements and attaches greater importance to these locations as entry points<br />
for policy, investment, job creation, enterprise development and service delivery. Analysis of key<br />
sub‐sectors can offer significant insights into commodity flows across the rural and urban spaces,<br />
as well as these settlements’ role as market and distribution centres (Wandschneider, 2003)<br />
It is widely recognised that an economic, social and environmental interdependence exists<br />
between urban and rural areas and the ‘rural‐urban linkage development perspective’ is<br />
increasingly becoming the accepted approach in developing countries. Rural‐urban linkage<br />
generally refers to the flow of monetary capital, people, goods and information between urban<br />
and rural areas. Infrastructure such as transportation, communications, energy and basic services,<br />
form the backbone of the urban‐rural development linkage approach. Adequate investment in this<br />
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domain improves rural productivity and better access to markets, jobs and public services<br />
(Weliwita & Okpala, 2004).<br />
According to Tacoli (2004), the spatial aims of regional planning policies assume that small and<br />
intermediate urban centres contribute to regional and rural development in four main ways,<br />
namely by being centres:<br />
• of demand and markets for rural agricultural produce and products;<br />
• in which rural non‐farm activities and employment can grow and consolidate;<br />
• where goods and services to surrounding rural areas are produced and distributed;<br />
• that attract rural migrants from the surrounding rural areas in order to decrease the labour<br />
pressure on larger urban centres.<br />
<strong>The</strong> recent move to a global economy has been painful for many settlements because of the loss<br />
of manufacturing jobs, the vulnerability of export agriculture, and the increased competition in the<br />
energy and mining sectors. Larger commercial settlements seem to have a built‐in growth<br />
dynamic, based on a sufficient level of diversification. Nel (2005) identifies several noticeable<br />
changes taking place in small settlements:<br />
• <strong>The</strong> collapse of many once‐prosperous mining settlements and the demise of railway<br />
settlements.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> decline in agricultural output in many areas or the shift to new rural activities such as<br />
game farming, which have significantly reduced reliance on local small centres as points of<br />
sale and service supply.<br />
• Advances in transport technology and changes in retail patterns, which have facilitated<br />
access to the more distant regional centres and displaced the role of the small agricultural<br />
service centres.<br />
• A positive trend is the growth of tourist settlements and settlements in areas of natural<br />
beauty.<br />
• Growth of the larger centres has extended service fields and a diversified economy and has<br />
often displaced and absorbed the functions of smaller settlements in their area.<br />
• In many of the smaller centres, there is an artificial economic dependence on state welfare<br />
on the part of the town’s people, the loss of many formal sector job opportunities,<br />
continuing poverty and the out‐migration of the skilled.<br />
• As result of the amalgamation of smaller centres under a single authority, the loss of local<br />
government status has weakened many settlements.<br />
Atkinson (2008) stresses the following arguments in aid of struggling settlements:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong>re is a need for productive government spending in small and medium‐sized<br />
settlements. <strong>The</strong> future of small and medium‐sized settlements should be understood in<br />
relation to the spatial strategies of national and provincial governments (i.e. NSDP and<br />
PGDS). It will be argued that these settlements require some level of productive<br />
government spending – i.e. expenditure which will raise local production and multipliers.<br />
b) To stimulate local economies and to bring additional private sector capital into small and<br />
medium‐sized settlements, the comparative advantages of such settlements need to be<br />
analysed. Much more effort needs to be done to investigate and promote the real<br />
economic drivers of a town and its hinterland.<br />
c) To understand the comparative advantage of these settlements, there is no ‘one‐size‐fits‐<br />
all’ solution to small and medium‐sized settlements. This means that every town should be<br />
understood in its regional context.<br />
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d) Efforts should be made to bring services for the second economy into these settlements. An<br />
injection of funding is required to stimulate the local economy.<br />
D.1.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SETTLEMENTS<br />
Settlements originate to meet a particular need or provide a specific service for a specific<br />
community at an appropriate location. In this process urban settlements can be classified into a<br />
variety of functional types. <strong>The</strong> majority of settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> fall into the group of<br />
central places, being service centres or market settlements that meet the needs of the rural<br />
farming community for goods and services (Van der Merwe et al, 2005). Other settlements may<br />
have much more specific functions, such as those focussing on mining or tourism activities. It is<br />
well known that not all settlements grow at a uniform rate or to the same size. Certain economic<br />
functions offer more opportunities for growth and prosperity than others. Over time natural<br />
resources may become exhausted and spatial economic relations could change due to<br />
technological innovations or altered political and economic policies. Some urban settlements may<br />
be adversely affected and stagnate or decline while others may flourish, giving rise to regional<br />
inequalities and a sub‐optimal functional settlement system.<br />
Certain growth energy is inherent in an urban settlement’s location. A town’s location with respect<br />
to infrastructure, main transport routes, natural resource base and large population<br />
concentrations influences its growth trend in a specific manner. Settlements are thus encouraged<br />
where there are better living, working, marketing, labour and investment opportunities. Such<br />
opportunities usually exist in settlements close to metropolitan centres and secondary centres as<br />
the settlements benefit from the big city’s population concentrations, economic agglomerations,<br />
overflow effects and positive externalities. <strong>The</strong> expansion and improvement of transport systems<br />
have also contributed towards a reduction of distance as a barrier in the development and growth<br />
of settlements. Small and medium‐sized settlements located on traffic nodes or along prominent<br />
transport corridors should be among the first to intercept or channel extensive economic activities<br />
away from the more isolated settlements.<br />
Apart from the population migration patterns to and from settlements, there is also inherent<br />
growth energy for a town in the natural increase of its inhabitants. In this regard the particular<br />
demographic and socio‐economic structures (i.e. race, sex, age, occupation, income and level of<br />
education) have an effect on the birth and death rates of a town. A large and growing population,<br />
however, does not guarantee healthy economic growth, especially if the inhabitants are not able<br />
to apply economic initiative and labour force productivity. If the Human <strong>Development</strong> Index (HDI)<br />
of a settlement is very low, a large and growing population can become a huge economic burden<br />
for a town and inhibit its development.<br />
Probably the most prominent requirement for urban change and development is the capacity for<br />
management and leadership by means of productivity, new strategies, new technologies and<br />
capital investment. <strong>The</strong> quality of the human resource base and associated behaviour patterns<br />
and leadership are important factors that can influence the growth energy of a town. Individuals,<br />
entrepreneurs, companies and government institutions have the ability to stifle or stimulate the<br />
growth of a settlement through their decisions. <strong>The</strong> three imperatives of sustainable development<br />
(economic viability, social equity and ecological integrity) are equally relevant in this regard. <strong>The</strong><br />
strong link between the development of small settlements, the environment and the types of<br />
agricultural development and land tenure structures should also be incorporated.<br />
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<strong>The</strong> most fundamental growth regulator of a town is its economic base. <strong>The</strong> basic driving force<br />
behind a town’s growth is provided by its economic activities, which generate job opportunities,<br />
capital investment and infrastructure (Hoyt, 1939; Smith, 1965; Carter, 1981; Hartshorne, 1980;<br />
Cheshire, 1990; Markusen & Gwiasda, 1994; Badcock, 2002; and Pacione, 2001).<br />
<strong>The</strong> diversity of economic activities (mixture of industrial, service and business composition),<br />
represented in a town usually holds the key to how well the urban economy performs. <strong>The</strong><br />
functional classification of settlements offers a very useful analytical instrument that can help to<br />
explain why settlements with a certain economic profile perform well or poor. (Cheshire 1990;<br />
Markusen & Gwiasda, 1994). From a conceptual perspective it is important to refer back to the<br />
export base theory, which states that job opportunities will increase most rapidly in those<br />
settlements that can extend their comparative advantage by the production of goods and services<br />
for which there is the greatest demand on the world and national market. <strong>The</strong> extent to which an<br />
enterprise or economic activity can render a service and make sales outside of the town can be<br />
regarded as a measure of its contribution or importance to the growth of the settlement. Such<br />
activities bring new capital into circulation in the town by attracting it from outside – the so‐called<br />
primary, propulsive, external or basic activities. Other activities are geared more towards meeting<br />
the needs of the local inhabitants and thus simply keep capital that is already in the town in<br />
circulation. This means that the existing situation is maintained without new growth – the so‐<br />
called secondary, service, internal or non‐basic activities. If the basic activities of a city expand, a<br />
chain reaction (multiplier effect) takes place, which also increases non‐basic activities and thus<br />
leads to growth in the town. <strong>The</strong> basic/non‐basic ratio for the economic activities of a town can be<br />
calculated quantitatively and this can be an indication of the town’s potential growth energy and<br />
economic links with its region. However, very detailed economic data is necessary for this<br />
operation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> most important cause behind the decline of settlements has to do with the reason for their<br />
existence or function within a changing technological framework in a globalised environment. It is<br />
obvious that a town that no longer fulfils an appropriate function will start to decline. <strong>The</strong> reason<br />
for the existence of many of the agricultural service centres in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> area has been<br />
eroded by technological development, especially in the communication and transport sector (Van<br />
der Merwe et al, 2005). <strong>The</strong> mobility of people has increased as a result of better roads, extensive<br />
ownership of private vehicles, and access to the internet, which implied the relativisation of<br />
distance and greater human interaction possibilities. Lower order settlements, with their limited<br />
variety of goods and services, can no longer compete with higher‐order centres. In developing<br />
countries the population usually grows faster than the economy and the capacity of the urban<br />
economy cannot create sufficient job opportunities for the growing town population. <strong>The</strong> key<br />
question, then, has to do with how to create employment services and quality of life in such<br />
settlements.<br />
Quality of life is also related to the ‘sense of place’ experienced in a town. <strong>The</strong> extent to which an<br />
urban place developed a unique identity or spirit that differentiates it from other settlements is an<br />
important gauge of the values and emotional well‐being of the local community. This encourages a<br />
sense of belonging and personal identification with the specific town (Moore & Graefe, 1994;<br />
Tuan, 1977). ‘Sense’ depends on spatial form and quality, but also on the culture, temperament,<br />
status, experience, and purpose of the observer. Lynch (1998) describes sense as the degree to<br />
which a place can be clearly perceived and mentally differentiated and structured in time and<br />
space by its residents and the degree to which that mental structure connects with their values<br />
and concepts – the match between environment, one’s sensory capabilities, and one’s cultural<br />
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constructs. <strong>The</strong> most basic form of sense is ‘sense of place’. Identity is the degree to which a<br />
person can recognise a place as being distinct from other places and having a character of its own.<br />
Lynch (1998) refers to this quality as a convenient peg to hang personal memories, feelings and<br />
values on.<br />
D.1.3 RELEVANT POLICY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADOPTED FOR THE PSDF<br />
South Africa in general and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in particular have been experiencing the trends of<br />
declining settlements for many decades already. In the past authorities and other role players<br />
largely ignored this problem and treated all urban settlements in more or less the same way in<br />
terms of investment support. However, the situation has taken on such proportions that<br />
intervention has become essential. Several central government and <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> provincial<br />
policy documents have explicitly addressed this problem recently.<br />
D.1.3.1 NATIONAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE (NSDP, 2006)<br />
<strong>The</strong> NSDP indicates a dramatic new approach in future policy directions with respect to<br />
investment and other support for national, regional and town development. In no country in the<br />
world is social and economic development evenly distributed in geographic space. <strong>Spatial</strong><br />
disparities are a universal problem affecting all countries. South Africa is not unique. <strong>The</strong> NSDP<br />
(2006) puts forward the following principles in this regard:<br />
a) Unfocused infrastructure spending does not necessarily result in improved GDP growth.<br />
b) Regions which already have some economic success are more likely to grow than other<br />
regions.<br />
c) Success is often achieved through focused and polarised investment.<br />
d) Redirecting public investment from economically dominant regions to lagging regions has<br />
not automatically spurred economic activity in these regions.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> poor benefit when they have more options to which to turn, and more options are<br />
created in the profile of dynamic growth processes, not in the declining sectors that are left<br />
behind.<br />
In order to identify the development potential of the respective urban settlements, the NSDP<br />
recommended the creation of a composite spatial profile of resource potential, existing economic<br />
activity and human needs. <strong>The</strong> results of such an analysis should be translated in specific potential<br />
categories. From such an analysis, broad guidelines can be put forward:<br />
(i) <strong>The</strong> further concentration of people in need in low potential areas should not be<br />
encouraged. Where possible, people should be assisted through social investment to<br />
become more mobile so that they may choose to move out of such an area.<br />
(ii) Future economic growth should primarily be explored in those areas with a medium to high<br />
value resource base where there are economic potential to be exploited. Economic activity<br />
should be encouraged and supported by infrastructure (fixed) investment where there is<br />
already a medium to high level of economic activity and where natural and human<br />
resource potential is medium to high (NSDP, 2006).<br />
(iii) Of course, this does not mean that localities not identified may not have potential, but that<br />
the current interpretation of the available data will need to be supplemented by more local<br />
area assessments of potential as required. In order not to discriminate against people who<br />
are currently locationally disadvantaged, it is proposed that the government seek to<br />
redress these inequities by maintaining the current distribution of fiscal resources to these<br />
areas, but that this investment be shifted to fewer fixed assets. This could mean that only a<br />
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very basic level of infrastructural services (or mobile services) should be provided and that<br />
an additional social investment goes into skills development, labour‐market information<br />
and other resources that will enable those living in these areas to become more mobile<br />
(NSDP, 2006).<br />
Given the national government’s objectives of growing the economy, creating jobs, addressing<br />
poverty and promoting social cohesion, the NSDP (2006) assists local and provincial governments<br />
in confronting the following fundamental planning questions:<br />
• Where should government direct its investment and development initiatives to ensure<br />
sustainable and maximum impact?<br />
• What kinds of spatial forms and arrangements are most conducive to the achievement of<br />
the objectives of democratic nation‐building, as well as social and economic inclusion?<br />
• How can government capitalise on complementarities and facilitate consistent decision<br />
making?<br />
In order to contribute to the broader growth and development policy objectives of government,<br />
the NSDP puts forward a set of five normative principles 15 which have been adopted by the PSDF<br />
for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>:<br />
(i) Rapid economic growth that is sustained and inclusive is a pre‐requisite for the<br />
achievement of other policy objectives, among which poverty alleviation is a key facet.<br />
(ii) Government has a constitutional obligation to provide basic services (social capital) to all<br />
citizens (e.g. water, energy, health and educational opportunities) wherever they reside.<br />
(iii) Beyond this constitutional obligation, government spending on fixed investment<br />
(infrastructural capital) should be focused on localities of proven economic growth and<br />
development potential in order to gear up private‐sector investment, to stimulate<br />
sustainable economic activities and to create long‐term employment opportunities.<br />
(iv) Efforts to address past and current social inequalities should focus on people, not on<br />
places. In localities with high levels of need and low demonstrated economic potential,<br />
government should, beyond the provision of basic services, concentrate primarily on<br />
social/human investment by providing education, training, and social transfers. It should<br />
also reduce migration costs by providing better information regarding opportunities and<br />
capabilities. This could enable people to gravitate ‐ if they choose so ‐ to localities that are<br />
more likely to provide sustainable employment and economic opportunities.<br />
(v) In localities where there are high levels of need (poverty) and demonstrated high economic<br />
potential, this could be an indication for fixed and social investment to exploit the potential<br />
of those localities.<br />
(vi) In order to overcome the spatial distortions of apartheid, future settlement and economic<br />
development opportunities should be channelled into activity corridors and nodes that are<br />
adjacent to or link with national growth centres. Infrastructure investment should further<br />
support localities that may become major growth nodes in South Africa and the SADC<br />
region to create regional gateways to the global economy (Namibia and Botswana is quite<br />
relevant for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in this regard).<br />
<strong>The</strong> NSDP is supported by the concept draft of the National Urban <strong>Development</strong> Framework<br />
(Department of Co‐operative Governance and Traditional Affairs, in conjunction with the<br />
Presidency and SA Cities Network, 2009.) <strong>The</strong> purpose of a national urban development<br />
framework is to provide a common view on how to strengthen the capacity of South Africa’s<br />
15<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS is perfectly in line with these NSDP principles (NC PGDS, Draft 3, 2010).<br />
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settlements, cities and city‐regions to realise their potential to support shared growth, social<br />
equity, as well as environmental sustainability as key components of our national agenda.<br />
<strong>The</strong> NSDP has been controversial with some since its release in 2003. In the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> it has<br />
also been subject to critisism and questions primarily due to its perceived potential impact on so‐<br />
called ‘areas lacking in economic potential’ such as the Karoo and Kalahari. Atkinson (2008:4)<br />
believes that such areas will ‘continue to be starved of government funding and development<br />
effort’ and that the NSDP ‘will unfortunately become a self‐fulfilling prophecy – it will reinforce the<br />
process of underdevelopment in backward areas. This will have the unintended consequence of<br />
intensifying poverty in these areas, or encouraging out‐migration to the cities.’<br />
<strong>The</strong> PSDF recognises the critisism and potential shortcomings of the NSDP. However, it builds upon<br />
the sound notions, principles and guidelines put forward in the latter in order to achieve<br />
sustainable development throughout the Province in an equitable manner and within the<br />
parameters posed by the various form of capital vested in the Province (refer to Chapter D.2.4).<br />
D.1.3.2 NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (PGDS)<br />
In response to the social and economic development imperatives yielded by an analysis of the<br />
socio‐economic profile of the province, the following primary development objectives have been<br />
identified in the PGDS:<br />
• Promoting the growth, diversification and transformation of the provincial economy;<br />
• Reduction of poverty through social development;<br />
• Creating the required levels of human and social capital;<br />
• Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of governance and development institutions;<br />
and<br />
• Enhancing infrastructure for economic growth and social development.<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS cautions that certain sub‐sectors of the mining industry in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have<br />
peaked and that downscaling is underway in especially the copper and diamond mining industries.<br />
This results in an urgent need to identify and promote alternative economic activities in these<br />
areas and settlements which have been dependent on income from minerals in the past. Declining<br />
settlements require an in depth assessment which includes a review of urban rural linkages and<br />
the development of clear criteria appraising their long term sustainability. When this is established<br />
dedicated measures will need to be put in place to rejuvenate them. It is likely that it may not be<br />
possible to turn certain of these rural settlements which have lost the economic rationale for their<br />
existence around (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Rural <strong>Development</strong> Strategy Paper, 2010).<br />
<strong>The</strong> PSDF is to address the current situation in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as described in the PGDS. <strong>The</strong><br />
envisaged <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework should indicate as to what should<br />
develop where, how and when. It should provide a means to guide strategic decisions relating to<br />
the location and distribution of resources in time and geographic space. <strong>The</strong> PSDF will be an<br />
enabling mechanism that responds to and fully complies with the NSDP.<br />
This also corresponds with the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS which has committed the province to a vision<br />
of ‘building a prosperous, sustainable and growing provincial economy, to reduce poverty and<br />
improve social development’. It further clearly states that the PSDF must not only give effect to<br />
national spatial development priorities but it must also set out a series of provincial, district and<br />
local development priorities for the space economy of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. In so doing, the PSDF<br />
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will provide a means to guide strategic decisions relating to the location and distribution of<br />
resources in time and geographic space. It should therefore aim to provide:<br />
• A long term spatial development vision that will promote balanced, integrated and<br />
sustainable human settlements.<br />
• Certainty and direction to investors by indicating preferred locations for development and<br />
where certain types of developments should not take place.<br />
• Guidelines for decision making (private and public).<br />
• Indication of priority areas for targeted public investment which will support the spatial<br />
development vision.<br />
D.2 PREMISE AND RATIONALE FOR GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT<br />
A key objective of the PSDF is to guide the investment of government and private sector<br />
resources. <strong>The</strong> settlement study (Van der Merwe and Zietsman (2011) was applied in the chapters<br />
below as a spatial rationale and premise for the formulation of dedicated policy guidelines and<br />
strategy as it relates to the appropriation of government funds and investment ofprivate sector<br />
resources (to be put forward in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4 of the PSDF). <strong>The</strong> following chapters<br />
summarise the key findings of the study under the headings illustrated by Figure D.1.<br />
1 COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
2 DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL<br />
3 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED<br />
4 INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED<br />
5 CHANGE ASSESSMENT<br />
6 INTEGRATED MUNICIPAL & TOWN<br />
PROFILES<br />
Figure D.1: Key dimensions of settlement study.<br />
PERFORMANCE<br />
ASSESSMENT<br />
<strong>The</strong> study was based upon a set of composite indices derived from 59 variables from which<br />
information could be obtained for each of the 32 municipalities and 115 settlements. <strong>The</strong> latter<br />
figure excludes the traditional rural settlements (for example those in the Joe Morolong<br />
Municipality). Those settlements are not defined as urban and are to be given separate<br />
consideration (refer to Chapter D.2.4).<br />
<strong>The</strong> choice of the 59 variables was based on the criteria put forward in the applicable policy (refer<br />
to Chapter D.1.3.1 and D.1.3.2 above) and the availability of comparative data. <strong>The</strong> variables were<br />
grouped into two major indicator dimensions representing (a) urban development/growth<br />
potential; and (b) human development needs.<br />
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D.2.1 INDICATORS AND COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
A host of indicators together with three Composite Resource Indices were used to classify the 32<br />
municipalities and 115 settlements of the Province into useful typologies. <strong>The</strong>se indices constitute<br />
the following (refer to Map D.1):<br />
Composite Resource Index: Natural Resources + Human Resources.<br />
Composite Infrastructure Index: Transportation and Communication + Institutional<br />
Services.<br />
Composite Economic Index: Economic Sectors + Commercial services + Market and<br />
Accessibility Potential + Property Market.<br />
COMPOSITE INDICES FOR MUNICIPALITIES<br />
• Composite Resources Index Figure D.3<br />
• Composite Infrastructure Index Figure D.4<br />
• Composite Economic Activities Figure D.5<br />
COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
COMPOSITE INDICES FOR SETTLEMENTS<br />
• Composite Resources Index Figure D.6<br />
• Composite Infrastructure Index Figure D.7<br />
• Composite Economic Activities Figure D.8<br />
Figure D.2: Composite Resource Indices used to classify the municipalities and settlements.<br />
Maps D.2 to D.6 illustrate the status of the municipalities and settlements as it relates to the<br />
Composite Resource, Infrastructure and Economic Indices.<br />
Map D.1: Composite resource index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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Map D.2: Composite infrastructure index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
Map D.3: Composite economic index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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Map D.4: Composite resources index of settlements (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
Map D.5: Composite infrastructure index of settlements (Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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Map D.6: Composite economic activities of settlements (Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
D.2.2 DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL<br />
<strong>The</strong> Composite Indices summarised and illustrated in Chapter D.2.1 were subsequently combined<br />
to create a single grand Index of <strong>Development</strong> Potential (i.e. Resource Index + Infrastructure Index<br />
+ Economic Index). <strong>The</strong> municipalities and settlements were accordingly classified in terms of the<br />
classes or typologies summarised below.<br />
CLASS DEVELOPMENT<br />
POTENTIAL<br />
1 & 2 ‘Very Low’ and ‘Low’<br />
growth potential<br />
3 ‘Medium’ growth<br />
potential<br />
4 & 5 High’ and ‘Very High’<br />
growth potential:<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
<strong>The</strong>se settlements possess limited economic and human<br />
resources, devoid of the potential to stimulate the urban<br />
economy in a significant way. <strong>The</strong> difference between ‘Low’<br />
and ‘Very Low’ is only a degree variation.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se settlements’ development indices are roughly in line<br />
with the average value of the provinces’ aggregate on the 115<br />
settlements. Consistent and moderate growth prevails in these<br />
settlements and certain sectors of the economy show signs of<br />
growth, or have the potential for it;<br />
<strong>The</strong>se settlements experience sustainable growth on the<br />
positive side of the provincial average. <strong>The</strong>y already have an<br />
established and proven track record to operate as ‘growth<br />
engines’ at a certain level. <strong>The</strong>y have the potential to grow at a<br />
sustainable and powerful rate in line with the capacity of their<br />
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resources and to operate as service providers to a relatively<br />
extensive hinterland. <strong>The</strong> difference between ‘High’ and ‘Very<br />
High’ status only lies in the diversity and intensity of the town<br />
dynamics. <strong>The</strong> meaning of ‘High’ on the <strong>Development</strong><br />
Potential scale and on the Human Needs scale respectively<br />
should be interpreted in a reciprocal way.<br />
Figure D.3 illustrates the process of classifying the municipalities and settlements in terms of their<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Potential.<br />
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF MUNICIPALITIES<br />
• <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index ‐ Figure D10<br />
COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL<br />
COMBINED DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF<br />
MUNICIPALITIES AND SETTLEMENTS<br />
• <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index ‐ Figure D.12<br />
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF SETTLEMENTS<br />
• <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index ‐ Figure D.11<br />
Figure D.3: Determining the development potential of local municipalities and settlements.<br />
Maps D.7 to D.9 illustrate the status of the municipalities and settlements as it relates to their<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Potential.<br />
Map D.7: <strong>Development</strong> potential index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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Map D.8: <strong>Development</strong> potential index of settlements (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
Map D.9: <strong>Development</strong> potential index of local municipalities and settlements (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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D.2.3 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
This index measures aspects of vulnerability or development need. <strong>The</strong> proportion black and<br />
coloured population groups (generally considered apartheid victims), children and aged, female<br />
household heads, educationally deprived, lower income groups, the unemployed, unskilled, and<br />
recent in‐migrants are typical indicators. Places with low matriculation pass rates, high<br />
proportions under the mean level of living index, high rates of HIV/AIDS and high percentages<br />
receiving social grants are indications of high need. Other measures relate to housing conditions<br />
and access to domestic services such as water, sanitation and electricity. Figure D.4 illustrates the<br />
process of classifying the municipalities and settlements in terms of their Human <strong>Development</strong><br />
Needs. Maps D.10 to D.12 illustrate the status of the municipalities and settlements as it relates to<br />
their Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs.<br />
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED OF MUNICIPALITIES<br />
• Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs Index ‐ Figure D.14<br />
COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL<br />
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED<br />
COMBINED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED OF<br />
MUNICIPALITIES AND SETTLEMENTS<br />
• <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index ‐ Figure D.16<br />
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED OF SETTLEMENTS<br />
• Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs Index ‐ Figure D.15<br />
Figure D.4: Determining the human development needs of local municipalities and settlements.<br />
Map D.10: Human development needs index of local municipalities (Van der Merwe & Zietsman,<br />
2011).<br />
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Map D.11: Human development needs index of settlements (Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
Map D.12: Human needs index of local municipalities and settlements (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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D.2.4 INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
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December 2011<br />
By integrating the <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index with the Human Needs Index, municipalities and<br />
settlements and were classified into a Typology for Investment to provide a clearer insight into the<br />
development potential and the development needs of the various local municipalities and<br />
settlements and, as well as the investment policies required to manage urban growth and<br />
development in the province in future. Apart from the town indicators, indices computed for<br />
municipalities (cross‐sectional and temporal) are used as contextual information for providing<br />
further investment guidelines to the various spheres of government on the type and locations for<br />
stimulating economic growth and social advancement. <strong>The</strong> figure below illustrates the prossess of<br />
defining the appropriate investment types for the municipalities and settlements.<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED IN MUNICIPALITIES<br />
• Investment Typology ‐ Figure D.19<br />
COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL<br />
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED<br />
COMBINED INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED IN<br />
MUNICIPALITIES & SETTLEMENTS<br />
• Investment Typology ‐ Figure D21<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED IN SETTLEMENTS<br />
• Investment Typology ‐ Figure D.20<br />
Figure D.5: Defining the appropriate investment types for the municipalities and settlements.<br />
<strong>The</strong> PSDF aims to facilitate the employment of the various forms of ‘development capital’ vested<br />
in the province in order to reach its goals and objectives pertaining to sustainable development in<br />
the settlements. <strong>The</strong> ‘Five Capitals Model’ (Forum for the Future, 2010) suggests the following<br />
capital components in this regard, namely (a) Natural Capital; (b) Human Capital; (c) Social Capital;<br />
(d) Manufactured (Infrastructure) Capital; and (e) Financial (Monetary) Capital.<br />
a) Human Capital refers to people’s health, education, training, knowledge, skills, spirituality<br />
and motivation, which are needed for a flourishing economy, productive work, poverty<br />
reduction and capacity for human relationships.<br />
b) Social Capital concerns investments by institutions that help us maintain and develop<br />
human capital e.g. families, communities, municipalities, trade unions, hospitals and<br />
schools. This means access to varied and supportive opportunities for work, health, living<br />
conditions, etc.<br />
c) Manufactured (Infrastructure) Capital comprises material goods or fixed assets which<br />
contribute to the production process and service provision rather than being the output<br />
itself – e.g. tools, machines and buildings. <strong>The</strong> main components include buildings and<br />
infrastructure such as roads, communications, waste disposal, water systems, etc.<br />
d) Natural Capital of the physical environment refers to the natural resources (matter and<br />
energy) and processes that are needed to maintain life and to produce/deliver goods and<br />
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services. <strong>The</strong>y include renewable resources such as fresh water, fisheries and wood, and<br />
non‐renewable resources such as mineral deposits.<br />
e) Financial (Monetary) Capital plays a critical role in any economy, enabling the other types<br />
of capital to be owned and traded, for example, through shares, bonds or money.<br />
It is only when the networked relations and correlations among these five capitals are recognised<br />
and operational, that a sustainable economy and a contented society can be created in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Figure D.6 illustrates the general approach to the investment of public and private<br />
funds in terms of the business principle that investment should be directed to where the best<br />
return on such investment can be generated.<br />
CATEGORY 1 SETTLEMENT<br />
Towns with High <strong>Development</strong> Potential &<br />
Low Human Needs<br />
CATEGORY 2 SETTLEMENT<br />
Towns with High <strong>Development</strong> Potential &<br />
High Human Needs<br />
CATEGORY 3 SETTLEMENT<br />
Towns with Low <strong>Development</strong> Potential &<br />
High Human Needs<br />
CATEGORY 4 SETTLEMENT<br />
Towns with Low <strong>Development</strong> Potential &<br />
Low Human Needs<br />
CATEGORY 5 SETTLEMENT<br />
Towns that are neither High nor Low as it<br />
relates to <strong>Development</strong> Potential & Human<br />
Needs<br />
CATEGORY 6 SETTLEMENT<br />
Traditional rural settlements that are not<br />
described as urban<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
• Infrastructural Capital<br />
• Infrastructural Capital<br />
• Social & Human Capital<br />
• Social & Human Capital<br />
• Basic Services<br />
• Subject to discretion of<br />
relevant Municipality<br />
• Subject to discretion of<br />
relevant Municipality<br />
Figure D.6: General approach to the appropriation of capital.<br />
PRIORITY AREAS FOR<br />
COMMERCIAL &<br />
INFRASTRUCTURAL<br />
DEVELOPMENT<br />
NOT EXCLUDED FROM<br />
COMMERCIAL &<br />
INFRASTRUCTURAL<br />
DEVELOPMENT –<br />
HOWEVER THIS IS<br />
SUBJECT TO CONCLUSIVE<br />
FEASIBILITY PROOF +<br />
CROSS‐SUBSIDY FROM<br />
DEVELOPER<br />
While the idea of focusing government spending on fixed infrastructure in areas with some<br />
potential for economic development may seem to exclude other areas/settlements from<br />
development, this is in fact not the case. Different regions and settlements have different<br />
economic potential and the spatial variations in the incidence of poverty are also vastly different.<br />
<strong>The</strong> NSDP argues that these diverse and disparate spatial contexts suggest a policy approach that<br />
itself should be differentiated and conducive to the requirements of the different contexts. Hence,<br />
in areas of low or no economic potential, the path of development and poverty reduction should<br />
be through a focus on investment in human and social capital (e.g. education, training, social<br />
welfare, rural development planning, land and agrarian reform, expansion of agricultural<br />
extension services, etc). This means that each individual town should discover its real development<br />
potential and then grow to the maximum of that development level. It is important to stress that<br />
the NSDP does not in any way rule out investment in small settlements per se. What matters is<br />
whether an area has the potential to grow economically in a sustainable way, create jobs and<br />
alleviate poverty. If a small town has such potential there is nothing that precludes such<br />
investment (Oranje et al, 2008). Maps D.13 to D.15 illustrate the investment types required for<br />
the local municipalities and settlements of the Province.<br />
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Map D.13: Investment typology of local municipalities (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
Map D.14: Investment typology of settlements (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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Map D.15: Investment typology of local municipalities and settlements (Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011).<br />
D.2.5 CHANGE ASSESSMENT<br />
Change analysis at local municipality level and in the settlements was undertaken by comparing<br />
the performance of such entities in accordance with applicable 2001 and 2007 data. Figure D.7<br />
below illustrates how change in the municipalities and settlement over the period 2001‐2007 was<br />
measured and assessed as part of the settlement study of Van der Merwe and Zietsman (2011).<br />
<strong>The</strong> purpose of this assessment was to provide a procedure and basis for the future assessment of<br />
the performance of municipalities and settlements and for giving effect to the goal of continual<br />
improvement which is embodied in the PSDF.<br />
CHANGE ASSESSMENT IN MUNICIPALITIES<br />
• <strong>Development</strong> Potential Change Index ‐ Figure D.23<br />
COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL<br />
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED<br />
CHANGE ASSESSMENT<br />
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN SETTLEMENTS<br />
• Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs Change Index –Figure D.24<br />
Figure D.7: Determining change that took place in local municipalities and settlements.<br />
Maps D.16 and D.17 illustrate the change that occurred in municipalities 2001‐2007.<br />
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ASSESSMENT<br />
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Map D.16: <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index change between 2001 and 2007 of local municipalities<br />
(2011 boundaries) (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
Map D.17: Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs Change Index between 2001 and 2007 of local<br />
municipalities (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011)<br />
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D.3 INTEGRATED PROFILES<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
For ease of reference, the aspects described and illustrated under Chapters D.2.1 to D2.5 were<br />
collated into an integrated profile of the 32 municipalities and an integrated profile of the the 115<br />
settlements respectively (refer to Table D.1 and D.2). Figure D.8 contextualises this chapter.<br />
D.3.1 MUNICIPAL PROFILES<br />
COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL<br />
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED<br />
CHANGE ASSESSMENT<br />
INTEGRATED TOWN PROFILES<br />
Table D.1: Integrated Municipal Profiles.<br />
Figure D.8: Context of this chapter.<br />
PERFORMANCE<br />
ASSESSMENT<br />
LOCAL MUNICIPALITY<br />
POPULATION<br />
(SEE MAP D.26)<br />
DEVELOPMENT & NEED INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
!Kheis Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
//Khara Hais Very Large High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Dikgatlong Large Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Emthanjeni Large Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Frances Baard Very Small Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Gamagara Large High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Ga‐Segonyana Very Large High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Hantam Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Kai !Garib Large Transitional Infra & Social<br />
Kamiesberg Small Transitional Basic*<br />
Kareeberg Very Small Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Karoo Hoogland Very Small Transitional Infra & Basic<br />
Kgalagadi Very Small High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Kgatelopele Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
KhΓi‐Ma Small Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Magareng Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Mier Very Small Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Joe Morolong Very Large High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Nama Khoi Large High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Namakwa Very Small Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Phokwane Large High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Pixey Ka Seme Very Small Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
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Renosterberg Very Small Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Richtersveld Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Siyancuma Large Transitional Infra & Social<br />
Siyanda Very Small Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Siyathemba Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Sol Plaatje Very Large High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle Small Transitional Social<br />
Tsantsabane Large Transitional Basic<br />
Ubuntu Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Umsobomvu Medium High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
D.3.2 SETTLEMENT PROFILES<br />
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A fundamental element of the town profiles was to expose the dominant economic base of each<br />
town to better understand and appreciate the settlements’ development and socio‐cultural<br />
potential. By evaluating each town’s rationale for existence, the individual settlements were<br />
qualitatively categorised according to the following economic base categories. Although<br />
settlements usually have more than one economic base function, in these cases only the<br />
predominant function is highlighted:<br />
a) Agriculture centre: Related to traditional service centres are those settlements with a<br />
substantial component of agriculture activities within the town structure.<br />
b) Diverse centre: Settlements with a well established and balanced economic base,<br />
incorporating a diversified amalgam of economic functions – such settlements do not rely<br />
on only one or two sectors as their economic base.<br />
c) Mining centre: Settlements where mining activities provide the resource base for economic<br />
development.<br />
d) Recreational centre: Leisure activities undertaken by residents and tourists to exploit local<br />
natural and cultural recreation opportunities.<br />
e) Regional centre: Settlements serving several lower‐order settlements with higher‐order<br />
services and goods over a relatively extensive spatial sphere of influence.<br />
f) Residential centre: A dormitory town where people live permanently, but work elsewhere,<br />
or are jobless.<br />
g) Service centre: Traditional central place settlements serving the daily needs of a<br />
surrounding farming community, e.g. providing educational, religious, shopping and<br />
professional services.<br />
h) Transportation centre: Settlements where road, rail, air or water activities play a dominant<br />
role in their economic functioning.<br />
Table D.2: Integrated Settlement Profiles<br />
SETTLEMENT<br />
POPULATION<br />
(SEE MAP D.18)<br />
ECONOMIC BASE DEVELOPMENT & NEED INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
Aggeneys Medium Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Alexander Bay Small Mining High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Alheit Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Augrabies Medium Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Barkly West Large Mining High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Blackrock Small Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Boegoeberg Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Brandvlei Medium Service Centre Transition Social<br />
Britstown Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Social<br />
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Buffelsrivier Small Residential Transition Social<br />
Calvinia Large Service Centre High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Campbell Medium Mining Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Carnarvon Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Carolusberg Small Mining High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Cillie Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Colesberg Large Service Centre High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Concordia Medium Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Danielskuil Large Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
De Aar Large Transportation High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Delportshoop Large Mining High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Dibeng Medium Residential Transition Social<br />
Dingleton Medium Mining Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Douglas Large Agriculture High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Eksteenfontein Very Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Fraserburg Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Gannaput Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Garies Medium Service Centre High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Goedgedacht Very Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Griekwastad Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Social<br />
Groblershoop Very Small Service Centre High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Groenwater Very Small Mining Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Groot Mier Very Small Residential Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Grootdrink Medium Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Hanover Medium Service Centre High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Hartswater Medium Agriculture High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Holpan Very Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Hondeklip Bay Very Small Fishing Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Hopetown Large Service Centre High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Hotazel Small Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Jan Kempdorp Large Agriculture High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Kakamas Large Service Centre Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Kamieskroon Small Residential High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Karkams Small Residential Transition Social<br />
Karos Small Agriculture Transition Infra & Social<br />
Kathu Large Mining High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Keimoes Large Service Centre Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Kenhardt Medium Service Centre Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Kheis Very Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Khubus Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Kimberley Very Large Regional Centre High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Kleinzee Medium Mining High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Klipfontein Very Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Klippunt Medium Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Koingnaas Small Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Komaggas Medium Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Kuruman Large Regional Centre High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Lambrechtsdrif Very Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Leerkrans Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Lekkersing Very Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Leliefontein Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Lennetsville Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Lime Acres Medium Mining High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Loeriesfontein Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Basic<br />
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December 2011<br />
Louisvale Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Loxton Small Service Centre Transition Infra & Social<br />
Loxtonberg Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Lutzburg Small Agriculture Transition Social<br />
Marchand Medium Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Marydale Medium Service Centre Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Nababeep Medium Mining High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Niekerkshoop Medium Agriculture Transition Social<br />
Nieuwoudtville Small Recreation Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Norvalspont Small Recreation High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Noupoort Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Social<br />
Nourivier Very Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Okiep Medium Mining High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Olifantshoek Large Service Centre Transition Infra & Social<br />
Onseepkans Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Orania Very Small Residential High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Pampierstad Large Residential High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Paulshoek Very Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Pella Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Petrusville Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Social<br />
Philandersbron Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Phillipstown Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Social<br />
Pofadder Medium Service Centre Transition Basic<br />
Port Nolloth Medium Transportation High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Postmasburg Large Mining High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Prieska Large Service Centre Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Raaswater Medium Agriculture Transition Social*<br />
Richmond Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Social<br />
Riemvasmaak Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Rietfontein Medium Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Ritchie Large Agriculture High Dev/High Need Infra & Social<br />
Sanddrif Small Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Schmidtsdrift Medium Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Spoegrivier Very Small Residential Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Springbok Large Regional Centre High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Steinkopf Large Residential Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Strydenburg Medium Service Centre Transition Social<br />
Stutterheim Medium Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Sutherland Medium Recreation Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Swartkop Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Ulco Small Mining Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Upington Very Large Regional Centre High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Van Wyksvlei Small Service Centre Transition Social<br />
Van Zylsrus Small Service Centre Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Vanderkloof Small Recreation High Dev/Low Need Infra & Basic<br />
Victoria West Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Vioolsdrif Very Small Transportation Transition Social<br />
Vosburg Small Service Centre Transition Basic<br />
Warrenton Large Agriculture Transition Infra & Social<br />
Wegdraai Small Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Williston Medium Service Centre Transition Infra & Basic<br />
Windsorton Medium Agriculture Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
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D.4 USE OF THE SETTLEMENT INDICES<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
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December 2011<br />
As stated previously, the indicies and information put forward in this section will be used for the<br />
drafting of a spatial framework and policy as it relates to:<br />
a) Prioritising government spending and LED to best benefit of province as a whole.<br />
b) Preparing IDPs and prioritising IDP spending.<br />
c) Indicating what type of development and investment are required and how the municipal<br />
budget should be allocated to eradicate backlog or weaknesses.<br />
d) Measuring performance of district and local municipalities.<br />
e) Assisting municipalities in the continual improvement of their performance and status.<br />
f) Assisting national and provincial government departments in allocating their budgets, e.g.<br />
identify towns that can qualify for pilot projects of the Comprehensive Rural <strong>Development</strong><br />
Program or guide LED‐programs, etc.<br />
Map D.18: Urban population distribution of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> settlements (2001) (Source: Van<br />
der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011)<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 4 will include a development profile (displayed in the form of histograms) for each of 32<br />
local municipalities that will serve as a platform for a detailed diagnoses and preparation of a<br />
development strategy for each local municipality. <strong>Volume</strong> 4 will also include a ‘manual’ with<br />
regard to the interpretation and application of such profile in order to achieve the objectives<br />
referred to under Par. (a)‐(f) above. An example a town profile and a corresponding local<br />
municipality profile (Upington and //Khara Hais Municipality) are illustrated by the figures below.<br />
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Figure D.9: Histogram illustrating profile of Upington (Source: Van der Merwe & Zietsman, 2011).<br />
Figure D.10: Histogram illustrating profile of //Khara Hais Municipality (Source: Van der Merwe &<br />
Zietsman, 2011).<br />
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D.5 RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
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<strong>The</strong> settlement study report (Van der Merwe and Zietsman, 2011) suggested various opportunities<br />
for intervention with specific reference to the following:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Government should align its future urban investment strategy with the<br />
investment typology summarised in Chapter D.2.4. However, municipalities are to be urged<br />
to implement such a scheme with appropriate caution not to jeopardize the unique<br />
context of specific places. This report merely presents the empirical profiles as a point of<br />
departure for further deliberation between the affected parties.<br />
b) Municipalities should use the town profiles presented in Chapter D.3 as a guideline for<br />
gauging future development initiatives on a local scale in their respective urban centres. In<br />
this process individual towns and municipalities may need further investigation and<br />
interpretation to unpack the profiles in greater detail to expose specific local situations.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> PSDF, read together with the report should be used to inform possible investors,<br />
entrepreneurs and developers, of the most appropriate locations and economic<br />
components that will best serve development and community needs in the province.<br />
d) A similar settlement study should be repeated after five years in order to monitor changes<br />
to the factual situation over time. Municipalities and other relevant role players should<br />
understand that the findings of this report are not necessarily cast in stone, but that new<br />
information could yield different results in certain cases.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> quantitative town profiling in this study should be supplemented and integrated with a<br />
thorough qualitative self‐evaluation from the local role‐players. This exercise should<br />
highlight the various centres’ strong points for future economic and social development.<br />
<strong>The</strong> process could be used by local decision‐makers to rethink the role their towns play<br />
within a municipal, regional, provincial and national context. In this process the site visits<br />
and personal interviews at each municipality will enhance the identification of the ‘sense of<br />
place’ in each town.<br />
f) Each municipality would benefit from a detailed analysis of their unique town profiles<br />
displayed in a general way in this report. In this way, role players can find out what they<br />
can do to improve the economic status of their towns. Such detailed analysis has to be<br />
undertaken as part of the preparation of the SDF of a municipality.<br />
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BOX 3<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY SETTLEMENT ASPECTS<br />
December 2011<br />
a) District and local SDFs should incorporate place-specific guidelines for architecture and<br />
landscaping premised upon historic design precedents and vernacular.<br />
b) Formulate guidelines for the preparation of a provincial climate-neutrality strategy in terms of<br />
international best practice.<br />
c) Indicate actions to be taken by municipalities to enhance the status of settlements as it<br />
relates to development potential and human needs.<br />
d) Indicate investment typologies required by the various municipalities and settlements.<br />
e) Planning and design of industrial and mining infrastructure have to be undertaken in<br />
accordance with dedicated design criteria.<br />
f) Provide a spatial plan for bulk services and infrastructure for settlement priorities.<br />
g) Provide a spatial plan for settlement development priorities.<br />
h) Provide a spatial premise and rationale for decision-making as it relates to the appropriation<br />
of government funds.<br />
i) Provide a spatial premise and rationale for decision-making as it relates to the private sector<br />
investment in development.<br />
j) Provide broad guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing –municipalities must adopt<br />
such guidelines in their SDFs. <strong>The</strong>se guidelines must be mandatory.<br />
k) Provide framework for performance management of municipalities and settlements.<br />
l) Provide spatial structuring elements to facilitate sustainable urban development.<br />
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SECTION E: SOCIAL AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENT<br />
SECTION CONTENT<br />
75<br />
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This section addresses the key aspects related to the Human Capital and the Social Capital of the province which are<br />
defined as follows:<br />
a) Human Capital refers to people’s health, education, training, knowledge, skills, spirituality and motivation, which<br />
are needed for a flourishing economy, productive work, poverty reduction and capacity for human relationships.<br />
b) Social Capital concerns investments by institutions that help us maintain and develop human capital e.g. families,<br />
communities, municipalities, trade unions, hospitals and schools. This means access to varied and supportive<br />
opportunities for work, health, living conditions, etc.<br />
<strong>The</strong> section also comprises an inventory of other forms of capital required to ensure the well‐being and ongoing<br />
development of the above forms of capital, i.e. Manufactured (Infrastructure) Capital which constitutes material<br />
goods or fixed assets which contribute to the production process and service provision rather than being the output<br />
itself – e.g. tools, machines and buildings. <strong>The</strong> main components include buildings and infrastructure such as roads,<br />
communications, waste disposal, water systems, etc.<br />
E.1 HUMAN CAPITAL<br />
<strong>The</strong> socio‐economic data provided by the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Local Economic <strong>Development</strong> Strategy<br />
(hereinafter referred to as the LED Strategy), <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS (2011) and Statistics South<br />
Africa (2001 & 2007) was used in the preparation of this section. <strong>The</strong> census data was taken from<br />
the interactive tables of the 2001 South Africa Census as amended on 9 December 2005 after<br />
provision was made for the new demarcationboundaries 16 .<br />
A community Survey was undertaken by Statistics South Africa during 2007 as a result of the gap in<br />
data created by the decision of Cabinet to move away from 5‐year to 10‐year censuses 17 . <strong>The</strong><br />
Community Survey also took the newly demarcated municipal boundaries (released in December<br />
2005) into consideration. Although Statistics South Africa states that the Community Survey is not<br />
a replacement of the Census, the measurements were adjusted to a best estimate and the Survey<br />
does give useful information.<br />
<strong>The</strong> discrepancies between the, 2001 Census Data, 2007 Statistics South Africa Community Survey,<br />
the LED Strategy and PGDS will be indicated, where possible, to assist in addressing societal needs,<br />
implementing development strategies and monitoring the progress of governmental development<br />
programs. <strong>The</strong> results of Census 2011 are only expected in November 2012. This could be used to<br />
up‐date the PSDF if required.<br />
E.1.1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is the largest province by area in South Africa (one third of the geographical<br />
land surface in South Africa) but it has the smallest population in the country. <strong>The</strong> province is vast,<br />
with many remote areas that are relatively unspoilt. With its variety of natural assets, it is<br />
regarded as a generally rural region (PGDS).<br />
16 http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/C2001Interactive.asp<br />
17 Statistics South Africa, 2008: Community Survey 2007: Statistical Release Basic Results Municipalities. P0301.1.<br />
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As stated in Section B, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has five administrative districts comprising Pixley ka<br />
Seme (De Aar as its district capital), Frances Baard (Kimberley as its district capital), Siyanda<br />
(Upington as its district capital), Namaqua (Springbok as its capital), and John Taolo Gaetsewe<br />
(Kuruman as its district capital). Most of the population in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is distributed in and<br />
around these above‐mentioned settlements. According to the SA Census, 2005, the population<br />
composition for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is as follows (refer to Table E.1 below).<br />
Table E.1: Population composition of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (Source: SA Census, 2005).<br />
POPULATION GROUP<br />
BLACK COLOURED WHITE INDIAN/ASIAN TOTAL POPULATION<br />
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female<br />
222 724 238 581 205 798 219 919 50 070 52 449 1 201 1 177 479 793 512 126<br />
461 305<br />
425 717<br />
102 519<br />
2 378<br />
991 919<br />
(46.50%)<br />
(42.91%)<br />
(10.33%)<br />
(0.23%)<br />
According to table above the total population for <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in 2005 is estimated to be 991<br />
919 people with the major ethnic group being the black population, representing 46% of the entire<br />
population. <strong>The</strong> sex structure is almost equal with 51.25% (512 126) of the total population being<br />
female. <strong>The</strong> male population constitutes the remaining 48.37% (479 793).<br />
No provision is made in the LED Strategy and the PGDS for the different population groups found<br />
in the province. <strong>The</strong> only data available is the SA Census 2001/2005 and Community Survey of<br />
2007. <strong>The</strong> population is generally comprised of four ethnic groups, namely: Africans (Blacks),<br />
Coloureds, Whites and Indians (Asians). According to the SA Census 2005, the population groups<br />
for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> per district municipality is as follows (refer to Table E.2 below):<br />
Table E.2: Population groups in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> per district municipality (Source: SA Census,<br />
2005).<br />
DISTRICT POPULATION GROUP<br />
AFRICAN COLOURED INDIAN WHITE TOTAL % OF THE<br />
PROVINCE<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 167 693 13 872 109 9 864 191 538 19.3%<br />
% 87.55% 7.24% 0.05% 5.14%<br />
Namaqua 4 527 90 712 124 12 746 108 110 10.89<br />
% 4.18% 83.90% 0.11% 11.78%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 44 322 102 715 165 17 405 164 607 16.59<br />
% 26.92% 62.40% 0.10% 10.57%<br />
Siyanda 47 818 130 123 194 24 025 202 161 20.38<br />
% 23.65% 64.36% 0.09% 11.8%<br />
Frances Baard 196 945 88 295 1 786 38 472 325 501 32.81<br />
% 60.50% 27.12% 0.54% 11.81%<br />
Total 461 305 425 717 2 378 102 519 991 919 100<br />
Frances Baard is the district with the largest population (32.81%) in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> while the<br />
Namaqua District has the smallest population in the province. This may be attributed to the fact<br />
that Frances Baard district is the provincial headquarters of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
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<strong>The</strong> largest African population group is found in the John Taolo Gaetsewe (87.55%) and Frances<br />
Baard (60.5%) districts, whilst the Coloured population dominates in the Namaqua (83.9%), Pixley<br />
ka Seme (62.4%) and Siyanda (64.36%) districts. <strong>The</strong> white population represents approximately<br />
11 tot 11.8% of the total population of all districts, except the John Taolo Gaetsewe where it only<br />
forms 5.14% of the total population. According to the Community Survey of 2007, the Percentage<br />
distribution of the population in 1996, 2001 and 2007 by population group and province is<br />
illustrated as follows by Table E.3 below:<br />
Table E.3: Percentage distribution of the population by population group in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
(Source: StatsSA, Community Survey, 2007).<br />
YEAR<br />
POPULATION GROUP 1996 2001 Community Survey<br />
2007<br />
Black African 44.4 35.7 39.8<br />
Coloured 43.1 51.6 50.0<br />
Indian or Asian 0.3 0.3 0.2<br />
White 11.0 12.4 10.0<br />
It is evident from the table above that the Coloured population is growing and is currently the<br />
largest population group in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province. <strong>The</strong> white population has dropped by<br />
2.4% from 2001 to 2007, whilst the African population has increased by 4.1%. It should be noted<br />
that according to the SA Census 2005, the African population formed approximately 46% of the<br />
total population of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
According to the LED Strategy, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> falls into the expansive or rapid growth profile,<br />
which is characterised by the large numbers of people in the younger age groups. <strong>The</strong> table below<br />
indicated the gender and age composition of the population in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> for 1996, 2001<br />
and 2007.<br />
Table E.4: <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> gender and age composition from 1996, 2001 and 2007 (Source:<br />
StatsSA, Community Survey, 2007).<br />
1996 2001 2007<br />
AGE<br />
GROUP<br />
MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE<br />
0‐4 56 488 56 029 51 149 50 884 48 399 48 304<br />
5‐9 58 349 58 102 53 494 52 837 48 270 48 186<br />
10‐14 59 774 59 688 54 668 55 274 56 337 54 416<br />
15‐19 52 935 53 446 52 893 52 953 54 970 56 458<br />
20‐24 43 632 46 564 41 740 43 485 47 508 48 090<br />
25‐29 38 934 41 493 37 708 40 591 45 115 38 810<br />
30‐34 34 454 38 506 35 143 37 774 43 771 37 364<br />
35‐39 31 299 33 640 32 093 35 449 36 913 37 815<br />
40‐44 26 317 28 930 29 035 31 407 31 538 34 209<br />
45‐49 21 371 23 138 24 047 27 007 28 467 31 967<br />
50‐54 17 103 18 381 19 316 21 030 20 137 26 325<br />
55‐59 13 775 15 281 14 904 16 858 18 144 21 319<br />
60‐64 11 000 13 515 11 854 14 408 13 668 16 407<br />
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65‐69 8 179 9 881 8 778 11 655 10 352 13 256<br />
70‐79 3 767 5 597 3 650 5 606 4 706 7 921<br />
80+ 3 108 7 417 3 434 6 725 4 082 7 460<br />
Unspecified 5 562 4 848 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐<br />
TOTAL 491 601 520 263 479 793 512 126 519 402 538 659<br />
COMBINED<br />
TOTAL<br />
1 011 864 991 919 1 058 060<br />
During 2001, approximately 32.1% of the provincial population fell into the age group of 0 to 14<br />
years. This has since decreased to 28.7%. In 2001, most people fell into the age group of 15 to 64<br />
years, and it has increased to 65.1% in 2007. This holds significant implications for future<br />
development planning as this age group of 0 to 14 years will become economically active within<br />
the next 5 to 10 years. A consistent economic growth rate and the creation of sufficient job<br />
opportunities are therefore of importance. Approximately 5.4% of the province’s total population<br />
is older than 65 years, and it is envisaged that this Percentage will increase over time.<br />
<strong>The</strong> population estimates and figures of the PGDS and the SA Census confirms that the province is<br />
a demographically ‘young’ province since 39.89% of its population is estimated to be younger than<br />
19 years, representing a less developed area, as at least one of every 3 people were under the age<br />
of 15 years – 29.34% of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s population fell into this age category (i.e. younger<br />
than 15 years).<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS states that the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> suggests characteristics of a less developed area (as it is<br />
estimated that one out of 3 people were younger than 15 years in 2009), and the age‐gender<br />
composition indicates a decline in fertility in the province which in turn is indicative that this<br />
population has recently entered the demographic transition (i.e. population growth is very rapid<br />
as a decline in mortality occurs before a decline in fertility – ultimately low levels of fertility and<br />
mortality will exist). Furthermore, StatsSA estimates, that fertility rates will decline in all the<br />
provinces with the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> declining from 3.03 per 1000 live births over the period 2001‐<br />
2006 to 2.58 per live births for the period 2006‐2011. In the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> life expectancy at<br />
birth is estimated at 56.3 years for males and 59.7 for females compared to South African’<br />
averages of 53.5 years for males and 57.2 years for females.<br />
Table E.5: Population Structure of the district municipalities of <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (2005)<br />
(Source: SA Census, 2005)<br />
AGE JOHN TAOLO<br />
GAETSEWE<br />
NAMAQUA PIXLEY KA SEME SIYANDA FRANCES BAARD<br />
MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE<br />
0‐4 11 460 11 380 5 118 4 871 8 529 8 583 10 665 10 475 15 376 15 574<br />
5‐9 12 434 12 101 5 494 5 199 8 867 9 004 10 447 10 371 16 253 16 165<br />
10‐14 12 787 12 778 5 595 5 437 9 255 9 491 10 149 10 233 16 879 17 335<br />
15‐19 11 254 11 311 4 939 4 867 8 973 8 660 10 233 10 577 17 495 17 537<br />
20‐24 7 804 8 903 4 224 3 988 6 439 6 363 9 194 9 284 14 081 14 947<br />
25‐29 5 856 7 448 4 278 4 090 6 018 5 950 8 712 8 895 12 843 14 208<br />
30‐34 5 292 6 436 4 271 4 382 5 832 6 030 7 910 8 000 11 837 12 929<br />
35‐39 4 887 6 155 3 943 4 139 5 279 5 723 6 985 7 387 10 998 12 041<br />
40‐44 4 921 5 449 3 371 3 626 4 565 5 094 6 059 6 496 10 117 10 741<br />
45‐49 3 803 4 453 3 066 3 318 4 106 4 653 4 887 5 376 8 182 9 208<br />
50‐54 2 943 3 394 2 453 2 513 3 384 3 702 3 843 4 295 6 697 7 123<br />
55‐59 2 380 2 635 2 018 2 216 2 599 2 980 2 858 3 271 5 047 5 759<br />
60‐64 1 714 2 346 1 603 1 835 2 093 2 633 2 496 2 816 3 950 4 782<br />
65‐69 1 360 2 036 1 192 1 486 1 556 2 179 1 867 2 185 2 806 3 770<br />
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70‐74 944 1 504 870 1 085 1 004 1 475 1 173 1 438 1 895 2 705<br />
75‐79 605 989 495 716 676 1 012 711 1 030 1 161 1 859<br />
80+ 566 1 210 521 918 616 1 284 688 1 155 1 042 2 159<br />
TOTAL 91 190 100 528 53 451 54 559 79 791 84 816 98 877 103 284 156 659 168 842<br />
SUB<br />
TOTALS<br />
191 718 108 010 164 607 202 161 325 501<br />
GRAND<br />
TOTAL<br />
991 919<br />
Table E.5 illustrates that approximately 30% (97 582) of Frances Baard and 38% (72 940) of John<br />
Taolo Geatsewe of the total population is younger than 15 years. Approximately 29% (31714) of<br />
Namaqua total population is under 15 years old, and is a clear indication that the population of the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is a young population.<br />
E.1.2 DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS THAT CAN INFLUENCE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT<br />
An important study in a planning process is the analysis of the existing demographic information<br />
pertaining to communities and projected changes in population, households, and employment.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Population Census 2011 Strategy 18 emphasises the importance of a population census,<br />
namely:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> population census plays an essential role in public administration. <strong>The</strong> results are uses<br />
to ensure:<br />
• Equity in distribution of government services.<br />
• Distributing and allocating government funds among various regions and districts for<br />
education and health services.<br />
• Delineating electoral districts at the national and local levels.<br />
• Measuring the impact of industrial development, etc.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> census also plays an essential role in all elements of the national statistical system,<br />
including the economic and social components. Census statistics are used as benchmarks<br />
for statistical compilation or as a sampling frame for sample surveys. <strong>The</strong> national<br />
statistical system of almost every country relies on sample surveys for efficient and reliable<br />
data collection. Without the sampling frame derived from the population census, the<br />
national statistical system would face difficulties in providing reliable official statistics for<br />
use by the government and the general public.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> basic feature of the census is to generate statistics on small areas and small population<br />
groups with minimum sampling errors. While the statistics on the small areas are useful in<br />
their own right, they can also be used to produce statistics on any geographical unit. This<br />
is an important requirement for example, in planning the location of a school or clinic.<br />
d) Since census data can be tabulated for any geographical unit, it is possible to provide the<br />
required statistics in remarkably flexible manner. This versatile feature of the census is<br />
also invaluable for use in the private sector for applications such as business planning<br />
market analyses.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> census results are used as a benchmark for research and analysis. Population<br />
projections are one of the most important analytical outputs based on census data; future<br />
population projections are crucial for all segments of the public and private sectors.<br />
18<br />
StatsSA, 2011: Revised Census 2011 – Strategy Document (20100118‐v.4.3). http://www.statssa.<br />
gov.za/census2011/ documents/Population_Census_2011_Strategy_V4.3.1_2.pdf<br />
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E.1.2.1 DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN DATA SETS<br />
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<strong>The</strong> LED Strategy estimates the population on 980 327 with a gender distribution of 49.1% males<br />
and 50.9% females (refer to Table E.6 below), while the PGDS estimates a population size of 1 103<br />
900 people, with a gender distribution of 542 700 (49.16%) males and 561 200 (50.84%) females.<br />
<strong>The</strong> difference is estimated at 123 573 people, which is quite substantial, since the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
never had a large population.<br />
Table E.6: Population of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> on provincial and district level (Source: Quantec<br />
Research, Standardised Regional Data, 2009 as cited in the LED Strategy).<br />
DISTRICT<br />
MUNICIPALITY<br />
TOTAL POPULATION % OF NORTHERN<br />
CAPE TOTAL<br />
POPULATION<br />
AREA OF THE<br />
DISTRICT<br />
MUNICIPALITY (KM 2 )<br />
% OF THE<br />
NORTHERN CAPE<br />
TOTAL AREA<br />
Frances Baard 314 502 32.1 13 543 3.6<br />
Johan Taolo Gaetsewe 184 027 18.8 27 128 7.3<br />
Namaqua 114 255 11.7 126 880 34<br />
Pixely ka Seme 153 694 15.7 102 814 27.6<br />
Siyanda 213 849 21.8 102 822 27.6<br />
TOTAL:<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
980 327 100 100 100<br />
As illustrated by Table E.6, the Census data (2005) estimates a population for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> of<br />
991 919, and the Community Survey of 2007, estimates a population of 1 058 060 people. <strong>The</strong> LED<br />
Strategy states that the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> accounts only for 2% of South Africa’s total population (i.e.<br />
47 850 033), and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PDGS states that it forms a 2.3% share of the total population<br />
of South Africa. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has the smallest population in South Africa and the lowest<br />
average annual population growth from 1995 to 2007 in South Africa and of all the provinces.<br />
According to the LED Strategy the average annual population growth for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> from<br />
1995 to 2007 was calculated at 0.3 % with South Africa’s growth rate for the same period was<br />
estimated at 1.4%.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Community Survey (2007) of StatsSA estimated that between the years of 1995 to 2001, the<br />
population of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> declined from 1 011 864 to 991 919 people at a change<br />
Percentage of ‐2.0%. From 2001 to 2007, a change of 6.7% was experienced when the population<br />
increased to 1 058 060 in 2007. According to the LED Strategy, the Pixley ka Seme is the only<br />
district in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with a negative average annual population growth rate at ‐0.5, whilst<br />
Namaqua and Siyanda both have the highest average population growth rates at 1%. Refer to<br />
Table E.7 below that indicated the average population growth at district level in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong>:<br />
Table E.7: Average Population Growth of five district municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source:<br />
Quantec Research, Standardised Regional Data, 2009 as cited in the LED Strategy).<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY AVERAGE POPULATION GROWTH RATE:<br />
1995‐2007<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 0.0<br />
Namaqua 1.0<br />
Pixley ka Seme ‐0.5<br />
Siyanda 1.0<br />
Frances Baard 0.1<br />
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<strong>The</strong> South African population density increased from 33 persons per square kilometre (km 2 ) in<br />
1996, to almost 40 persons per km 2 in 2007. As can be expected, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, the province<br />
with the largest land mass and smallest population, has the lowest density, but its population<br />
density has increased slightly from 2.8 persons per km 2 in 1996 to 2.9 persons per square<br />
kilometre in 2007. By contrast, the population density in Gauteng has rocketed from 448.3 people<br />
per km 2 in 1996 to 614.5 people per km 2 in 2007. KwaZulu‐Natal is the second most densely<br />
population province in South Africa at 111.4 people per km 2 according to the 2007 Community<br />
Survey.<br />
However, the <strong>Provincial</strong> Treasury of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (2011) in its Medium Term<br />
Expenditure Framework 2011/12‐2013/14 estimates that the population size and Percentage<br />
distribution of the district municipalities for 2007 and 2009, and the growth rate is as follows:<br />
Table E.8: Population of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> on district level for 2007 and 2009 (Source: Global<br />
Insight, 2011 as cited in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s Medium Term Expenditure Framework 2011/12‐<br />
2013/14, 2011).<br />
DISTRICT<br />
MUNICIPALITY<br />
TOTAL<br />
POPULATION<br />
(2007)<br />
% OF<br />
NORTHERN<br />
CAPE POP<br />
TOTAL<br />
POPULATION<br />
(2009)<br />
% OF<br />
NORTHERN<br />
CAPE POP<br />
% GROWTH<br />
RATE<br />
Frances Baard 364 611 32.9 371 536 32.9 0.96<br />
Johan Taolo Gaetsewe 207 440 18.7 209 892 18.6 0.58<br />
Namaqua 123 561 11.2 126 730 11.2 1.27<br />
Pixely ka Seme 178 942 16.2 181 530 16.1 0.72<br />
Siyanda 233 062 21.0 239 111 21.2 1.29<br />
TOTAL:<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
1 107 616 100 1 128 799 100 0.95<br />
<strong>The</strong> above table estimates a growth rate of 0.95% in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in comparison of the LED<br />
Strategy that estimates a growth rate of 0.3%. <strong>The</strong> population estimate of the Community Survey<br />
represents a significant discrepancy in the population composition as estimated by Statistics South<br />
Africa and LED Strategy. This will ultimately influence the population growth rate projected for<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, which in turn could influence the development and service delivery<br />
capabilities, infrastructure investment and the amount of government funds allocated to the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
E.1.2.2 MIGRATION PATTERN<br />
Migration is defined as the change of people’s place of residence, which involves the crossing of<br />
some kind of migration defining boundary such as an international or provincial border. A migrant<br />
is thus defined as a person who changes his/her place of residence, and in the process crosses a<br />
migration‐defining boundary. Migration is, in many ways, a response to structural disequilibria<br />
between and within sectors of the economy, or between countries. Deepening and widening<br />
inequality in income and opportunities within provinces, and an absolute increase in the numbers<br />
of people enduring poverty and extreme hardship, add to the pressure for people to migrate.<br />
It is estimated that the migration stream for the population of 2006‐2011 in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is a<br />
net‐migration of ‐25 500 people, of which 66 600 were out‐migrants and 41 100 in‐migration, thus<br />
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indicating that more people move out of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> than into the province. <strong>The</strong> majority<br />
of people migrating out of the province (23.87%) tend to move to the Western <strong>Cape</strong>, followed by<br />
18.47% to Gauteng, 18.17% to the Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> and 17.12% will migrate to North West (PGDS).<br />
<strong>The</strong> following table indicates the estimated number of out‐migrants from the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> to<br />
the various provinces in South Africa.<br />
Table E.9: Estimated emigration from the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>: 2006‐2011 (Source: PGDS).<br />
PROVINCE NUMBER OF MIGRANTS<br />
Western <strong>Cape</strong><br />
15 900<br />
North West<br />
11 400<br />
Mpumalanga<br />
2 600<br />
Limpopo<br />
3 000<br />
KwaZulu‐Natal<br />
2 100<br />
Gauteng<br />
12 300<br />
Free State<br />
7 200<br />
Eastern <strong>Cape</strong><br />
12 100<br />
It is evident from the table above, that the Western <strong>Cape</strong>, Gauteng and Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> are<br />
provinces that where most emigration takes place. Table E.10 below describes the distribution of<br />
non‐migrants and migrants based on place on birth in South Africa. It clearly shows that<br />
approximately 29% of the population born in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> reside in different provinces.<br />
Only approximately 15.6% of in‐migrants were born outside the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. This is evident<br />
that out‐migration has negative impact on the growth of the population in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
Table E.10: Percentage distribution of non‐migrants and migrants based on place of birth (Source:<br />
Community Survey, 2007).<br />
PROVINCE Percentage OF<br />
POPULATION BORN IN THE<br />
PROVINCE<br />
% OF IN‐MIGRANTS<br />
(RESIDENT POPULATION<br />
NOT BORN IN THE<br />
PROVINCE)<br />
% OF OUT‐MIGRANTS<br />
(POPULATION BORN IN<br />
THE PROVINCE RESIDING<br />
ELSEWHERE)<br />
Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> 93.4 6.6 23.0<br />
Free State 85.6 14.4 21.5<br />
Gauteng 58.1 41.4 21.5<br />
KwaZulu‐Natal 93.5 6.5 9.4<br />
Limpopo 93.6 6.4 22.9<br />
Mpumalanga 76.3 23.7 20.0<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 84.4 15.6 29.3<br />
North West 76.9 23.1 16.6<br />
Western <strong>Cape</strong> 71.7 28.3 8.1<br />
According to the Pixley ka Seme District <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework (2007), while the district<br />
population may appear to be stagnant, the settlements are growing as rural households move to<br />
settlements to access better facilities and services. This trend is expected to continue with the<br />
access to health and education facilities as major pull factors.<br />
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A study 19 conducted in Pixley ka Seme and Namaqua districts in 2005, found that 79% of the<br />
respondents find seasonal employment within the province. Another 21% migrate out of the<br />
province, mainly to the Western <strong>Cape</strong>, although a few find work in the Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> and the Free<br />
State. Most of the respondents indicated that they do not migrate too far from their permanent<br />
residence and the average distance and the average distance travelled to work is 109 kilometres.<br />
Seven percent of the respondents indicated that their immediate family travels with them to their<br />
place of work.<br />
Migration is in many ways a response to structural disequilibria between and with sectors of the<br />
economy and much pressure for migration is created by the deepening and widening inequality in<br />
income and opportunities within the country and between South Africa and its neighbours.<br />
Migration patterns and trends have far reaching impacts on the social, economic and<br />
environmental conditions in the areas of origin and destination and the process is hence often,<br />
mistakenly, described as a problem. However, it should be understood that migration is often a<br />
central component of households’ livelihood strategies, and that it not only offers hope for the<br />
future, but that it could play a vital role in redressing past inequities.<br />
E.2 SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS<br />
<strong>The</strong> HDI (Human <strong>Development</strong> Index) provides an alternative method to measure the relative<br />
socio‐economic development of an area and is seen as a measure of people’s ability to live a long<br />
and healthy live, to communicate, to participate in the community and have sufficient means to be<br />
able to afford a decent living 20 .<br />
Table E.11: Human <strong>Development</strong> Index for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and District Municipalities (Source:<br />
Global Insight, 2009 as cited in the PGDS).<br />
Region White African Coloured TOTAL<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 0.87 0.44 0.54 0.55<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 0.89 0.41 0.54 0.46<br />
Namaqua 0.88 0.47 0.57 0.63<br />
Pixley ka Seme 0.85 0.42 0.46 0.52<br />
Siyanda 0.87 0.43 0.53 0.57<br />
Frances Baard 0.87 0.47 0.59 0.57<br />
Over the past 8 years there has been little to no variance in the HDI figures for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>,<br />
indicating no increase or decrease in the overall standard of living. This trend is unlikely to change<br />
in the foreseeable future, mainly due to the marginal economic base of the poorer areas, and the<br />
19 Setplan, 2006. as cited in the Pixley ka Seme SDF (June 2007).<br />
20 <strong>The</strong> Human <strong>Development</strong> Index (HDI) was developed by the United Nations <strong>Development</strong> Program (UNDP) based<br />
on the philosophy that the goal of development was to ensure that individuals live long, informed and<br />
comfortable lives. <strong>The</strong> HDI consists of three components:<br />
• Longevity, which is measured by life expectancy at birth.<br />
• Educational attainment, which is measured by two education variables, namely adult literacy and combined<br />
gross primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment ratio.<br />
• Income, which is measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.<br />
Performance in each dimension is expressed as a value between 0 and 1, and the HDI index gives an<br />
internationally accepted measure of the wellness (quality of life) of the population of the area under<br />
consideration. An HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent high development, whilst an HDI of below 0.5 is<br />
considered to represent low development.<br />
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consolidation of the economic base in the relatively better off areas. It is important to note that<br />
the HDI for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (0.55) is substantially below the South African figure of 0.72. From<br />
the table above it is evident that the HDI of 0.55 displays a pattern of semi‐development, and<br />
there is a definite inequality between the different population groups, with the Whites having a<br />
higher development lifestyle than the African or Coloured groups.<br />
E.2.1 POVERTY<br />
Poverty is a key problem with a high number of households living below the poverty line. Poverty<br />
cannot be measured by income alone nor can anti‐poverty measures only address income‐<br />
enhancing measures. This necessitates a multi‐sectoral and an integrated approach (PGDS). <strong>The</strong><br />
strategy that has proved most effective in improving economic and social well‐being consists of<br />
three elements, namely labour absorbing growth, equitable investment in education and health<br />
care and social support for poor and vulnerable groups. Social welfare policies and programs must<br />
be aimed at enabling the poor and vulnerable groups to break the cycle of poverty. Social and<br />
economic development are two inter‐dependent and mutually reinforcing processes. Equitable<br />
social development is the foundation of economic prosperity and economic growth is necessary<br />
for social development. Without social investment, economic growth will be compromised. <strong>The</strong><br />
key challenges facing the social sector are to:<br />
• Enhance social integration and protection of the most vulnerable; and<br />
• Build a caring society through sustainable development.<br />
According to Botes (2011) 21 , two of the most frequent ways of measuring poverty is to use:<br />
• Poverty line which is the average sum of money that a household or individual needs to<br />
survive.<br />
• Poverty gap, which indicates how far a household or individual falls below the poverty line<br />
<strong>The</strong> proportion of <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> people living below the poverty line has declined from 40 % in<br />
1995 to 27 % in 2011, while the poverty gap was 11 % in 1995, compared to eight % 2011. In this<br />
regard, the province intend to halve poverty by 2015, the population living below the poverty line<br />
must stand at 20%, which means that the province is left between 2011 and 2015 to reduce<br />
poverty by 7 % (Botes, 2011).<br />
Table E.12: Percentage of people of living in poverty in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: Global Insight,<br />
2009 as cited in the PGDS).<br />
Region 1996 2009<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 43.8% 42.8%<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 62.5% 52.8%<br />
Namaqua 32.7% 41.0%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 49.6% 44.7%<br />
Siyanda 40.5% 39.1%<br />
Frances Baard 35.2% 39.5%<br />
<strong>The</strong> table above illustrates that from 1996 to 2009, the percentage of people living in poverty only<br />
decreased by 1% but people living in poverty is still at 42, 8% which is very high. Frances Baard<br />
experienced an increase in poverty by approximately 4%. However, John Taolo Gaetsewe<br />
21<br />
Botes, A. 2011: Budget speech by MEC for Social <strong>Development</strong> by Alvin Botes. 5 April 2011.<br />
http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=17611&tid=31597<br />
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experienced a 9.2% decrease in poverty from 1996 to 2009. <strong>The</strong> Namaqua District experienced an<br />
8.3%increase in poverty from 1996 to 2009.<br />
Reducing poverty is one of the key challenges for economic development. Higher levels of<br />
economic growth are a key challenge for poverty eradication. Investment in people is pivotal to<br />
redressing the poverty and vast inequalities inherited from apartheid and in addressing the rate<br />
and pattern of growth. Investment in people is also, to a large extent, about delivering social and<br />
economic infrastructure: education, welfare, health, housing, as well as transport and bulk<br />
infrastructure. Infrastructure delivery assures minimum standards and redistribution. Due to the<br />
vastness of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, and the remoteness of its communities in mostly rural areas,<br />
certain challenges exist regarding the implementation of projects, because delivery costs are very<br />
high and expertise and skills are scarce resources (PGDS).<br />
E.2.1.1 POVERTY ALLEVIATION FOCUS AREA<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS identified a number of poverty alleviation focus areas, such as:<br />
a) Inter‐Sectoral Collaboration: A Food Security and Nutrition Task Team has been formed to<br />
respond to the food crisis that vulnerable individuals and households are experiencing.<br />
b) Food Security: Providing food to the needy has led to the funding of Community Soup<br />
Kitchens and it is in collaboration with departments in the Social Sector (i.e. agriculture,<br />
education, health and water affairs, and forestry. As stated in the LED Strategy, the<br />
establishment of community food gardens is a sustainable development initiative that<br />
enhances self‐reliance. Analysis of provincial data showed that 37 food security gardens<br />
were funded with 340 beneficiaries from 2004 to 2009.<br />
c) Social Research: Livelihood analyses of communities are critical in understanding the<br />
vulnerability index of beneficiaries, the range of services and the spatial spread of<br />
interventions.<br />
d) Material Assistance: <strong>The</strong> importance of Drop‐in‐centres in providing food, clothes,<br />
emergency resources etc is another manner to alleviate poverty. A drop‐in‐centres is a<br />
physical building structure that provides a range of community services.<br />
e) Socio‐Economic Initiatives: Funds provided by the Small Enterprise <strong>Development</strong> Agency,<br />
Industrial <strong>Development</strong> Corporation and Khula could the local LED strategies on municipal<br />
level in providing poverty relief programs.<br />
f) War on Poverty Campaign: Adopted by Cabinet in 2007, it is an instrument of<br />
coordination, alignment, support and supervision of anti‐poverty initiatives in order to<br />
make as much possible impact to households and communities living in poverty in the<br />
short term, to reach 3 million households by 2014, and to eradicate poverty in the long<br />
term. It is implemented in conjunction with other government programs to ensure a<br />
coordinated and integrated approach that secures a greater impact towards alleviating<br />
poverty in communities. As a pilot project, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> government adopted the<br />
‘Building Healthy Families Project’ and it entails identifying the 500 poorest families in the<br />
5 districts of the province. A comprehensive ‘anti‐poverty strategy’ has been designed to<br />
integrate and improve the current efforts to deal with the unacceptable levels of poverty in<br />
society. As part of the implementation of the Anti‐Poverty Strategy, government has<br />
developed a single central database of affected households to ensure that interventions<br />
are systematic; that individuals with the potential to lift their families out of poverty are<br />
identified and accordingly supported; and to ensure that there is a follow up on each<br />
household so that practical positive results come out of each interaction.<br />
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E.2.2 INCOME LEVELS IN THE NORTHERN CAPE<br />
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Extreme inequality in the distribution of income exists among racial groups and households. <strong>The</strong><br />
poorest 44, 7% of households in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> earn less than 9, 8% of the income. Unequal<br />
income distribution has severely hampered development, particularly that of people in the rural<br />
areas who are generally poorer than their urban counterparts. <strong>The</strong> LED Strategy states that two<br />
thirds of households (66.6%) in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> earned less than R3 200 per month (poverty<br />
level indicated by red line), and thus the province is regarded as poor (refer to Table E.13).<br />
Table E.13: Percentage of the monthly household income in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province, 2007<br />
(Source: Global Insight, 2009 as cited in the PGDS).<br />
No income<br />
R1 –R400<br />
R401‐R800<br />
R801‐R1<br />
600<br />
R1 601‐R3<br />
200<br />
R3 201‐R6<br />
400<br />
R6 401‐<br />
R12 800<br />
R12 801‐<br />
R25 600<br />
R25 601‐<br />
R51 200<br />
R51 201‐<br />
R101 400<br />
R102 401‐<br />
R204 800<br />
7.8% 4.1% 9.0% 23.1% 22.6% 15.1% 9.2% 5.4% 2.6% 0.7% 0.3% 0.3%<br />
R204 801<br />
or more<br />
Furthermore, from the table above, it is evident that approximately 7.8% of households earn no<br />
income, and 24.3% of households earn less than R12 800 per month. This is a clear indication that<br />
poverty and inequality are massive problems in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Approximately 0.6% of<br />
households earn more than R101 401 monthly or approximately R1 228 801 annually. As stated in<br />
the LED Strategy, this low income level profile has severe social consequences on the total<br />
population. Problems arise that households in the province are not able to pay school fees, can’t<br />
afford everyday necessities, and can’t afford proper medical care and education, etc.<br />
As illustrated in the table below approximately 45.25% of the total population did not have any<br />
monthly income at all, and approximately 39.5% have a monthly income of less than R3 200. It is<br />
also evident that the John Taolo Gaetsewe and Frances Baard are the districts with the highest<br />
Percentage of households with no income at 48.11% and 48.19% respectively.<br />
Table E.14: Average monthly household income in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, 2007 (Source: PGDS).<br />
INDIVIDUAL<br />
INCOME<br />
%<br />
JOHN<br />
TAOLO<br />
GAETSEWE<br />
%<br />
NAMAQUA<br />
%<br />
PIXLEY KA<br />
SEME<br />
%<br />
SIYANDA<br />
%<br />
FRANCES<br />
BAARD<br />
%<br />
TOTAL<br />
No income 48.11% 40.89% 41.14% 43.93% 48.19% 45.25%<br />
R1‐R400 22.58% 12.03% 15.15% 11.28% 12.47% 14.24%<br />
R401‐R800 3.86% 6.00% 7.83% 8.42% 5.49% 6.31%<br />
R801‐R1 600 11.96% 16.99% 15.74% 15.50% 14.89% 14.92%<br />
R1 601‐R3 200 3.01% 5.08% 3.22% 4.49% 4.23% 4.03%<br />
R3 201‐R 6 400 3.04% 5.74% 3.11% 4.05% 4.44% 4.07%<br />
R6 401‐R12 800 2.19% 3.81% 2.35% 2.43% 4.07% 3.09%<br />
R12 801‐R25 600 0.74% 1.25% 0.69% 0.84% 1.73% 1.15%<br />
R25 601‐R51 200 0.13% 0.28% 0.30% 0.24% 0.67% 0.38%<br />
R51 201‐R102 400 0.22% 0.10% 0.16% 0.14% 0.11% 0.14%<br />
R102 401‐R204 800 0.21% 0.03% 0.13% 0.06% 0.08% 0.10%<br />
R204 801 or more 0.07% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05%<br />
Response not given 3.88% 7.79% 10.16% 8.57% 3.59% 6.29%<br />
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%<br />
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<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
E.2.3 SOCIAL GRANTS RECEIVED<br />
Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers: 15/10.<br />
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Grants have been playing an important role in redistributing wealth in South Africa and proven to<br />
be successful in reducing some of the income inequality. Grants soften the effects of poverty by<br />
improving children’s health, reducing malnutrition, and enabling better access to schooling,<br />
among other benefits 22 . Social grants are important sources of income for poor households,<br />
especially in rural areas. <strong>The</strong>y contribute up to 50% of income in households headed by the<br />
elderly and prevent many such households from falling into poverty (Van der Berg et al 2009) 23 .<br />
With 66.6% of households in <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> earning less than R3 200, it is imperative that social<br />
grants be effectively implemented among the poor. According to Botes (2011), social security<br />
interventions will continue to be up‐scaled in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, because the government has<br />
extended Child Support Grant to 18 years of age, and because of the population paradigm which<br />
indicates that the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is experiencing an increasingly ageing population. <strong>The</strong><br />
demographic indicators used for the Millennium <strong>Development</strong> Goals for lifting people out of<br />
poverty shows an increase in the number of children receiving grants from 101 728 in 2005 to 245<br />
486 in 2010 out of an estimated number of 327 541 children in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
<strong>The</strong> number of foster care grants increased from 8 835 in 2007 to 10 238 in 2010. <strong>The</strong> care<br />
dependency grant increased from 2 852 in 2007 to 3 883 in 2010, whilst the child support grant<br />
now covers all eligible children born after 31 December 1993 until the child reaches the age of 18<br />
years. Botes (2011) states when looking at the provincial population benefiting from social<br />
assistance, the Old Age grant represents 17%, Disability grant represents 13% and the Child<br />
Support grant represents 64% of the total. Child grants are but one way of addressing child<br />
poverty by embracing the survival needs of children. Addressing child poverty holistically requires<br />
interventions that achieve results of survival, protection, development and participation.<br />
According to the LED Strategy approximately 27.9% of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> received social grants in<br />
2007 with child support (48.9%) getting the largest portion followed by old age grants (22.6%) and<br />
physical disabilities (16.6%). Refer to the table below that indicates the social grants received in<br />
South Africa and in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in 2007:<br />
Table E.15: Social Grants received in South Africa and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, 2007 (Source: Global<br />
Insight, 2009 as cited in the PGDS).<br />
SOCIAL GRANT SOUTH AFRICA<br />
(NUMBER OF<br />
PERSONS)<br />
AS % OF SOUTH<br />
AFRICAN<br />
POPULATION<br />
NORTHERN CAPE<br />
(NUMBER OF<br />
PERSONS)<br />
AS % OF<br />
NORTHERN CAPE<br />
POPULATION<br />
Old age pension 2 367 320 4.9% 61 985 6.3%<br />
Disability grant 1 186 493 2.5% 45 264 4.6%<br />
Child support grant 7 192 926 15.0% 133 632 13.6%<br />
Care dependency grant 182 365 0.4% 5 598 0.6%<br />
Foster care grant 23 185 0.0% 914 0.1%<br />
Grant in aid 102 322 0.2% 2 764 0.3%<br />
Social relief 39 645 0.1% 1 031 0.1%<br />
Multiple social grants 56 147 0.1% 1 914 0.2%<br />
Institutions 651 769 1.4% 20 423 2.1%<br />
TOTAL 11 802 173 24.7% 273 436 27.9%<br />
22 http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50402 – 20 September 2011.<br />
23 Van der Berg, S. Siebrits, K. and Lekezwa, B. 2009: Efficiency and equity effects of social grants in South Africa.<br />
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December 2011<br />
Table E.15 below illustrates the social grants received on district level in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> for<br />
2007. It is evident that Pixely ka Seme receives the highest portion (32.1%) of social grants,<br />
followed by John Taolo Gaetsewe (29.2%) and Frances Baard (28.0%). This is directly related to<br />
the number of people in these district municipalities that live below the poverty line.<br />
Table E.16: Social Grants received on district level in the <strong>Northern</strong> level, 2007 (Source: LED<br />
Strategy).<br />
DISTRICT NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO RECEIVED AS % OF DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY TOTAL<br />
GRANTS IN 2007<br />
POPULATION<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 53 799 29.2<br />
Namaqua 31 694 27.7<br />
Pixley ka Seme 49 335 32.1<br />
Siyanda 50 618 23.7<br />
Frances Baard 87 990 28.0<br />
E.2.4 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT<br />
According to the LED Strategy, the province has the second lowest unemployment rate (18.1%) in<br />
South Africa. In 2007, 40.3% of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> were employed, 18.1% were unemployed and<br />
41.6% were not economically active 24 . On an individual level this translates to approximately 269<br />
000 individuals being employed and 121 000 unemployed.<br />
However according to the PGDS the Province has a population of 710 000 persons that are<br />
between the ages of 15 and 64, of this only 371 000 (Quarter 1 2010) are within the labour force 25 .<br />
<strong>The</strong> labour force of the province in terms of year to year (i.e. March to March) shows a decline of<br />
22 000, i.e. ‐7.6%. This is made up of 268 000 employed persons and 103 000 unemployed. While<br />
persons that are not economically active are 339 000 and discouraged work seekers are 47 000.<br />
Compared to 2001, the economically active population of the province has decreased to<br />
approximately 383 000. From 2005 the economically active population has been growing and is<br />
predominantly male. Employment grew by 2.3% between the 3 rd and 4 th quarter of 2008 bringing<br />
the unemployment rate down from 22.6% in the 3 rd quarter of 2008 to 21.6% in the 4 th quarter, of<br />
which 56% of the unemployed are females. <strong>The</strong> table below illustrates the employment structure<br />
in 2007 of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> compared with other provinces in South Africa.<br />
Table E.17: Employment in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in relation to other provinces (Source: LED<br />
Strategy).<br />
PROVINCE EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED NOT ECONOMICALLY<br />
ACTIVE<br />
South Africa 41.3% 20.2% 38.5%<br />
Western <strong>Cape</strong> 55.1% 15.7% 29.2%<br />
Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> 30.5% 19.9% 49.%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 40.3% 18.1% 41.6%<br />
Free State 40.0% 22.3% 37.7%<br />
KwaZulu‐Natal 35.5% 21.3% 43.2%<br />
24<br />
This classification includes housewives/homemakers, students or scholars, pensioners and retired people as well<br />
as those not seeking work.<br />
25<br />
<strong>The</strong> labour force consist of people of working age (between 15 – 65 years) who are either employed or<br />
unemployed, and is also referred to as the ‘Economically Active Population’.<br />
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North West 38.5% 20.9% 40.6%<br />
Gauteng 52.2% 21.6% 26.3%<br />
Mpumalanga 40.1% 20.0% 39.9%<br />
Limpopo 28.3% 19.1% 52.6%<br />
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It is evident that unemployment in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is a problem as seen from the estimates<br />
obtained of the LED Strategy and PGDS. <strong>The</strong> unemployed level in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is lower than<br />
the national average but the not economically active population is higher than the average for<br />
South Africa. Furthermore, the table below illustrates that Pixley ka Seme has the highest<br />
unemployment rate (21.6%) in the province followed by Frances Baard at 19.19%, and Namaqua<br />
has the lowest unemployed rate (13.4%).<br />
Table E.18: Employment in the district municipalities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: LED Strategy).<br />
DISTRICT EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED NOT ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 30.1% 18.6% 51.3%<br />
Namaqua 47.7% 13.4% 39.0%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 38.3% 21.6% 40.1%<br />
Siyanda 47.5% 16.4% 36.1%<br />
Frances Baard 38.2% 19.1% 42.7%<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s employment level increased with 0.3% (approximately 900 jobs) from 2006<br />
to 2007. In the same period, South Africa also experienced an increase in its employment of 1.7%<br />
(approximately 204 000 jobs). <strong>The</strong> PGDS states that the provincial government aims to generate in<br />
excess of 10 000 jobs annually by the year 2014. It is therefore recognised that:<br />
a) Eradication of poverty is an imperative for sustainable development.<br />
b) Eradication of poverty requires environmentally sustainable solutions.<br />
c) Sustainable development requires a balance between economic growth, social<br />
development and environmental sustainability, but with the emphasis on economic growth<br />
until such time as wide‐spread poverty has been successfully eradicated.<br />
d) Rolling back poverty must go hand in hand with rolling back inequality.<br />
E.2.5 EDUCATION<br />
<strong>The</strong> National Minister of Higher Education announced in 2010 the appointment of two task teams<br />
to ‘explore appropriate university models’ for the establishment of a university in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong>, and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Government’s own task team will report to the national<br />
group. <strong>The</strong> Premier of the province is committed to getting the university up and running ‘in the<br />
shortest time possible’. While pursuing this goal, the provincial government has also called on ‘big<br />
businesses’ and state‐owned enterprises to ‘play a key role in skills development to help us<br />
provide the technical skills required by the provincial economy’.<br />
<strong>The</strong> recapitalisation of the further education and training (FET) sector and technical secondary<br />
schools has been a major drive in recent years. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has two FET colleges. With<br />
approximately R4‐million available in bursaries, attendance at these institutions has grown<br />
dramatically. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Urban FET College comprises two campuses in Kimberley: City<br />
Campus and Moremogolo Campus. City Campus has three departments: business studies,<br />
engineering studies and a business unit that organises short courses in partnership with public and<br />
private partners. Moremogolo offers business studies or skills training. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Rural<br />
FET College has campuses at Kathu, Upington, De Aar, Kuruman and Namaqualand. <strong>The</strong>se colleges<br />
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offer courses in finance, economics and accounting, engineering, IT and computer science,<br />
management, hospitality, marketing, and tourism.<br />
According to the PGDS the province is currently involved with a mass literacy campaign and Adult<br />
Basic Education Training (ABET) program that seeks to increase the literacy rate in the province.<br />
<strong>The</strong> province’s intake for the Kha Ri Gude Mass Literacy Campaign 26 was 6 500 participants for<br />
2010, and it is part of the province’s goal in meeting the Millennium <strong>Development</strong> Goals of halving<br />
illiteracy by 2014. This mass literacy campaign must enrol at least 10 000 participants for the next<br />
five years.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> schools have embarked on the Eco‐Schools program 27 so fast that they have<br />
become national leaders in this regard. <strong>The</strong> Department of Environment and Nature Conservation<br />
had 19 schools registered and 13 more were evaluated. Approximately R11‐billion has been<br />
allocated by the provincial government over a three‐year period to 2012/13 in order to improve<br />
literacy and numeracy and to improve matric results. <strong>The</strong> matric class of 2010 improved the<br />
provincial pass rate from 61.3% to 72.3%.<br />
E.2.6 LITERACY AND EDUCATION LEVELS<br />
According to the LED Strategy the adult education attainment levels in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are on<br />
average higher than the adult education attainment levels of South Africa. Approximately 19.7%<br />
of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> adults have no schooling in comparison to South Africa’s 18.1%. <strong>The</strong><br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province has the second lowest amount of adult individuals (5.5%) that obtained a<br />
tertiary education in South Africa (refer to table below).<br />
Table E.19: Adult Education levels of South Africa per province, 2007 (Source: Quantec Research,<br />
2009 as cited in the LED Strategy).<br />
AREA NO<br />
SCHOOLING<br />
SOME<br />
PRIMARY<br />
COMPLETE<br />
PRIMARY<br />
(GRADE 7)<br />
SOME<br />
SECONDARY<br />
COMPLETE<br />
SECONDARY<br />
(GRADE 12)<br />
HIGHER<br />
(TERTIARY)<br />
South Africa 18.1% 16.4% 6.6% 30.4% 19.2% 7.8%<br />
Western <strong>Cape</strong> 6.1% 15.8% 8.2% 36.0% 21.6% 10.5%<br />
Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> 22.6% 19.9% 7.6% 29.3% 13.5% 6.1%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 19.7% 22.1% 8.1% 28.7% 14.6% 5.5%<br />
Free State 16.3% 22.2% 8.2% 30.8% 15.8% 5.6%<br />
KwaZulu‐Natal 22.2% 17.7% 6.1% 28.3% 18.2% 6.1%<br />
North West 20.0% 20.4% 7.1% 29.0% 17.0% 5.2%<br />
Gauteng 9.1% 11.8% 5.8% 33.6% 26.3% 11.3%<br />
26<br />
<strong>The</strong> Kha Ri Gude Mass Literacy Campaign was launched in February 2008, with the intention of enabling 4.7<br />
million adults above the age of 15 years to become literate and numerate in one of the eleven official languages.<br />
<strong>The</strong> campaign makes specific efforts to target vulnerable groups. Currently, 80% of the learners are women, 8%<br />
are disabled and 25% are youth, and 20% are above the age of 60. Kha Ri Gude is available at no cost to adults<br />
who have little or no education. Learners are required to commit themselves to attending classes for 240 hours.<br />
To ensure that learners fulfil this commitment, classes and are held in communities, at times which are<br />
convenient to the learners, and take place in homes, churches, community centres, prisons, etc. <strong>The</strong>se learning<br />
groups play a significant role in community social cohesion. By the end of 2009, South Africa will have achieved<br />
an additional 1 million newly literate people.<br />
27<br />
Eco‐Schools operate in more than 46 countries worldwide and is a program of the Foundation for Environmental<br />
Education. Eco‐schools aim at improving environmental management and environmental learning at the school,<br />
its aim is also to draw tourists to their respective areas as this program is an international program.<br />
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Mpumalanga 28.5% 16.2% 6.1% 25.9% 16.5% 5.6%<br />
Limpopo 32.8% 14.0% 5.6% 25.6% 14.1% 6.6%<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below gives the Percentage of the adult education levels on district levels for the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in 2007. It is evident that Pixley ka Seme had the lowest adult education<br />
attainment levels in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with 27.3% of the adult population having no form of<br />
schooling, whilst John Taolo Gaetsewe is second with 25.4% having no schooling. <strong>The</strong> highest<br />
number of the adult population with tertiary education (6.4%) is located in Frances Baard.<br />
Table E.20: Adult Education on district level, 2007(Source: Quantec Research, 2009 as cited in the<br />
LED Strategy).<br />
DISTRICT<br />
MUNICIPALITY<br />
NO<br />
SCHOOLING<br />
SOME<br />
PRIMARY<br />
COMPLETE<br />
PRIMARY<br />
(GRADE 7)<br />
SOME<br />
SECONDARY<br />
COMPLETE<br />
SECONDARY<br />
(GRADE 12)<br />
HIGHER<br />
(TERTIARY)<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 25.4% 25.8% 6.4% 24.5% 13.0% 4.9%<br />
Namaqua 11.5% 21.7% 11.6% 35.3% 14.2% 5.7%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 27.3% 23.5% 7.6% 24.5% 11.8% 5.4%<br />
Siyanda 17.0% 24.3% 9.1% 29.1% 14.85 4.6%<br />
Frances Baard 18.2% 18.4% 7.1% 31.7% 16.9% 6.4%<br />
According to the LED Strategy, the province moved from second position in 2000, to the first<br />
position in 2001 (84.3%), 2002 (90%) and 2003 (90.9%), achieving the top matriculation results<br />
amongst all nine provinces. <strong>The</strong>re has been a decline in matric pass rates between 2004 and 2008<br />
(i.e. 83.4% to 72.6%), however, the overall number of candidates that wrote full examination<br />
annually since 1996, increased gradually and reached a peak in 2003 with 90.7% and declined to<br />
70.3% in 2007. Since 2001, access to higher education in the province has been supported and<br />
encouraged through the awarding of the Premier’s bursary fund. In 2007, the number of students<br />
and the allocated budget more than doubled to 736 (in 2006 it were 322 students) and R16.9<br />
million (in 2006 it was R5.6 million).<br />
E.2.7 SKILL LEVELS<br />
<strong>The</strong> LED Strategy provides estimates of the different skills levels of the formal employees on<br />
national and provincial level. A ‘skill’ is a necessary competency that can be expertly applied in a<br />
particular context for a defined ‘purpose’ and ‘competence’ and has three elements (LED<br />
Strategy):<br />
• Practical competence: <strong>The</strong> ability to perform a set of tasks.<br />
• Foundational competence: <strong>The</strong> ability to understand what we ourselves or others are<br />
doing and why.<br />
• Reflexive competence: <strong>The</strong> ability to integrate or connect our performance with an<br />
understanding of the performance of others, so that we can learn from our actions and are<br />
able to adapt to changes and unforeseen circumstances.<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below illustrate the skills level from high to semi/unskilled of South Africa and the<br />
various provinces. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has the smallest portion (11.1%) of highly skilled formal<br />
employees in South Africa and Gauteng has the highest (14.3%). Furthermore, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
has the second largest portion of semi and unskilled formal employees in the country. It can be<br />
concluded that the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province has a low skills base. A lack of skilled people may<br />
directly result in firms, sectors and the country being unable to implement planned growth<br />
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education is required.<br />
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strategies as well as experiencing productivity, service delivery and quality problems (LED<br />
Strategy).<br />
Table E.21: Employment by skill on national and provincial level, 2007 (Source: Quantec Research,<br />
2009 as cited in the LED Strategy).<br />
AREA HIGHLY SKILLED SKILLED 28 SEMI 29 ‐AND<br />
UNSKILLED 30<br />
South Africa 12.8% 43.3% 44.0%<br />
Western <strong>Cape</strong> 12.4% 43.3% 44.3%<br />
Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> 13.0% 44.3% 42.6%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 11.1% 39.7% 49.1%<br />
Free State 11.2% 39.9% 48.8%<br />
KwaZulu‐Natal 12.6% 43.9% 43.5%<br />
North West 11.2% 36.9% 51.9%<br />
Gauteng 14.3% 46.2% 39.5%<br />
Mpumalanga 11.6% 41.3% 47.2%<br />
Limpopo 11.75 41.5% 46.9%<br />
Table E.22: Formal employment by skills on district level, 2007 (Source: Quantec Research, 2009<br />
as cited in the LED Strategy).<br />
DISTRICT HIGHLY SKILLED SKILLED SEMI‐ AND UNSKILLED<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 15.7% 37.4% 46.9%<br />
Namaqua 10.8% 32.4% 56.8%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 10.9% 35.4% 53.7%<br />
Siyanda 10.0% 34.9% 55.1%<br />
Frances Baard 14.6% 38.1% 47.4%<br />
From the above table it is clear that John Taolo Gaetsewe district had the highest portion of highly<br />
skilled formal employees (15.7%) followed by Frances Baard (14.6%). <strong>The</strong> highest portion of semi‐<br />
and unskilled formal employees were present in the Namaqua district (56.8%)<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS stipulates a number of interventions to grow the skill levels in the province, such as the<br />
following:<br />
a) Human Resource <strong>Development</strong> Strategy (Education): <strong>The</strong> Human Resource <strong>Development</strong><br />
strategy of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is informed by the South Africa’s Human <strong>Development</strong><br />
Strategy, adopted by Cabinet, and reflects the need to ensure that the skills and capacity<br />
base of the country is matched to the requirements for building and sustaining economic<br />
growth and development. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy will develop<br />
partnerships with the tertiary and academic sector, the private sector, schools, NGOs, etc.<br />
28 A skilled employee is a person who has undergone training or education in and/or outside his/her work<br />
environment and who is in possession of a minimum level of Secondary qualification to qualify for their<br />
occupation. An employee in this category must have undergone at least two years’ study or training after having<br />
completed grade 12.<br />
29 A semi‐skilled employee is a person who acquired his/her expertise through a relatively short training period<br />
(single days or weeks) after which the required tasks could be efficiently performed. He/she must possess basic<br />
literacy and numeracy prior to training, but Primary education is sufficient as a prerequisite for training.<br />
30 Unskilled employees are persons who have not undergone any formal training or of whom no minimum level of<br />
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<strong>The</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy will also ensure that it meets its<br />
obligations and requirements in respect of legislation such as the Skills <strong>Development</strong> Act 97<br />
of 1998, and will act as a catalyst for industry‐based skills development.<br />
b) Skills <strong>Development</strong> Fund: <strong>The</strong> National Skills Fund will be significantly increased to ensure<br />
that more learnrships and internships are registered for Financial Management and<br />
Information Technology. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> requires more apprenticeships in e.g. diesel<br />
mechanics, welding and plating, heating, air‐conditioning and ventilation, etc.<br />
c) Improving the supply‐side of high level knowledge and skills: Labour demands in the<br />
province need to be based upon the requirements emerging from the economic sectors of<br />
agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism and hospitality services, trade and finance and<br />
construction. A complete analysis of the labour and skills demands of the province, with<br />
due cognisance of the possible labour market changes that could emerge from the<br />
development potential of the province, need to inform a comprehensive strategy on the<br />
development and retention of high quality knowledge and skills in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. This<br />
requires the necessary commitment from government, labour and the private sector over<br />
the long‐term. <strong>The</strong> province has a general shortage of research and development skills.<br />
Compared to other provinces, where higher education and research facilities have formed<br />
part of their economies for many years, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has difficulty in accessing these<br />
services. Further education and training (FET), Higher education and training (HET) and<br />
development of maths, science and technology opportunities in the province over the next<br />
five years should be high on the development agenda. Every attempt should be made to<br />
encourage research and development in the province and in this regard, the National<br />
Institute for Higher Education (NIHE) should take the lead.<br />
d) <strong>Provincial</strong> Human Resource and Skills <strong>Development</strong> Strategy: <strong>The</strong> provincial strategy is<br />
attuned to the unique nature and needs of the province. <strong>The</strong> Human Resource<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Strategy for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province is informed by the critical challenges<br />
that the province faces. <strong>The</strong> strategy in underpinned by key principles to guide its focus<br />
and direction. <strong>The</strong>se principles remain sensitive to the broader transformation and redress<br />
imperatives that continue to guide the development efforts of the provincial Government.<br />
<strong>The</strong> strategy takes on board the view that its success will hinge on the availability of<br />
appropriate institutional structures for its implementation, monitoring and evaluation.<br />
Central to this strategy is the conviction that enhances the general and specific<br />
competencies of all citizens as a necessary response to high levels of unemployment in an<br />
attempt to interface the supply for skills and the market demands for skilled labour. <strong>The</strong><br />
assistance and support of national government programs in terms of targeted skills<br />
development in the province (e.g. SMME development, entrepreneurship development,<br />
export development assistance, amongst others) would be invaluable in the social and<br />
human capital building process.<br />
According to the PGDS the biggest challenge facing the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province in the next decade<br />
is to build the economy. This process can only be successful if productivity increases and this is<br />
more likely through the enhancement of human and social capital. To ensure that people have<br />
the necessary mix and level of knowledge, skills, abilities and attributes one needs to promote<br />
access to knowledge and improve the work force productivity. However, the education and<br />
training system that has been inherited has a number of shortcomings, some of which are:<br />
• Lack of adequate planning for future skills requirements.<br />
• Inadequately training for the unemployed<br />
• Inequality in education that has left a highly differentiated education system.<br />
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Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS states a number of strategies to better education in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, such as:<br />
(i) Access to Quality Life Long learning: <strong>The</strong> key focus areas for access to quality lifelong<br />
learning should be Early Childhood <strong>Development</strong> (ECD), General and Further Education,<br />
Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET) and the promotion of Mathematics, Science and<br />
Technology in the education curriculum. A large Percentage of children growing up in<br />
abject conditions of extreme poverty remain at the risk of poor adjustment to school,<br />
increased class repetition and school drop‐out, highlights the critical nature of early<br />
childhood development provisioning in the province.<br />
(ii) Improve Early Childhood <strong>Development</strong>: Early Childhood <strong>Development</strong> (ECD) is one of the<br />
key priorities of the government for the next five years (MTSF). Central to this program is<br />
the provision of a good foundation for children entering the schooling system, which has<br />
proven to be important for school readiness and future success in their scholastic career.<br />
<strong>The</strong> challenge is to help break the cycle of poverty by increasing access to ECD programs,<br />
particularly for poor children in the urban and rural areas. During 2009, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Department of Education had 355 public primary schools, of which 278 offered Grade R.<br />
Though schools are generally eager to introduce Grade R classes, the greatest challenge<br />
faced in this regard is the unavailability of adequate infrastructure for the expansion of<br />
Grade R to meet the 2014 target.<br />
(iii) Improve the quality of Basic Education: Teachers should be present at school for at least<br />
seven hours, and should spent at least 6.5 hours teaching daily. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> basic<br />
education department should ensure regular monitoring of the curriculum coverage by<br />
visiting school at least once a year. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Department of Education must<br />
deliver easy to read books (grade 1‐7), and text books (grade 10‐12) in key subjects to<br />
schools.<br />
(iv) Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET): <strong>The</strong> ABET program is a vehicle for broadening<br />
the provincial skills base and for allowing more people the opportunity to participate and<br />
contribute meaningfully to economic growth and development. A review of literacy rates in<br />
the province clearly indicates huge challenges despite the significant progress made in the<br />
past fifteen years. It further emphasizes the need to expand ABET provisioning from<br />
providing mere literacy and basic education programs to increasingly provide relevant and<br />
responsive skills programs in this sector. <strong>The</strong> beneficiaries of the program are the out of<br />
school youth and adults, specifically the historically disadvantaged.<br />
(v) Maths, Science and Technology: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Maths, Science and Technology strategy<br />
seeks to develop a numerically and mathematically literate, scientifically literate and<br />
technologically fluent society. This would inform the key focus areas for general and<br />
further education development in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, with the aim of empowering<br />
individuals to participate in the emerging knowledge and skills based economy. This would<br />
allow us to ultimately participate more competitively at national and international market<br />
levels. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> strategy on Maths, Science and Technology seeks to further<br />
encourage partnership with the private sector and the department of education continues<br />
to support educators to attain qualifications towards Bachelors of Science Degree in<br />
Mathematics and Science Education. Further, it seeks to assist learners in obtaining<br />
bursaries to study for Bachelor of Science and Engineering Degrees as well as the National<br />
Diploma in electronic engineering.<br />
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E.3 GENERAL SOCIO‐ECONOMIC INFORMATION<br />
E.3.1 SERVICE STANDARDS: HOUSING<br />
31<br />
<strong>The</strong>se refer to the following dwellings:<br />
• Traditional dwelling/hut/structure made of traditional materials.<br />
• Informal dwelling/shack in back yard.<br />
• Informal dwelling/shack not in back yard<br />
• Caravan or tent<br />
32<br />
<strong>The</strong>se refer to the following dwellings:<br />
• House or brick structure on a separate stand or yard<br />
• Flat in block of flats<br />
• Town/cluster/semi‐detached house (simplex, duplex, triplex)<br />
• House/flat/room in back yard<br />
• Room/flatlet not in back yard but on share property<br />
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Housing is one of the basic human needs that have profound impact on health, welfare, social<br />
attitudes and economic productivity of the individual. It is also one of the best indicators of a<br />
person’s standard of living and of his or her place in society. In achieving the Millennium<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Goals, the South African government is to ensure that its citizens live within good<br />
housing conditions. In order to achieve this goal, the government wants to eliminate all informal<br />
dwellings, bucket type of toilets, and ensure that all citizens have access to electricity for lighting,<br />
and access to clean, safe water within a reasonable distance (StatsSA, 2007). According to the<br />
Census 2005 and Community Survey 2007, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has 245 086 and 264 653<br />
households respectively (refer to Table E23 below):<br />
Table E.23: Number of households in the districts of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> for 2001 and 2007<br />
(Source: Community Survey, 2007).<br />
REGION CENSUS 2001<br />
(DECEMBER 2005)<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 245 086<br />
(991 919 persons)<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 44 218<br />
(191 539 persons)<br />
Namaqua 27 776<br />
(108 111)<br />
Pixley ka Seme 41 135<br />
(164 607 persons)<br />
Siyanda 48 100<br />
(202 160 persons)<br />
Frances Baard 83 857<br />
(325 503 persons)<br />
COMMUNITY SURVEY 2007<br />
264 653<br />
(1 058 060 persons)<br />
42 151<br />
(173 454 persons)<br />
36 437<br />
(126 494 persons)<br />
43 285<br />
(166 849 persons)<br />
59 893<br />
(238 063 persons)<br />
82 887<br />
(353 200 persons)<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below illustrates the percentages of households living in informal 31 and formal 32<br />
dwellings in South Africa.<br />
Table E.24: Households living in formal and informal dwellings in South Africa (Source:<br />
Community Survey, 2007).<br />
PROVINCES FORMAL DWELLINGS INFORMAL DWELLINGS<br />
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Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> 54.7% 8.0%<br />
Free State 71.0% 18.4%<br />
Gauteng 73.5% 22.7%<br />
KwaZulu‐Natal 60.5% 8.6%<br />
Limpopo 83.2% 5.6%<br />
Mpumalanga 77.0% 11.7%<br />
North West 66.5% 23.8%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 80.4% 10.5%<br />
Western <strong>Cape</strong> 83.4% 14.2%<br />
South Africa 70.6% 14.4%<br />
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Form the above table it is evident that 80.4% of households live in formal dwellings, it is more 10%<br />
higher than the South African average, and approximately 10% live in informal dwellings.<br />
According to the Community Survey (2007) fourteen of the 27 local municipalities had percentages<br />
below the provincial average regarding formal dwellings: Kai!Garib (67.7%), Dikgatlong (67.6%),<br />
Kgatelopele (66.4%), Gamagara (65.4%), Joe Morolong (65.5%), Magareng (80%), //Khara Hais<br />
(79.7%), Tsantsabane (73%), Khai‐Ma (74%), Ga‐segonyana (79.9%), !Kheis (70.4%), Phokwane<br />
(76.8%), Kamiesberg (77%) and Richtersveld (78.6%).<br />
Table E.25: General dwelling information of the district municipalities (Source: Community<br />
Survey, 2007).<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY FORMAL DWELLINGS INFORMAL DWELLINGS<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 70.9% 8.5%<br />
Namaqua 85.5% 5.1%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 93.9% 3.2%<br />
Siyanda 92.7% 6.4%<br />
Frances Baard 83.3% 13.3%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 80.4% 10.5%<br />
According to the Community Survey of 2007, there is a total housing backlog in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
of approximately 51 570 houses. Furthermore, the Community Survey 2007 estimates that there<br />
is currently 27 735 informal housing units and 24 174 traditional dwellings and backyard houses.<br />
In terms of the information provided by StatsSA, the total informal dwellings in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
was estimated to be 26 581 during the 1996 census and 26 601 during the 2001 Census (PGDS).<br />
Although the housing backlog is calculated at 51 750 dwelling units, a portion of the backlog was<br />
already addressed in the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 financial years, which leaves the province with<br />
a current backlog figure of 45 994. <strong>The</strong> housing backlog is made up of as follows:<br />
Table E.26: Household backlog per district municipality (Source: Community Survey, 2007).<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY TOTAL NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS NEED<br />
(COMMUNITY SURVEY, 2007)<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 36 439 5 259<br />
Namaqua 43 285 5 065<br />
Pixley ka Seme 59 891 15 419<br />
Siyanda 82 887 13 561<br />
Frances Baard 42 148 12 266<br />
TOTAL 264 650 51 570<br />
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According to the Community Survey, the area of the highest housing need is in Siyanda (30%),<br />
followed by Frances Baard (27%) and then John Taolo Gaetsewe (24%).<br />
In the 2009/2010 financial year, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> built 4 463 houses and serviced 1 794 sites in<br />
all the five districts of the province. Furthermore, 3 567 beneficiaries received title deeds. All<br />
housing beneficiaries received basic services of sanitation, water and electricity. In the 2010/2011<br />
financial year, the province will be able to only prioritise the upgrading of informal settlements<br />
both in urban and rural areas. It will deliver 2 739 homes and provide title deeds. <strong>The</strong> province<br />
will continuously link human settlement development to job creation, skills development, poverty<br />
reduction and local economic development in order to build sustainable human settlements 33 .<br />
<strong>The</strong> accurate long‐term planning and development of housing projects are hindered by the<br />
discrepancies between the 2001 Census estimates and the Community Survey of 2007. Due to the<br />
discrepancies it is important that a detailed housing survey and strategic plan be undertaken, and<br />
than national, provincial and local government spending on housing be adjusted in accordance<br />
with the findings of such a survey.<br />
E.3.2 SERVICE STANDARDS: SEWAGE REMOVAL<br />
Sewerage and sanitation are basic needs of communities which can pose serious health and<br />
hygiene risks for communities and the environment at large if not properly managed and<br />
monitored. Safe, hygienic and attractive toilets are the most obvious outcome of successful<br />
sanitation projects.<br />
As stated by the Centre for Public Service Sanitation (CPSI) (2004) 34 good sanitation is essential for<br />
the dignity, health and well‐being of everyone. Good sanitation extends far beyond access to an<br />
acceptable toilet and the safe disposal of human waste, it includes practices that support good<br />
hygiene and a healthy living environment. Sanitation improvement is about more than providing a<br />
toilet infrastructure. It has a major public and primary health component, and calls for close co‐<br />
ordination between technical, health and social development personnel. Sanitation also straddles<br />
several sectors – housing and settlement development, water services, water resource and<br />
environment management, primary and preventative health care, education, local economic<br />
development, municipal finance, and so on.<br />
Good toilets are necessary, but not sufficient, for managing human waste safely. Cholera, for<br />
example, can be spread through poor hygiene, even where there are good water and sanitation<br />
facilities. Diarrhoeal diseases spread through poor sanitation and hygiene kill more children under<br />
five than just about any other single cause. Worms, parasites and faecal‐oral diseases cause<br />
lasting damage to the growth and development of small children, and undermine the<br />
development potential of our country. Poor sanitation raises particular risks for people who are<br />
HIV positive as their immune systems are less resistant to infections and disease. Good sanitation<br />
is about putting barriers in place to prevent the transmission of disease‐causing organisms found<br />
in waste (CPSI, 2004).<br />
33<br />
http://www.northerncapebusiness.co.za/government‐departments/598627.htm ‐ accessed on 14 September<br />
2011.<br />
34<br />
CPSI, 2004: Sanitation: Innovation Insights. www.cpsi.co.za<br />
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<strong>The</strong> district and local municipalities are primarily responsible for the delivery of bulk<br />
infrastructure, such as water services, sanitation, waste water treatment works, and reticulation<br />
systems and electrification. Two critical challenges to accelerating basic services are the lack of<br />
critical infrastructure in rural areas and the proliferation of informal settlements in urban areas.<br />
<strong>The</strong> population of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> which is mainly rural in nature, still experiences delays due<br />
to the lack of bulk infrastructure in their areas. A key assumption informing the review of the<br />
inter‐governmental fiscal system is that resource allocation of local government is not sufficient.<br />
<strong>The</strong> poor state of bulk infrastructure in some municipalities, particularly the water services,<br />
sanitation and sewage treatment plants, indicates a need for a much tighter enforcement of a<br />
regulatory framework backed by more appropriate delegations (PGDS). In the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>,<br />
approximately 57% of all households have access to appropriate sanitation (a flush or chemical<br />
toilet). <strong>The</strong> Siyanda District has the highest number of households to have access to appropriate<br />
sanitation, whilst the John Taolo Gaetsewe has the lowest at 27.7% and the Pixley ka Seme has the<br />
second lowest number of households with proper sanitation services. <strong>The</strong> table below illustrates<br />
the household access to appropriate sanitation services per district in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
Table E.27: Household Access to appropriate sanitation per district, 2007 (Source: Community<br />
Survey, 2007).<br />
AREA PERCENTAGE OF APPROPRIATE SANITATION<br />
South Africa 52.8%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 57.0%<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 27.7%<br />
Namaqua 61.9%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 52.2%<br />
Siyanda 66.9%<br />
Frances Baard 66.5%<br />
It is evident that the access of sanitation services in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is however 4.2% higher<br />
than the national average which is at 52.8%.<br />
Table E.28: Standard of Sewage Removal per district municipality (Source: Community Survey,<br />
2007).<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe<br />
(42 151)<br />
Namaqua<br />
(36 437)<br />
Pixley ka Seme<br />
(43 285)<br />
Siyanda<br />
(59 893)<br />
Frances Baard<br />
(82 887)<br />
SEWAGE REMOVAL<br />
SANITATION AVAILABILITY PER HOUSEHOLD<br />
Flush Dry toilet Pit with Pit without Chemical Bucket None<br />
ventilation ventilation<br />
14 222 6 907 6 550 9 302 67 186 4 917<br />
26 537 4 785 2 466 507 100 880 1 161<br />
29 568 1 179 2 907 1 973 256 4 920 2 483<br />
42 597 1 814 4 081 2 364 42 2 950 6 045<br />
66 224 1 671 4 505 3 605 390 2 813 3 680<br />
Approximately 7% of all households in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have no sewage removal facilities, and<br />
the Pixley ka Seme has the highest number of households with the bucket system in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
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<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
December 2011<br />
<strong>Cape</strong>. In 2007/2008, the Department of Housing and Local Government allocated an amount of R1<br />
million for bucket eradication in Pixely ka Seme.<br />
In 2007/2008, the South African government allocated R1 billion for the eradication of the bucket<br />
system under the Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG) program. However, this amount of money<br />
has proved to be apparently insufficient due to unexpected challenges encountered by<br />
municipalities during the implementation of bucket eradication projects.<br />
It is evident from the Community Survey (2007) that in the entire <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, from 2001 to<br />
2007, the bucket system has decreased from 10% to 4.4%; households with no toilets has<br />
decreased from 13.1% to 6.9%; and households with pit latrines have decreased from 18.4% to<br />
14.4%%. However, since the eradication of the bucket system is a national priority, more<br />
emphasis should be placed on budgetary allocation to increase flush and chemical toilets for<br />
households.<br />
In the John Taolo Gaetsewe SDF (2007) it is stated that eco‐toilets should be invested as a<br />
sanitation provision option in the district, but also in the Province as a whole because water is a<br />
scarce resources not only on provincial but also on national level. Flush toilets are thus becoming<br />
more of a luxury and alternative sanitation should only contribute to minimising/preventing<br />
ground water pollution, but should be capable of totally eliminating any possibilities thereof.<br />
Furthermore, in government sanitation programs the main focus has been on the provision of<br />
waterborne sanitation or Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) toilets since they are the minimum RDP<br />
standard regarding sanitation. VIP toilets are able to provide an extremely effective sanitation<br />
solution to the vast majority of rural and peri‐urban households. <strong>The</strong> Mvula Trust 35 has<br />
implemented the VIP toilet design widely in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, especially in the John Taolo<br />
Gaetsewe Municipality. <strong>The</strong> VIP toilet have unfortunately also the stigma of being a ‘poor man’s<br />
solution’ to the sanitation backlog, which has tarnished the image of this basically sound<br />
technology.<br />
Table E.29: Top sewage concerns per district municipality of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source:<br />
Community Survey, 2007).<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SEWAGE CONCERNS<br />
Johan Taolo Gaetsewe • Overall, pit latrines without ventilation occurs moist in the district, followed by flush<br />
toilets connected to sewerage systems.<br />
• Doubts have been raised on the environmental acceptability of the VIP toilet,<br />
especially in terms of its potential to contribute to ground water pollution.<br />
Namaqua • <strong>The</strong> remote villages and small farm settlements are mostly unserviced, and this is<br />
challenging due to the dispersed nature of settlements and poor availability of<br />
general infrastructure.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> topography of certain areas is also cites as challenge to basic services.<br />
Pixley ka Seme • Appropriate sanitation is at 52.2% considering the provincial average of 57%.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Bo Karoo area (previous DMA) has very poor service and infrastructure levels.<br />
Siyanda • <strong>The</strong> majority of households have access to basic services in the district.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> appropriate sanitation is at 66.9% for the district.<br />
35<br />
<strong>The</strong> Mvula Trust is South Africa’s leading water and sanitation NGO. Its mission is to improve the health and<br />
livelihoods of poor and disadvantaged South Africans using community‐based approaches to facilitate the<br />
delivery of integrated and sustainable water, sanitation and related services while ensuring that people’s voices<br />
are heard. http://www.mvula.co.za/<br />
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Frances Baard • Approximately 20% of households do not have access to adequate sanitation.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> households still requiring adequate sanitation are likely to the most<br />
marginalised, spatially and sociio‐economicially.<br />
• According to the Frances Baard SDF (2007), alternative sanitation systems should<br />
be investigated such as methane gas digesters, biolytic, or enviro‐loos. <strong>The</strong><br />
advantage of methane gas digesters is that they are serving permanent residential<br />
populations (i.e. not holiday residents) and they also provide an energy source for<br />
other uses such as cooking. All three of the systems have the added advantage in<br />
that they are waterless.<br />
E.3.3 SERVICE STANDARDS: WATER RETICULATION<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is known as province where water is scare. Several communities are<br />
experiencing water shortages, and economic development relies on water being available. A total<br />
of 280 communities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are dependent on groundwater which affects 465 000<br />
people (DWAF, 2008) 36 . Water services delivery is performed by 31 Water Services Authorities in<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> via 155 drinking water supply systems. <strong>The</strong> total design water capacity<br />
available is approximately 577.5 million litres per day, but the average output volume is<br />
approximately 402.1 million litres per day (DWAF, 2011) 37 .<br />
According to the LED Strategy approximately 93.5% of households have access to piped water, and<br />
most municipalities provide 6 kl free basic water per household per month (refer to Table E.27<br />
below). Municipalities that provide more than 6kl free basic water per month to indigent<br />
households are Sol Plaatjie, //Khara Hais, Magareng, Gamagara and Karoo Hoogland. Only<br />
Kamiesberg provides less than 6 kl free water per month. In municipalities where water is not<br />
metered, such as parts of Ga‐Segonyana and in Joe Morolong, consumers are not charged for<br />
water consumption, and thus all receive water for free.<br />
Table E.30: Percentage of Household Access to Piped Water on district level, 2007 (Source: LED<br />
Strategy, 2007).<br />
AREA PERCENTAGE OF PIPED WATER<br />
South Africa 81.3%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 93.5%<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 78.2%<br />
Namaqua 91.6%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 93.3%<br />
Siyanda 89.4%<br />
Frances Baard 95.3%<br />
According to the table above, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s percentage of households that have access to<br />
piped water is approximately 93.5%, its 12.2% higher than the national average. Frances Baard<br />
has the highest households that have access to piped water and the John Taolo Gaetsewe has the<br />
lowest percentage.<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below of the Community Survey (2007) illustrates the standard of water reticulation for<br />
2001 and 2007 for the district municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. It is evident that access to<br />
running water in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has improved by 0.4% from 2001 to 2007, and that<br />
36 DWAF, 2008: Regional and internal bulk water services: <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> summary report.<br />
37 http://www.dwa.gov.za/Documents/BD/BDNC.pdf ‐ accessed on 13 September 2011.<br />
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approximately 94.4% people have access to piped water. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is above the national<br />
average of South Africa which was 84.5% (2001) and 88.6% (2007). <strong>The</strong> John Taolo Gaetsewe<br />
district’s access to piped water has increased by 9.3%, whilst the rest of districts all showed a small<br />
decline in 2007, but they are still above the national average.<br />
Table E.31: Standard of Water Reticulation (2001 and 2007) (Source: Community Survey, 2007)<br />
WATER RETICULATION<br />
NUMBER OF PERCENTAGES OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH ACCESS TO RUNNING WATER<br />
John Taolo Namaqua Pixley ka Siyanda Frances <strong>Northern</strong><br />
Gaetsewe<br />
Seme<br />
Baard <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Piped water inside<br />
dwelling<br />
14.4 47.4<br />
CENSUS 2001<br />
32.5 35.8 40.3 34.3<br />
Piped water inside<br />
yard<br />
13.7 39.2 48.5 43.5 41.2 37.7<br />
Public tap<br />
< 200m<br />
25.2 5.7 8.8 8.2 7.7 10.9<br />
Public tap<br />
>200m<br />
29.3 3.6 7.3 7.3 7.9 11.1<br />
TOTAL Piped water 82.6 95.9 97.1 94.8 97.1 94.0<br />
COMMUNITY SURVEY 2007<br />
Piped water inside<br />
dwelling<br />
23.0 64.4 51.4 51.9 55.3 50.0<br />
Piped water inside<br />
yard<br />
19.1 28.0 39.2 33.0 30.4 30.3<br />
Piped water form<br />
access point outside<br />
the yard<br />
49.8 3.1 4.7 7.9 10.2 14.1<br />
TOTAL Piped water 91.9 95.5 95.3 92.8 95.9 94.4<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS states that several municipalities realised that they could not address the water and<br />
sanitation needs without upgrading or refurbishment of the water treatment works and the sewer<br />
treatment works. This has a serious effect on the pace at which backlogs are addressed. <strong>The</strong><br />
province is currently three years from the target date and an action plan is required to ensure that<br />
all role‐players are aligned and challenges addressed to achieve the targets.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are serious discrepancies between the data of the Community Survey 2007, and LED<br />
Strategy. For instance, the LED Strategy indicates an estimate of 78.2% for access to piped water<br />
for the John Taolo Gaetsewe while the Community Survey (2007) states a figure of 91.9%, which is<br />
a difference of 13.7%. Due to the discrepancies between the LED Strategy and the Community<br />
Survey, it is important that a detailed study is undertaken pertaining to access to water in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong> Census 2011 will provide better information and data.<br />
E.3.3.1 BLUE DROP STATUS<br />
<strong>The</strong> Blue Drop Certification system is a campaign by the Department of Water Affairs that<br />
encourages local municipalities to improve their water quality management while empowering<br />
consumers with the right information approximately what is coming out of their taps. Water<br />
Services Authorities that are to be awarded Blue Drop Status are required to comply with 95% of<br />
the weighted criteria in the biannual assessment as prepared by the Department of Water Affairs.<br />
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<strong>The</strong> Blue Drop results for 2011 indicate that municipal drinking water quality management in<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> vary from excellent to good, with 4 systems that need attention, as indicated in the<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> Performance log. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is taking a position amongst the lower performing<br />
provinces in the country. <strong>The</strong> overall provincial Blue Drop score is estimated as 62.07%. However,<br />
a continued increase is noted from 2009 and is still continuing to 2011. This trend represents one<br />
of the more progressive inclines in Blue Drop performances in the country. Blue Drop certificates<br />
have been awarded to in 2011:<br />
• Frances Baard District Municipality for the Koopmansfontein System (95%).<br />
• Kgatelopele Local Municipality for the Danielskuil System (95%).<br />
E.3.3.2 WATER NEEDS ON FORMAL AND INFORMAL STANDS<br />
Municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> were requested to indicate where the water needs on formal<br />
and informal stands are situated. Based on the information obtained the water needs on formal<br />
stands are currently at 6 071, and on informal stands 3 426.<br />
Table E.32: Water needs in the district municipalities of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: PGDS).<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY NEEDS<br />
NEEDS<br />
FORMAL<br />
INFORMAL<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 5 560 770<br />
Namaqua 252 131<br />
Pixley ka Seme 72 667<br />
Siyanda 588 575<br />
Frances Baard 229 1 282<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 6 701 3 425<br />
Since 2008, the water needs on formal stands decreased with 1 905 while the water needs on<br />
informal stands increased with 773 households. <strong>The</strong> increase can be due to the establishment of<br />
new informal settlements. <strong>The</strong> total cost to eradicate the household water needs were calculated<br />
at R13 000 per household and it is estimated that the total cost will be approximately R87 million.<br />
Table E.33: Top water concerns per district municipality of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: PGDS).<br />
DISTRICT<br />
WATER/PIPED WATER CONCERNS<br />
MUNICIPALITY<br />
Johan Taolo<br />
• Households in general have good access to piped water, except Joe Morolong<br />
Gaetsewe<br />
Municipality.<br />
Namaqua • <strong>The</strong> villages and small farm settlements are remote and are relatively unserviced.<br />
• Poor infrastructure although 91.6% of the households have access to piped water.<br />
Pixley ka Seme • Feasibility studies are required to investigate alternatives to provide additional water.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Pixley ka Seme region is heavy dependent on groundwater to supply<br />
community/household water needs<br />
• A temporary or permanent shallow ground table exists which serves as a water supply<br />
for the population and may be easily polluted.<br />
Siyanda • Approximately 89.4% of all households have access to piped water.<br />
Frances Baard • It is estimated that 95.3% have access to piped water.<br />
• According to the Frances Baard SDF (2007), an investigation into the extent to which<br />
alternative technology such as rainwater harvesting, combined with grey and black<br />
water recycling could contribute to reduce water costs, and particularly the ongoing<br />
operation costs from conventional systems is required.<br />
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Water demand management is meant to be strategy that stresses making better use of water<br />
already available due to a reduction in physical and/or economic waste. <strong>The</strong> need for water<br />
demand management (WDM) is essential and should enjoy a high priority, and the needs must be<br />
balanced with efficiency and sustainability objectives. All districts in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have<br />
settlements with great water shortages that could be addressed through regional bulk water<br />
schemes (DWAF, 2008):<br />
a) In the John Taolo Gatesewe district, Joe Morolong municipality experiences water<br />
problems.<br />
b) In the Frances Baard district, only Holpan is known to have a shortage of water.<br />
c) In the Namaqua district, the water resources challenges exist in the Kamiesberg<br />
Municipality as well in Port Nolloth, Witbank and in Calvinia.<br />
d) Siyanda district has several communities with water problems, especially Kenhardt, Mier<br />
and Riemvasmaak.<br />
e) In the Pixley ka Seme district several communities are experiencing water problems, and<br />
most towns rely on groundwater. Providing water to these communities will affect the<br />
neighbouring communities’ water supply and hence challenges are investigated in an<br />
integrated approach.<br />
E.3.4 SERVICE STANDARDS: TELECOMMUNICATIONS<br />
South Africa’s telecommunications network is the largest and most developed in Africa, and ranks<br />
ahead of countries such as China, Italy and India as stated in the World Economic Forum’s Global<br />
Technology Report 2007/08. A reliable and cost‐effective telecommunications sector is vital for<br />
economic growth. According to a report published in 2007 by the Human Sciences Research<br />
Council, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> registered only slightly below the national average in terms of the<br />
general population’s access to landlines.<br />
One in five (22.4%) of households in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> were found to have landline access,<br />
compared to the 23.1% of South Africa’s average. This places the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> ahead of the<br />
North West, Mpumalanga, Limpopo and the Eastern <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong>se figures are higher in the urban<br />
regions of the province, with Kimberley for example, mentioned alongside <strong>Cape</strong> Town,<br />
Johannesburg and Durban for its higher concentration of households with access to a landline,<br />
superior infrastructure and service options (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business, 2011).<br />
In the rural communities access is low, with households and individuals primarily relying on mobile<br />
phones for their telecommunications needs. Telkom remains the primary fixed‐line<br />
communications provider in South Africa and in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Vodacom remains the market<br />
leader in mobile phones, followed by MTN and Cell C. In the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, approximately 61.8%<br />
of households have access to a mobile phone (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business, 2011). Household access<br />
to telecommunication facilities is summarised by the table below:<br />
Table E.34: Percentage of household access to telecommunication facilities per district (Source:<br />
Community Survey, 2007 as cited in the PGDS).<br />
AREA ACCESS TO CELL ACCESS TO ACCESS TO TELEPHONE<br />
PHONE<br />
INTERNET<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 61.8% 5.4% 22.4%<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 70.3% 2.8% 10.2%<br />
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Namaqua 56.6% 5.1% 31.5%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 55.6% 4.9% 21.5%<br />
Siyanda 57.8% 4.4% 20.3%<br />
Frances Baard 65.9% 7.8% 26.4%<br />
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It is evident from the above table that Frances Baard has the most percentages of household<br />
access to cell phones, internet and telephone. Furthermore, all district municipalities have<br />
households were the access to mobile phones far outweighs access to landlines and telephones.<br />
However, the access to internet is very limited and needs improvement since the information age<br />
and technology acquires internet access.<br />
Although most households have access to cell phones, only 5.4% of households have access to the<br />
Internet. According to the LED Strategy, Telkom’s strategy over the past few years has been to<br />
focus on its delivery only in the ‘high growth residential areas’. <strong>The</strong>refore, it could be argued that<br />
until the capital costs of establishing fixed‐line infrastructure are reduced, the province will<br />
continue to suffer from poor access to fixed lines and the local population will continue relying on<br />
cell phone providers to offer them a means of communications.<br />
E.3.5 SERVICE STANDARDS: ROADS AND STREETS<br />
Transport is a supportive sector which plays a key role in meeting objectives such as economic<br />
growth, improved access to employment opportunities and increased social integration.<br />
Transport, both public and private, is a primary spatial structuring element providing access and<br />
mobility to both urban and rural communities. One of the underlying success factors of any<br />
regional economy relates to the movement of goods, people and services. It is important that the<br />
role and functioning of the different modes of transport and the impact on the infrastructure are<br />
clearly understood in order to focus different investment on the areas of opportunity and need.<br />
E.3.5.1 MODE OF TRANSPORT<br />
According to the table below, the largest portion of the population approximately 65% travels to<br />
school and work by foot, of which the African population (33.6%) and Coloured population (29.4%)<br />
are biggest groups. More than 17% of the population in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> travel by car, either as<br />
passenger or driver. Approximately 63.6% of all drivers of a car come from the white population<br />
group, whilst only 32.7% of whites travel by passenger in a car.<br />
Table E.35: Availibility of transport (Source: SA Census, 2005).<br />
MODE OF TRANSPORT AFRICAN/ COLOURED INDIAN/ WHITE TOTAL<br />
BLACK<br />
ASIAN<br />
On foot 161 599 141 666 396 13 541 317 202<br />
Bicycle 2 580 2 861 11 2 427 7 879<br />
Motorcycle 423 426 3 654 1 506<br />
Car as driver 5 477 9 605 410 27 112 42 604<br />
Car as a passenger 11 841 15 668 431 13 589 41 529<br />
Minibus/taxi 19 915 11 566 76 955 32 512<br />
Bus 13 038 13 434 27 2 407 28 906<br />
Train 448 341 7 86 882<br />
Other 3 755 3 820 13 321 7 909<br />
*Approximately 510 990 people are not applicable to this sector, it includes children etc.<br />
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Public transport which includes travelling by bus, taxi and train is the third most popular mode of<br />
transport at approximately 13% of the total. <strong>The</strong> African (7%) and Coloured (6.5%) population are<br />
the largest users of public transport.<br />
<strong>The</strong> lack of effective transportation systems is one of the major problems that hinders the full<br />
development of rural areas. It restricts the mobility of communities and thereby decreases the<br />
opportunity to participate in activities necessary for socio‐economic development. This lack of<br />
opportunity in turn maintains, if not actually produces, many of the social and economic problems<br />
characteristic of rural areas (PGDS).<br />
E.3.6 SERVICE STANDARDS: REFUSE REMOVAL<br />
Refuse removal and management are of the most critical issues in municipal service delivery and<br />
can have seriously adverse implications for the environment if refuse is not collected and disposed<br />
of properly. It entails the collection of household and industrial refuse and the management<br />
thereof to such a standard that no negative environmental influences occur. Legislation, defining<br />
refuse types, e.g. hazardous and non‐hazardous, and their management, the selection criteria for<br />
establishing waste disposal erven, site registration, etc., needs to be strictly adhered to. Strictly<br />
speaking, the establishment of cemeteries also resort under waste disposal erven, with basically<br />
the same legislation applicable. Refuse not disposed of at a recognised (registered) waste disposal<br />
site is considered illegal dumping (John Taolo Gaetsewe SDF, 2007). .<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are 130 waste disposal sites in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province, of these 130 sites, 84 are<br />
municipal sites, 46 are mine or privately owned; 85 are permitted, while 45 are not permitted 38 .<br />
According to the PGDS, 23.1% of households in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are without access to adequate<br />
refuse collection services.<br />
According to the LED Strategy approximately 62.2% of households in the province have refuse<br />
removed by a local authority (refer to Table E32 below). In 2007, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
refuse removal average was 7.8% higher than the South African average of 54.8%. Gauteng at<br />
80.9% and the Western <strong>Cape</strong> at 87.6% were first and second respectively with the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
sitting at third regarding refuse removal in the country (LED Strategy). Furthermore, John Taolo<br />
Gaetsewe has the lowest refuse removal in the province with Frances Baard the best at 77.4%.<br />
Table E.36: Household refuse removal by local authority, 2007 (Source: Community Survey, 2007<br />
as cited in the PGDS).<br />
AREA REFUSE REMOVAL BY<br />
LOCAL AUTHORITY<br />
South Africa 54.8%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 62.6%<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 22.0%<br />
Namaqua 70.9%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 67.7%<br />
Siyanda 63.7%<br />
Frances Baard 77.4%<br />
38<br />
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From the table below it is evident that in 2007, more than 72% of all households had their refuse<br />
removed by the local authority and/or private company. This estimate is 10% higher than the<br />
estimate given by the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province. However, it is clear from the Community Survey<br />
that only 3% have no refuse disposal, with Frances Baard having the largest households with no<br />
refuge removal. Furthermore, in general the refuse disposal facilities have increased for all district<br />
municipalities from 2001 to 2007.<br />
Table E.37: Households by type of refuse disposal of district municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
(2001 and 2007) (Source: Community Survey, 2007).<br />
DISTRICT REMOVED BY LOCAL AUTHORITY/PRIVATE<br />
NO REFUSE DISPOSAL<br />
MUNICIPALITIES<br />
COMPANY<br />
CENSUS 2001 COMMUNITY CENSUS 2001 COMMUNITY<br />
SURVEY<br />
2007<br />
SURVEY 2007<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 19.9 31.0 9.5 3.1<br />
Namaqua 75.6 88.5 2.5 0.8<br />
Pixley ka Seme 70.9 80.1 3.1 2.4<br />
Siyanda 65.0 72.9 2.1 3.3<br />
Frances Baard 75.3 81.2 5.5 4.0<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 62.6 72.1 4.8 3.0<br />
E.3.7 SERVICE STANDARDS: ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY<br />
According to the LED Strategy, all municipalities provide free basic electricity to households with<br />
electricity connections and most indigent households receive 50 KwH per month. Exceptions are<br />
Nama Khoi that provides 6 KwH, <strong>The</strong>mbelihle 20 KwH, Siyathemba 54 KwH and Mier provides<br />
more than the required 55 KwH. Furthermore, the LED Strategy states that 70% of all households<br />
in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have access to electricity.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Statistics South Africa and the Community Survey (2007) differentiates between the<br />
percentage of households using electricity for lighting, cooking, and heating. According to the<br />
Community Survey (2007) the following percentages per province of households that used<br />
electricity for lighting, cooking and heating in 2007 (refer to the table below).<br />
Table E.38: Households using electricity for lighting, cooking and heating of the provinces in South<br />
Africa (Source: Community Survey, 2007).<br />
EASTERN<br />
CAPE<br />
FREE<br />
STATE<br />
GAUTENG KWAZUL<br />
U‐NATAL<br />
LIMPOPO MPUMA‐<br />
LANGA<br />
NORTH<br />
WEST<br />
NORTHERN<br />
CAPE<br />
WESTERN<br />
CAPE<br />
Lighting 65.9 86.6 83.3 71.5 81.2 82.2 82.5 86.8 93.9<br />
Cooking 45.3 75.2 81.3 61.0 40.3 55.7 65.8 77.2 88.8<br />
Heating 29.3 54.6 76.7 56.9 36.8 45.0 58.9 64.9 80.0<br />
In 2007, the percentage of households in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> using electricity for lighting, cooking<br />
and heating is higher than the national average of 80.0%, 66.5% and 58.8% respectively.<br />
According to the LED Strategy approximately 70.0% of all households in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have<br />
access to electricity, this is higher than the national average of 66.2% (refer to Table E.35 below).<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe has the lowest percentage of household access to electricity with the<br />
Namaqua (74.7%) the highest percentage access to electricity. Except for John Taolo Gaetsewe all<br />
the other district municipalities have a household access of electricity higher than the national<br />
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average. According to the LED Strategy, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s household access to electricity is<br />
better than Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> (45.5%), Free State (68.3%), KwaZulu‐Natal (59.3%), North West (68.9%),<br />
Mpumalanga (64.5%), and Limpopo (58.6%).<br />
Table E.39: Household Access of electricity services on district level, 2007 (Source: Community<br />
Survey, 2007 as cited in the LED Strategy).<br />
REGION PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD ACCESS<br />
South Africa 66.2%<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> 70.0%<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 57.9%<br />
Namaqua 74.7%<br />
Pixley ka Seme 71.9%<br />
Siyanda 72.1%<br />
Frances Baard 72.5%<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below illustrates that for 2007 in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, most households use electricity for<br />
lighting (86.77%), followed by cooking (77.20%) and heating (64.89%). It is also apparent<br />
approximately 10% of all households use wood for cooking and 24.5% for heating purposes.<br />
Table E.40: Provision of Electricity for entire <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: Community Survey, 2007).<br />
ELECTRICITY<br />
Availability of Electricity for Lighting, Cooking and Heating<br />
LIGHTING COOKING HEATING<br />
Energy Source Households % Households % Households %<br />
Electricity 229 641 86.77% 204 338 77.20% 171 757 64.89%<br />
Gas 687 0.25% 10 810 4.08% 3 338 1.26%<br />
Paraffin 6 133 2.3% 21 105 7.97% 14 933 5.64%<br />
Candles 25 189 9.51% ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐<br />
Wood ‐ 26 478 10.0% 64 934 24.5%<br />
Coal ‐ 598 0.22% 2 780 1.05%<br />
Animal dung ‐ 276 0.10% 504 0.19%<br />
Solar 1 380 0.52% 509 0.19% 455 0.17%<br />
Other 1 623 0.61% 540 0.20% 5 949 2.24%<br />
TOTAL 264 653 100 264 654 100 264 650 100<br />
Electrification of households is speeding up in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. A good deal of progress has<br />
been made in bringing services to the citizens of the province in South Africa with the most<br />
remote communities. <strong>The</strong> National Department of Energy has set the date 2012 for achieving<br />
universal access to services and 15 priority municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have been<br />
identified for connections to the grid in 2011.<br />
E.3.8 SERVICE STANDARDS: HEALTH<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province has 15 hospitals, 25 community hospitals and community health<br />
centres and 136 fixed clinics. <strong>The</strong> vision of the Department of Health in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is to<br />
‘achieve excellent, holistic, people‐centred and affordable health care in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’. <strong>The</strong><br />
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<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Department of Health in its Vision 2014 highlighted a number of objectives for the<br />
year 2014:<br />
• Expand sites for the comprehensive plan for HIV/AIDS Care, Management and Treatment in<br />
all districts.<br />
• Increase access to specialised care by developing Upington and De Aar into full secondary<br />
level hospitals.<br />
• Ensure that Emergency Medical Services (EMS) respond to emergency calls within 15<br />
minutes in urban areas and 40 minutes in rural areas with a well‐equipped fleet that is<br />
staffed by skilled and caring personnel.<br />
• Build 30 new district hospitals<br />
• Build 20 new community health centres<br />
• Build 130 clinics replacing old ones<br />
• Build new secondary and tertiary hospitals<br />
<strong>The</strong> Extended Program on Immunisation (EPI) aims to prevent and reduce childhood illnesses that<br />
cab be prevented by immunisation. Immunisation against polio, measles, diphtheria, whooping<br />
cough (pertussis), tetanus, hepatitis B, haemophilia influenza type B and TB remain the most cost<br />
effective health intervention currently available. In 2007, the immunisation status of children in<br />
South Africa (under the age of one) fully immunised was 97.3%, which was higher than the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (90%) (LED Strategy). <strong>The</strong> status of health of a population is directly related to and<br />
indicative of the socio‐economic conditions and the environment. According to the Health<br />
Systems Trust (2009) 39 the facilities and beds in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is as follows:<br />
Table E.41: <strong>The</strong> number of public facilities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (Source: Health Systems<br />
Trust, 2009).<br />
NUMBER OF HEALTH FACILITIES AND NUMBER OF PUBLIC SECTOR<br />
NUMBER OF PRIVATE SECTOR<br />
BEDS<br />
FACILITIES (2009) AND BEDS (2009) FACILITIES AND BEDS (2009)<br />
Clinics 126<br />
Community Health Centres 24<br />
Mobile Services 32<br />
District Hospital 18<br />
Regional Hospital 2<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> Tertiary Hospital 0<br />
Central Hospital 0<br />
Specialised Hospital 3<br />
Private hospitals 4<br />
Beds 1 922 335<br />
<strong>The</strong> top causes of death per 100 000 people in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are respiratory, natural/non‐<br />
natural causes, cardio‐vascular, notifiable medical conditions, cardio‐vascular, carcinoma, gastro‐<br />
intestinal, blood disease, birth complications and circulatory. <strong>The</strong>se differ significantly from those<br />
for the rest of the country. <strong>The</strong> province’s epidemiological profile dictates the government to put<br />
much effort on implementing the strategies that reduce HIV/AIDS and TB incidences.<br />
According to the Frances Baard SDF (2007) the provincial maternal health estimate of 167.2 per<br />
100 000 in 2003/2004 is higher than the national estimate of 123.7 per 100 000 live births in 2003.<br />
Maternal deaths are due to oedema, proteinuira and hypertension disorders in pregnant women.<br />
39 Health Systems Trust 2008/2009: <strong>The</strong> District Health Barometer 2008/09. HealthLink. http://www.hst.org.za/<br />
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<strong>The</strong> PGDS states that child mortality forms 11% of the total provincial mortality, and the three top<br />
causes of death for the ages of 0 to 14 years are intestinal infectious diseases (18.7%), influenza<br />
and pneumonia (8.6%) and respiratory and cardiovascular disordes specific to peri‐natal projects<br />
(8.2%). <strong>The</strong> increase in HIV/AIDS prevalence in the age group 20 to 34 years is a sign that the<br />
economically active population is under threat, and it is therefore critical that the province<br />
through its partners put much effort to reduce the rate of HIV and TB infections in this age group<br />
and also prolong the lives of the infected. According to the LED Strategy, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> had a<br />
lower HIV/AIDS prevalence (7.7%) than South Africa (12.4%) in 2007.<br />
Table E.42: Top ten causes of death in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: StatsSA as cited in the PGDS).<br />
Top ten causes of death, 2000 (MRC % Top ten causes of death, 2008 (StatsSA %<br />
Report)<br />
Report)<br />
HIV and AIDS 13.9 Tuberculosis 11.6<br />
Stroke 8.7 Influenza and Pneumonia 6.5<br />
Ischaemic heart disease 8.7 Intestinal infectious diseases 4.9<br />
Tuberculosis 7.4 Other forms of heart diseases 4.3<br />
Lower respiratory infections 4.8 Cerebrovascular diseases 4.1<br />
Homicide/Violence 4.8 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 3.5<br />
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 4.4 HIV 2.8<br />
Hypertensive heart diseases 3.6 Hypertensive diseases 2.7<br />
Diarrheal diseases 3.5 Diabetes mellitus 2.7<br />
Road traffic accidents 2.8 Certain disorders involving the immune<br />
mechanism<br />
2.6<br />
Other natural causes 45.9<br />
Non‐Natural 8.4<br />
<strong>The</strong> enormity of the HIV and AIDS challenge in Africa and in South Africa is unique thus making<br />
implementation models from other continents difficult to replicate in Africa. Research shows<br />
there is a high level of HIV/AIDS awareness in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Already in 1999, it was found<br />
that almost every one of the 4 000 youths interviewed had heard of HIV/AIDS. In 2002, the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> had the highest percentages of respondents (78%) who know where to obtain<br />
Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) services. However, this is not always the case for those<br />
people living on farms in the province (Pixley ka Seme SDF, 2007).<br />
During 2005/2006 a total of 37 223 people received pre‐test counselling, and over 38 000 people<br />
tested for HIV/AIDS at <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> public health facilities between January and December<br />
2006. This is a testing rate of 51.7% per 1000 people in Frances Baard, 19.1 per 1000 tested in<br />
Namaqua. <strong>The</strong> Pixley ka Seme is 50.9 persons per 1000, which is almost as high as in Frances<br />
Baard at 51.7.<br />
In fact, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is the province with the third lowest HIV/AIDS prevalence in South<br />
Africa – Western <strong>Cape</strong> has 5.9% and Limpopo has 6.8%. Furthermore, in 2007, the percentage of<br />
HIV/AIDS prevalence of district municipalities is as follows:<br />
• Johan Taolo Gaetsewe District had the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence at 9.7%. <strong>The</strong> Ga‐<br />
Segonyana Local Municipality has a 10.3% prevalence of HIV/AIDS.<br />
• Namaqua District has the lowest (5.1%) prevalence of HIV/AIDS with the Khai‐Ma being the<br />
local municipality with highest HIV/AIDS prevalence at 8.3%.<br />
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• Pixley ka Seme has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of 5.9% with the Umsobomvu Local Municipality<br />
with a HIV/AIDS prevalence of 7.7%.<br />
• Siyanda District has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of 6.6% with the Tsantasabane and Kgatelopele<br />
Local Municipalities having a HIV/AIDS prevalence of 8.3% and 8.4% respectively.<br />
• Frances Baard has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of approximately 9.1% but all the local<br />
municipalities have a HIV/AIDS prevalence of greater than 8.6%.<br />
In 1994, all forms of TB were the scourge of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong> South African Health Systems<br />
Trust found that during the period 1998‐2006, TB in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> was almost 30% higher<br />
than the national average. One of the many results of seasonal and migrant working is the<br />
increase of the TB defaulter rate. <strong>The</strong> incidence rate has increased to 665.4 per 100 000 in 2006<br />
from 300 per 100 000 in 1998. According to TB case smear treatments, the Pixley ka Seme has<br />
8.7%, the Frances Baard has 6%, followed by Siyanda, John Taolo Gaetsewe and Namaqua at 5.9%,<br />
4.1% and 2.1%, respectively.<br />
However, the HIV/AIDS prevalence of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> increased from 0.9% in 1995 to 7.7% in<br />
2007. Since 1997, TB has been and is still the leading cause of death in the province. According to<br />
the PGDS TB is still the number one killer disease in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, and improved TB<br />
surveillance and intensified case finding activities have contributed to increased number of TB<br />
cases over the past 5 years. Most of the cases are from Frances Baard and Siyanda with Namaqua<br />
having diagnosed the least of the cases.<br />
Despite the fact that there is an increase in the number of new TB cases cured at first attempt, the<br />
Province is registering an increased number of Multi‐Drug Resistant (MDR) TB. <strong>The</strong> Siyanda<br />
district has over the last three years, reported high MDR TB numbers. In this district, primary MDR<br />
TB (infection of others by MDR TB without first contracting ordinary TB) is amongst families and<br />
close‐knit communities. Prison conditions can stimulate the spread of TB through overcrowding,<br />
poor living ventilation, weak nutrition and inadequate or inaccessible medical care. <strong>The</strong>se factors<br />
also promote the spread of drug‐resistant TB. <strong>The</strong> spread of XDR TB at Upington Correctional<br />
services is a source of concern. Isolation facilities and screening of TB in correctional services need<br />
to be improved. HIV and TB co‐infection rates remain high in the province. 73.5% of TB patients<br />
were reported to be HIV positive during 2009. <strong>The</strong> most affected are people in their productive<br />
years between ages 25‐ 49 years, women and children are particularly most vulnerable. <strong>The</strong><br />
vulnerability of these groups will have to be addressed if one were to succeed in transforming the<br />
society of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> into one achieving a unified, effective response to the epidemic<br />
(PGDS).<br />
Home‐based care has been introduced to take care of people at their homes within the<br />
community. Home based care is not exclusively for person infected with HIV/AIDS, however most<br />
programs are supporting patients infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. By 2002, the Department of<br />
Social Services had trained 101 volunteers in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, and training was provided by St<br />
John’s Ambulance, St <strong>The</strong>resa Hospice in Kimberley and Hospice De Aar. Currently there are<br />
approximately 60 listed organisations that provide home‐based care services in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Pixley ka Seme SDF, 2007). Organisations such as Itshireletse, Pelonomi, Thusanang, Tshepang,<br />
etc. provide valuable services such as orphans and foster care, HIV/AIDS and TB awareness<br />
programs, legal services, and basic gardening equipment for vegetable gardens etc to communities<br />
in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (USAid, 2009) 40 .<br />
40 USAid, 2009: Pepfar: Activities in <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province. Fiscal Year 2009.<br />
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Approximately 22 drop‐in‐centres were established and are supported nationally. <strong>The</strong>se are<br />
physical structures where a comprehensive range of services are rendered with a specific focus on<br />
meeting the needs of children, orphans, women and the frail, through programs such as after<br />
school care, day care for HIV/AIDS infected children, provision of emotional support to<br />
beneficiaries by social workers and, linking and referring beneficiaries to social security grants and<br />
other services and government departments for further assistance and support. Short term<br />
support rendered includes provision of immediate food relief in the form of food parcels, school<br />
feeding schemes and soup kitchens (Pixley ka Seme SDF, 2007). In the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, this type of<br />
facility can be successful in poor, rural communities where the needs of vulnerable groups are met<br />
holistically 41 .<br />
E.4 COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
E.4.1 THE COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CRDP)<br />
<strong>The</strong> CRDP opts for a definition of rural areas from the 1997 Rural <strong>Development</strong> Framework,<br />
adopted by the Government in 1997. <strong>The</strong>se are described as ‘sparsely populated areas in which<br />
people farm or depend on natural resources, including villages and small towns that are dispersed<br />
throughout these areas. <strong>The</strong>y include large settlements in the former homelands, created by<br />
apartheid removals, which depend on migratory labour and remittances for their survival.’ <strong>The</strong><br />
CRDP is aimed at being an effective response against poverty and food insecurity by maximizing<br />
the use and management of natural resources to create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural<br />
communities.<br />
<strong>The</strong> vision of government is to create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities<br />
through social cohesion and development. CRDP is focused on enabling rural people to take<br />
control of their destiny, thereby dealing effectively with rural poverty through optimal use and<br />
management of natural resources. This will be achieved through a co‐ordinated and integrated<br />
broad‐based agrarian transformation as well as strategic investment in economic and social<br />
infrastructure that will benefit entire rural communities. This also calls for improved integration<br />
and co‐ordination of services in development planning and social facilitation. <strong>The</strong> CRDP therefore<br />
focuses on the following areas:<br />
a) Land and Agrarian Transformation;<br />
b) Social Transformation;<br />
c) Economic <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
In order for the CRDP to succeed, the commitments and actions of the sector departments need to<br />
be co‐ordinated in accordance with the principle of co‐operative governance. This principle has<br />
been given a legal foundation by the Intergovernmental Relations Framework Act (Act 13 of 2005).<br />
This collaboration needs to focus on achieving the following:<br />
(i) Joint planning, resource allocation and collaborative implementation of agreed rural<br />
initiatives.<br />
(ii) Partnerships with local government and alignment with Integrated <strong>Development</strong> Plans<br />
(IDPs).<br />
(iii) Increased Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in support of rural development.<br />
41<br />
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(iv) Enhancing the role of Non‐governmental organisations (NGOs), civil society and traditional<br />
authorities in the implementation of the CRDP.<br />
When considering the principle of co‐operative governance within the context of the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> Province, a rural development program and strategy is needed which is consistent with the<br />
objectives as outlined in the National Comprehensive Rural <strong>Development</strong> Program (NCRDP).<br />
<strong>The</strong> mandate of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> provincial government has been extended to include rural<br />
development. <strong>The</strong> strategies and resources which are geared towards improving functionality and<br />
efficiency of various economic sectors in the province will also accommodate rural development<br />
initiatives. Rural development is about human development of the province rural motive for<br />
change that also includes agricultural development and land redistribution. A key concern is that<br />
impoverished people remain in economically stagnant rural areas notwithstanding the fact that it<br />
would be beneficial to relocate to more economically vibrant areas. <strong>The</strong> challenge remains to<br />
develop strategies of the prevention of the economic degradation of certain rural areas. <strong>The</strong> mari‐<br />
culture industry in the coastal region of the Namaqualand District may serve as an example of such<br />
preventative economic measures which could be undertaken in this regard. Another intervention<br />
regarding rural renewal is the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> spatial development framework (SDF) which<br />
recommends mechanisms to bring about alignment between infrastructure investment and<br />
development programs within localities. Furthermore the focus is on the establishment of<br />
urban/rural linkages in this regard. <strong>The</strong>re should be clear criteria developed to monitor and<br />
evaluate the long‐term sustainability thereof.<br />
Through the CRDP government will make strategic investments in economic and social<br />
infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water services, sanitation, housing, clinics, irrigation<br />
development, livestock handling facilities and tourism facilities. <strong>The</strong> CRDP will impact in three<br />
phases, viz.; incubator/nursery stage–meeting basic human needs as driver; entrepreneurial<br />
development stage–infrastructure development as driver; emergence of industrial and financial<br />
sectors – driven by SMME’s and village markets.<br />
<strong>The</strong> rationale for selection of CRDP implementation sites are the convergence with other<br />
government anti‐poverty initiatives such as ISRDP and war on poverty, the state of local<br />
government report, the municipal turn‐around strategy, population density and distribution,<br />
provincial indices of multiple deprivation for South Africa and the Human <strong>Development</strong> Index of<br />
an area.<br />
E.5 LAND REFORM<br />
Since 1994, South Africa has embarked on a program of land reform designed to redress the grave<br />
racial imbalance in holding and secure the land rights of historically disadvantaged people. <strong>The</strong><br />
Constitution of South Africa 108 of 1996, sets out legal basis for land reform, particularly in section<br />
25 of the Bill of Rights, which protects property rights from arbitrary interference but also places a<br />
clear responsibility on the state to carry out land and related reforms and grants specific rights to<br />
victims of past discrimination. South African land reform policy has been pursued under three<br />
broad headings (May and Lahiff, 2006) 42 :<br />
a) Restitution, which provides relief for certain categories of victims of forced dispossession.<br />
42<br />
May, H. and Lahiff, E. 2006: Land Reform in Namaqualand, 1994‐2005: A review. Journal of Arid Environments.<br />
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b) Redistribution, a system of discretionary grants that assists certain categories of people to<br />
acquire land, largely through the market.<br />
c) Tenure reform, intended to secure and extend the tenure rights of the victims of past<br />
discriminatory practices.<br />
A number of land restitution and land redistribution cases have been made in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
During the period of 1994 to 2009, a total of 264 729 hectares of land has been acquired and<br />
transferred as a result of the Redistribution Program (PGDS). Most of the land in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> consists of agricultural land, and in 2009, 3 707 land restitution claims have been settled.<br />
Approximately R1 billion has been spent by government in acquiring land in the province.<br />
Furthermore, according to Shushu (2011) 43 approximately 466 576 hectares of land has been<br />
transferred to approximately 21 805 beneficiaries. This points to remarkable progress made due<br />
to the various policy interventions of government. <strong>The</strong> most significant of land restitution cases in<br />
the year under review was the settlement of the Gatlhose community in the John Taolo Gaetsewe,<br />
the Gatlhose community lost 49 000 hectares of their land, and now the community on the<br />
different locations have opted for a combination of financial compensation, alternative land for<br />
agricultural purposes, housing development and development of infrastructure like schools and<br />
clinics. An amount of R197 million has been budgeted to purchase land in the 2011/2012 financial<br />
year and R32 million is set aside for recapitalisation of distressed farms. To date the land<br />
redistribution programs has resulted in 1.6 million hectares of land being transferred to 29 005<br />
beneficiaries.<br />
<strong>The</strong> national target for land reform is the redistribution of 30% of productive agricultural land by<br />
2014. According the LED Strategy, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has delivered 1 061 638 hectares of land to<br />
previous disadvantage communities through the Land Redistribution programs from 1994 to 2008.<br />
<strong>The</strong> following table illustrates the land distributed in 5 year intervals in each district municipality:<br />
Table E.43: Land Redistribution per district municipality (Source: LED Strategy).<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY HECTARES BENEFICIARIES<br />
1994‐1999<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 2 281 41<br />
Namaqua 44 971 58<br />
Pixley ka Seme 4 474 98<br />
Siyanda 14 153 483<br />
Frances Baard 20 706 1 339<br />
TOTAL 86 585 2 019<br />
1999‐2004<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 3 387 50<br />
Namaqua 161 216 410<br />
Pixley ka Seme 33 123 139<br />
Siyanda 31 925 479<br />
Frances Baard 10 412 742<br />
TOTAL 240 063 1 820<br />
2004‐2008<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe 22 309 325<br />
Namaqua 235 564 1 134<br />
43 Shushu, G.N.J 2011: Budget speech by MEC for Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural <strong>Development</strong> in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
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Pixley ka Seme 145 650 1 693<br />
Siyanda 317 301 2 213<br />
Frances Baard 14 166 46<br />
TOTAL 734 990 5 411<br />
GRAND TOTAL 1 061 638 9 250<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
Map E.1: Land reform in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: PGDS).<br />
December 2011<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Economic <strong>Development</strong> Agency (NCEDA) collaborates with institutions that are<br />
ready to rejuvenate the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> agriculture sector by introducing high‐value crops that will<br />
boost the economy of the province. <strong>The</strong> NCEDA agriculture project represents an outstanding<br />
opportunity for economic development and empowerment in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, with a focus on<br />
revitalising land reform projects. According to the LED Strategy, the following three projects are<br />
being run presently:<br />
• Riemvasmaak and Onseepkans:<br />
<strong>The</strong> area is one of the few in southern Africa where citrus can be produced free of ‘citrus<br />
black spot’ and therefore products from this area will enjoy preferential access into<br />
Europe, the USA and Japan, compared to all the other citrus areas in the country. <strong>The</strong>re is<br />
a need to access land for production of pomegranates (2 000 ha), figs (500 ha), grapefruit<br />
(2 000 ha).<br />
• Lower Majeakgoro Community Project:<br />
This is a farm north of Hartswater, and is a land restitution project bought by the<br />
Department of Land Affairs for the community of Lower Majeakgoro. <strong>The</strong> previous farmer<br />
had been successfully producing deciduous fruits (i.e. apricots, peaches and plums), and<br />
pecan nuts of export quality for a number of years. <strong>The</strong> farm is already accredited for<br />
export, and has 63 ha of land with water rights.<br />
• Women in agriculture and rural development (WARD):<br />
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<strong>The</strong> Vaalharts area in particular is suitable for pecan nuts, only 4 001 ha is harvested in<br />
Vaalharts. <strong>The</strong> WARD project has proposed an area of land that consists of 83 ha at the<br />
Vaalharts area, and NCEDA is to facilitate the acquisition of that land.<br />
Overall, it can be said that considerable progress has been made in terms of land reform in<br />
Namaqualand since 1994. One of the major achievements has been the development of a clear<br />
vision, comprehensive framework and specific institutional mechanisms for land reform in the<br />
area. This has contributed substantially to the sequencing and relatively smooth implementation<br />
of the program. Unlike most other parts of the country, Namaqualand has seen local government<br />
playing a key role in the design and the implementation of the process, particularly through the<br />
inclusion of land matters in their Integrated <strong>Development</strong> Plans.<br />
In 2002, an innovative R230 million table‐grape empowerment project was signed on 500 ha along<br />
the Orange River near Upington. It is the largest BEE transaction in the South African agricultural<br />
sector, and includes role‐players such as the Industrial <strong>Development</strong> Corporation, the Black<br />
Management Forum Investment company and agricultural group Karsten Boerdery 44 . Karsten<br />
group head, Piet Karsten sees the venture could emerge as a model for land reform and rural<br />
development as it embraces both empowerment and community involvement 45 .<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural <strong>Development</strong> (DALR), the<br />
national Department of Water Affairs, Orange River Cellars and the Blocuso Trust (made up of 400<br />
beneficiaries from three communities near Keimoes) have teamed up in a private‐public<br />
partnership that aims to bring greater numbers into ownership of vineyards. With the private<br />
company supplying vinestock and agreeing to buy the grapes, the two departments put up R21‐<br />
million in funding and the project is on course to reap its first harvest in 2011. Shares in Orange<br />
River Cellars will be issued commensurate with the size of the grape harvest delivered to the<br />
company. <strong>The</strong> DALR has also set aside R7.1‐million for the purchase of land for emerging wine<br />
farmers in 2010. <strong>The</strong> five‐year plan is to have 780 hectares of vines planted with a projected yield<br />
of 25 550 metric tons.<br />
This joint land reform venture is called Keboes Fruit Farm (Pty) – Raap en Skraap and is located<br />
220 km from Upington in the direction of Onseepkans. It empowers people financially, but more<br />
importantly, empowers people to empower themselves. This is done by finding the fine balance<br />
between productivity, social accountability and creating opportunities for people to grow. It also<br />
includes social development programs such as AIDS awareness programs and literacy classes,<br />
framing techniques etc 46 .<br />
<strong>The</strong> multimillion Rand investment funded by Karsten Farms Group (50% share), BMFI, a Black<br />
Empowerment Company (27%) and the Workers’ Trust (23%). <strong>The</strong> workers’ shares will be<br />
warehoused in a trust operated by the government‐run Industrial <strong>Development</strong> Corporation for a<br />
period of 10 years during which time the members must pay for the shares registered to them.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y will finance this by government land grants or through dividends received as shareholders.<br />
44<br />
Karsten Farms (Pty) Limited (Karsten or the company) is the parent company of the largest table grape exporter<br />
in South Africa. In addition to grapes, Karsten produces dates, apples, melons and citrus on a total 1 527<br />
hectares. <strong>The</strong> Karsten Group is also heavily involved in a project to produce substantial amounts of biodiesel<br />
from oil seeds, harvested from desert plants cultivated on large tracts of desert land.<br />
45<br />
http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print‐version/r230m‐tablegrape‐empowerment‐deal‐announced‐2002‐11‐01<br />
‐ accessed on 22 September 2011.<br />
46<br />
http://www.karsten.co.za/framework/empowerment‐keboes‐farms.php ‐ accessed on 22 September 2011.<br />
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While some shareholders will be employed on the new farm, many will continue to work on other<br />
Karsten Farm Units but will receive a dividend from the Keboes project<br />
ees at all levels:<br />
47 . <strong>The</strong> first phase of 270<br />
ha of newly planted vineyards with an output of approximately 3 700 tonnes of grapes is now<br />
under production at the farm, Raap en Skraap. This will be increased to 500 ha over the next four<br />
to five years with the planting of a further 130 ha at Raap en Skraap followed by 100 ha at<br />
Kanoneiland. This project will create 250 new permanent jobs as well as 920 seasonal jobs for<br />
seven months of the year. <strong>The</strong> Keboes Farm management integrates Karsten Farms’ holistic<br />
approach to the welfare and development of its employ<br />
• Technical skills training is provided in‐house and by external training companies.<br />
• Workers are encouraged to become actively involved in business issues.<br />
• Life‐skills training improves family relationships and social life as well as physical and<br />
mental health.<br />
• Each farm has a health centre.<br />
• Education is provided from crèche to secondary level as well as adult literacy classes.<br />
• Quality infrastructure is provided for housing, training and sports facilities.<br />
Keboes Fruit Farms is a participant in the Thandi Initiative, a project of the <strong>Cape</strong>span Foundation<br />
which co‐ordinates the social investment programs of the <strong>Cape</strong>span Group, the largest exporter of<br />
fresh fruit from South Africa. Produce from empowerment farms is sold under the Thandi brand, a<br />
Xhosa word that means ‘we bring love’. Thandi Initiative producers have the benefit of being<br />
linked in to <strong>Cape</strong>span Group’s established marketing and distribution network that works on<br />
behalf of its growers to secure the best price. <strong>The</strong> Thandi Initiative is developing a process in<br />
which, over a period of years, workers’ trusts will be able to increase their shareholding and<br />
eventually have the option of buying out the other shareholding groups to become sole owners of<br />
the farm company. Many of the government projects to hand over land to formerly<br />
disadvantaged groups have failed because the new owners initially lacked both commercial<br />
experience and access to capital and markets. Fruit production for export, in particular, is a very<br />
competitive market with extremely high quality standards and requires high capital investment.<br />
<strong>The</strong> empowerment farm concept is an alternative model of land redistribution that is contributing<br />
to the realisation of government targets.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Department of Agriculture has prioritised the following projects:<br />
a) Training of local communities in the ‘four‐door garden’ system, whereby families can grow<br />
fruit and vegetables throughout the year in four door‐sized vegetable patches, thereby<br />
alleviating hunger in areas worst affected by poverty.<br />
b) Expanding value‐chain by establishing agro‐processing centres and agro‐tourism projects.<br />
c) Improving the cost‐efficiency of farming by researching and developing creative land<br />
reform processes and more efficient fuel/energy and irrigation systems.<br />
d) Ensuring that the beneficiaries of land reform are adequately skilled to grow the right crops<br />
using appropriate methods and produce crops of a good quality (in the past, lucern and<br />
paprika community farms have produced very poor quality produce).<br />
e) Rooibos Tea Project in Nieuwoudtville has created 73 temporary jobs in construction and<br />
80 permanent jobs. In total 276 temporary jobs have been created since 2009.<br />
f) <strong>The</strong> vineyard development scheme, which aims to develop 700 ha of new vineyards before<br />
2014 for the production of grapes for processing into wine, raisins and juice, and is<br />
expected to create 202 job opportunities during the 2011/2012 financial year.<br />
47 http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/producers/grapes/keboes_fruit_farms_south_africa/default.aspx ‐ accessed on 25<br />
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g) <strong>The</strong> Riemvasmaak Irrigation <strong>Development</strong> is expected to create 322 jobs over the next<br />
three years.<br />
h) Beef production and Heuningvlei Bulk Water Infrastructure development project in<br />
Magareng has an investment value of R196 million and is expected to create at least 215<br />
job opportunities in the next three years.<br />
i) Poultry development with emphasis on Warrenton Super Chicken is to create 50 job<br />
opportunities.<br />
j) Increased vegetable production through intensive production units such as Tswaraganang<br />
Hydroponics Project in Frances Baard is anticipated to create 150 job opportunities in the<br />
next three years.<br />
k) Ostrich and poultry production in the Pixley ka Seme of approximately R5 million providing<br />
32 job opportunities.<br />
BOX 4<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY SOCIAL & HUMAN ASPECTS<br />
a) Create incentives and opportunities for commercial banks to extend their input into LED and<br />
to unlock benefits associated with banking charters more efficiently.<br />
b) Develop an empirical spatial premise and rational for the provision of basic household<br />
services, training and education facilities, health services, etc. throughout the province.<br />
c) Ensure access to affordable energy services. Distribute information on costs associated with<br />
different energy sources and the best options for different uses, e.g. heating, cooking and<br />
lighting.<br />
d) Ensure that new mines adopt a strategy that would ensure ongoing socio-economic<br />
development and environmental rehabilitation.<br />
e) Eradicate gaps (lack of co-operation and communication) between the different sectors active<br />
in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as well as between the communities.<br />
f) Explore models for public-private partnerships (e.g. the Karsten Women Trust).<br />
g) Facilitate education to eradicate the notion of living from hand to mouth.<br />
h) Formulate a strategy for promotion of entrepreneurship and associated development<br />
opportunities.<br />
i) Legislative processes that stifle sustainable development should be identified and reviewed.<br />
j) Promote job creation in the green jobs industries (e.g. manufacturing of solar water heaters,<br />
maintenance of wind generators and solar energy infrastructure).<br />
k) Proved guidelines for formulation of strategies to sustain socio-economic development after<br />
the life-span of projects.<br />
l) Provide a spatial rationale for the restoration of traditional parameters of settlements as a<br />
basis for community revitalisation.<br />
m) Provide broad guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing – district and local<br />
municipalities must adopt such guidelines in their SDFs. <strong>The</strong>se must be mandatory.<br />
n) Provide strategies for the enhancement of entrepreneurship and associated development<br />
opportunities.<br />
o) Provide strategies to ensure that communities benefit meaningfully from larger-scale physical<br />
development (e.g. the Sustainable <strong>Development</strong> Initiative {SDI} model).<br />
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SECTION F: ECONOMY<br />
SECTION CONTENT<br />
December 2011<br />
This section addresses the key aspects of the economy of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with specific reference to the:<br />
a) Economic sectors that are the drivers of the economy and the generator of the Financial (Monetary) Capital<br />
which plays a critical role in any economy, enabling the other types of capital to be owned and traded, for<br />
example, through shares, bonds or banknotes.<br />
b) Key issues to be addressed in order to ensure the ongoing growth and sustainability of the various economic<br />
sectors and the economy as a whole.<br />
NOTE: <strong>The</strong>re are significant discrepancies between the estimates provided by the LED Strategy and the PGDS with<br />
regards to the importance percentages of the different economic sectors in the province. For the purpose of this<br />
document the figures and estimates provided by the LED Strategy are used.<br />
F.1 ECONOMIC SECTORS<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> economy has shown significant recovery since 2000/2001 when it had a<br />
negative economic growth rate of ‐1.5% (LED Strategy). <strong>The</strong> provincial economy reached a high of<br />
3.7% in 2003/2004 and remained the lowest of all provinces. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is also the<br />
smallest contributing province to South Agfrica’s economy (only 2% to South Africa GDP per region<br />
in 2007). <strong>The</strong> figure below illustrates the GDP per region from 2001 to 2009 of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
and South Africa.<br />
Figure F.1: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> growth rate of the GDP per region between 2001 and 2009<br />
(Source: PGDS).<br />
From figures provided by the LED Strategy the community, social and personal services sector is<br />
the biggest employer and industry in the province at 23.1%, followed by the agricultural sector<br />
(19.5%), wholesale and retail trade (15.4%), manufacturing (11.2%) and mining and financial<br />
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services both at 9.1%. <strong>The</strong> tertiary sector provides 52.5% of all employment, the primary sector<br />
follows at 28.6% and the secondary sector is 19.0%.<br />
Table F.1: Employment by Economic Sector and Industry (Source: Community Survey, 2007 as<br />
cited in the LED Strategy).<br />
INDUSTRY PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRY<br />
PRIMARY SECTOR<br />
Agriculture and Hunting 19.5%<br />
Mining and Quarrying 9.1%<br />
SECONDARY SECTOR<br />
Manufacturing 11.2%<br />
Electricity, gas and water supply 1.0%<br />
Construction 6.8%<br />
TERTIARY SECTOR<br />
Wholesale and Retail Trade 15.4%<br />
Transport, Storage and Communication 4.8%<br />
Financial, Real Estate, Business Services 9.1%<br />
Community, Social and Personal Services 23.1%<br />
Table F.2 below illustrates that agriculture, the wholesale and retail trade, and transport and<br />
communication sector have a healthy growth rate. Although the mining industry forms 23 % of the<br />
total GDP for the province, it employs only 9.1 % of all employees in the province. <strong>The</strong> community<br />
services employ 23% of the total working population and forms the largest percentage (27.9%) of<br />
total GDP for the province. <strong>The</strong> construction industry is the only industry with a negative growth<br />
rate between 2001 and 2008.<br />
Table F.2: <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Sectoral Economic Trends (Source: LED Strategy).<br />
ECONOMIC SECTOR GDP 2008<br />
(R’000)<br />
% OF TOTAL<br />
GDP<br />
AVERAGE<br />
ANNUAL<br />
GROWTH<br />
RATE (2001‐<br />
2008)<br />
EMPLOYMENT<br />
PER SECTOR<br />
(2007)<br />
% OF TOTAL<br />
EMPLOYMENT<br />
Agriculture 2 528 8.3 5.6 40 510 19.5<br />
Mining 7 038 23.0 3.1 18 976 9.1<br />
Manufacturing 2 471 8.1 1.9 23 264 11.2<br />
Electricity & Water 619 2.0 0.1 2 003 1.0<br />
Construction 818 2.7 ‐0.9 14 160 6.8<br />
Wholesale & Retail trade 2 802 9.2 6.0 32 047 15.4<br />
Transport & communication 2 921 9.6 5.6 10 070 4.8<br />
Finance services 2 809 9.2 4.2 18 932 9.1<br />
Community services 8.532 27.9 5.3 48 069 23.1<br />
TOTAL 30 539 100.0 4.1 208 030 100.0<br />
As stated previously, there are percentage discrepancies between the LED and PGDS pertaining to<br />
importance of the economic industry in the province. <strong>The</strong> PGDS states the following with regards<br />
to the most important industries in the province for 2009, namely:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> mining sector is the cornerstone of the provincial economy and is responsible for<br />
almost a quarter (24.6%) of the provincial value addition.<br />
b) Finance, real estate and business services are the second highest contributing industry at<br />
approximately 13%.<br />
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c) <strong>The</strong> wholesale, and retail trade, restaurant and general government which contribute<br />
approximately 11%.<br />
Table F.3: Key Economic Industries in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: PGDS).<br />
INDUSTRY<br />
120<br />
CURRENT PRICES – PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION<br />
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Primary Industries 34.6 33.3 32.1 30.4 31.6 33.4 35.5 33.5<br />
Agriculture 5.6 8.5 8.3 6.5 6.9 8.1 7.9 7.4<br />
Mining and Quarrying 28.9 24.8 23.9 23.8 24.7 25.3 27.6 26.1<br />
Secondary Industries 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.4 6 5.9 6.9<br />
Manufacturing 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.2<br />
Electricity and Water 1.9 2 2.2 1.9 2.1 2 1.9 2.8<br />
Construction 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9<br />
Tertiary Industries 49.9 50.8 50.8 52.4 50.4 49.4 49.1 50.4<br />
Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurant 9.1 10.5 10.7 10.6 11 10.8 11.2 9.9<br />
Transport and Communications 8.6 8.6 8.3 8.6 8.3 7.3 7.3 7.4<br />
Finance, real estate and business services 11.9 10.9 12.2 12.2 12.8 13.2 12.5 12.6<br />
Personal services 8 8.3 8.4 8.5 8 7.7 7 8.1<br />
General government services 12.2 12.5 11.1 12.6 10.3 10.4 11.2 12.3<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS states that from local production, 66% is consumed locally, 10% exported to other<br />
provinces while the remaining 2% gets consumed by other countries. In terms of imports as a<br />
percentage of total demand, 16.4% of <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> total demand is imported.<br />
According to LED Strategy, the province has comparative advantages in the following four<br />
economic sectors in relation to the South African economy (in descending order):<br />
a) Mining.<br />
b) Agriculture.<br />
c) Community services.<br />
d) Transport and communication.<br />
Key aspects of the the primary economic sectors of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are summarised in the<br />
chapters below.<br />
F.1.1 MINING SECTOR<br />
<strong>The</strong> LED Strategy states that mining and quarrying is the most important economic sector in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, contributing 21.5% to the GGP in 2008, and the industry revolves mostly around<br />
the production of ores, minerals and semi‐precious stones (refer to Table F.4). <strong>The</strong> exceptional<br />
mineral wealth of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province has ensured the importance, both nationally and<br />
internationally, of the province’s mining industry. All five district municipalities are affected by the<br />
mining industry and mining plays an important role in their economic development.<br />
<strong>The</strong> minerals economy of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is a hundred and fifty years old and the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> produced in 2008 approximately 37% of South Africa’s diamond output, 44% of its zinc, 70%<br />
of its silver, 84% of its iron‐ore, 93% of its lead and 99% if its manganese (PGDS). Prior to 1994,<br />
the economy of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> was confined mainly to primary mining activities, in which<br />
diamond mining predominated.<br />
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According to the LED Strategy (2001) in 2007, the production and pricing of the most significant<br />
minerals in terms of the various possible opportunities and programs identified in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> are indicated below (refer to Table F.4).<br />
Table F.4: Mineral Production and Pricing, 2007 (Source: LED Strategy).<br />
LOCAL SALES EXPORT SALES TOTAL SALES<br />
MINERAL TOTAL MASS VALUE UNIT MASS VALUE UNIT MASS VALUE<br />
PRODUCT<br />
SALES<br />
SALES<br />
Non<br />
14.02 m<br />
Alluvial<br />
Diamonds<br />
carats<br />
Alluvial R1.07 m<br />
diamonds carats<br />
Marine 0.155 m<br />
diamonds carats<br />
Silver 69 800 kg 3 700 kg R10.9 m R2 951 / 76 900 kg R244.1 m R2 916 / 80 500 kg R235 m<br />
kg<br />
kg<br />
Copper 117.1 kt 76.6 kt R4.0 b R52 583 / 37.3 kt R1.8 b R48 917 / 113.8 kt R5.8 b<br />
t<br />
t<br />
Iron ore 42 083 kt 12 407 kt R1.7 b R141 / t 29 725 kt R11.7 b R393 / t 42 132 kt R13.3 b<br />
Manganese 5 996 kt n/a R0.9 b n/a 3 681 kt R2.6 b R714 / t n/a R3.6 b<br />
Zinc 30.9 kt 30.1 kt R0.4 b R13 959 / 0.2 kt R7.0 m R44 065 / 30.2 kt R0.4 b<br />
t<br />
t<br />
Salt 411.5<br />
kt449.8 KT<br />
449.8 kt R0.1 b R227 / t 0 0 0 449.8 kt R0.1 b<br />
Natural Gas 1 234 kt 1 234 kt R1.7 b R1 335/t 0 0 0 1 243 kt R1.7 b<br />
It is important to note that the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> mining value chain is predominantly concentrated<br />
around exploration, shaft set‐up and mining. Processing does not take place in the province and<br />
therefore various value‐adding opportunities go lost (LED Strategy). <strong>The</strong> primary minerals are<br />
summarised below.<br />
a) Iron Ore: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> produces more than 84% of South Africa’s iron ore. <strong>The</strong><br />
province has two major iron belts, from Postmasburg to Hotazel, and one belt running<br />
through Sishen and Kathu. <strong>The</strong> Sishen‐Saldanha railway line takes ore to the coast. <strong>The</strong><br />
following upgrades are currently underway with the iron ore mines in the province, namely<br />
(<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business, 2011):<br />
• Sishen: Employing more than 9 000 people and with an open pit extending more<br />
than 12km, everything about Sishen mine is huge. Kumba intends applying new<br />
technologies to material that previously was dumped as waste, with the goal of<br />
extracting up to 13 million tons of usable iron ore.<br />
• Kolomela (formerly Sishen South): By early 2011 this large Kumba project was 45%<br />
complete and on course for completion in 2012. R3‐billion has already been spent<br />
with a further R4.8‐billion committed for the future. <strong>The</strong> aim is to mine nine million<br />
tons of iron ore per year by 2013. <strong>The</strong> project has a life of mine of 30 years and<br />
more than 700 houses will be built around the town of Postmasburg.<br />
• Khumani: Assmang is set to spend R5.5 billion on increasing production of iron ore<br />
at Khumani from 10 million tons per annum to 16 million tons per annum.<br />
b) Manganese: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has the world’s wealthiest manganese deposits and it is<br />
estimated that South Africa has approximately 80% of the world’s manganese reserves.<br />
<strong>The</strong> overwhelming majority of the world’s manganese comes from the Postmasburg and<br />
Kalahari regions of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Most of manganese ore deposits are located in the<br />
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John Taolo Gaetsewe district, and it contributed approximately 27% to the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
mining industry in 2007 (LED Strategy).<br />
Hotazel has extensive manganese reserves and some of the best quality in the world, and it<br />
recently opened a new manganese mine, Tshipi é Borwa. <strong>The</strong> Tshipi e Ntle Manganese<br />
Mining (Tshipi) inititiative, which is a joint venture between Pallinghurst Co‐Investors and a<br />
black empowerment company representing several groups called Ntsimbintle Mining, will<br />
spend R1.45‐billion on the project. Indications are that Tshipi can produce approximately<br />
2.2 million tons of ore per year, for approximately 60 years (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business,<br />
2011).<br />
<strong>The</strong> Kalagadi manganese project involves the construction of a manganese mine and a<br />
sister plant near Hotazel, and was initiated by Kalagadi Manganese Ltd, a company with<br />
women in many leadership positions. <strong>The</strong> Industrial <strong>Development</strong> Corporation (IDC) is a<br />
10% shareholder in this project by virtue of its investment of approximately R60‐million in<br />
start‐up costs. In 2010 the IDC announced a further injection of R2.3‐billion in the project,<br />
which will have total costs when complete of approximately R12‐billion. <strong>The</strong> production<br />
capacity at the mine will have to be three million tons a year to produce the projected 2.4<br />
million tons of sinter at the plant. Approximately 700 000 tons from the plant will be used<br />
to feed a new ferromanganese smelter complex to be built at the Coega Industrial<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Zone in the Eastern <strong>Cape</strong>. Work on the smelter is expected to begin in May<br />
2011 and is planned to produce 320 000 tons of high‐carbon ferromanganese per annum<br />
(<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business, 2011).<br />
c) Copper: <strong>The</strong> largest copper mines are near Areachap north of Upington, and deposits also<br />
found in various locations in the Namaqua district, especially around Nababeeb and<br />
Aggeneys.<br />
d) Lead: <strong>The</strong> Namaqua District Municipality accounts for 93% of South Africa’s lead<br />
production with the Gamsberg mine being one of the world’s major producers of zinc.<br />
Furthermore, the Black Mountain mine near Aggeneys produces lead, copper, zinc and<br />
silver by mining various deposits in the area.<br />
e) Zinc: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is responsible for approximately 18% of South Africa’s total copper<br />
production, with the two most prominent mines in Nababeep and Aggeneys. <strong>The</strong><br />
Carolusberg Mining Complex has copper reserves of 37.5 million tons, while the Nigramoep<br />
deposit has 15 million tons. Zinc is less abundant than the lead deposits, but the province<br />
is still responsible for approximately 43% of South Africa’s overall zinc production. Various<br />
untapped mineral deposits of zinc is located at Gamsberg and Aggeneys.<br />
f) Diamonds: In addition to the kimberlite pipes (i.e. Kimberley Big Hole) and frissures; river<br />
and coastal deposits are also present in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Diamonds have been<br />
recovered along the Orange, Buffels, Spoeg, Horees, Groen, Doorn and Swart Rivers in the<br />
province, while coastal deposits have been found at the Orange River Mouth to Lamberts<br />
Bay. <strong>The</strong> most important alluvial diamond mining activities take place on a 250 km stretch<br />
of the Namaqualand coast. <strong>The</strong> concession areas are arranged in numbered 30 km wide<br />
coastal perpendicular strips. <strong>The</strong> following are the most important mines along the coast:<br />
• Koringnaas Complex between Micthells and Somnaas Bay.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Buffels Island Complex near Kleinzee.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Buffels Marine Complex situated at the mouth of the Buffels River.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Alexander Bay area between Port Nolloth and the Orange River mouth.<br />
Alluvial diamond mining occurs in the Pixley ka Seme district along the banks of the Vaal<br />
River, and one of the most prominent mines are found at Saxendrift. South Africa’s<br />
second‐biggest diamond mine, Finsch, at Danielskuil (165k m west of Kimberley) produced<br />
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approximately 2 334 000 carats of diamonds in 2007, and it producers more diamonds that<br />
most other areas in the province.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are approximately five diamond kimberlite pipes extensively mined around<br />
Kimberley, i.e. De Beers, Kimberley, Bultfontein, Dutoitspan and Wesselton. Only<br />
Bultfontein, Dutoitspan and Wesselton are currently in operation. <strong>The</strong> Messina mine<br />
comprises various mining leases and free holdings on various farms approximately 60 km<br />
west of Warrenton (LED Strategy).<br />
g) Limestome and Gypsum: Limestone and its derivative lime are important industrial<br />
minerals for the manufacture of Portland cement, as a flux for the production of pig iron<br />
and non‐ferrous metals, and thirdly in agriculture where it is used primarily as a fertiliser<br />
and to neutralise acid soils. Limestone is also used in water treatment and purification as<br />
well as sewage treatment. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is a major producer of cement and lime.<br />
<strong>The</strong> major limestone resource in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> occurs in a 150 km long belt only a few<br />
kilometres wide, that extends along the western edge of the Ghaap Plateau from<br />
Griquatown in the south to Kuruman in the north. Within this belt, the strata dips gently to<br />
the west and the limestone is present in large lenses up to 10 km long and 200 m thick<br />
(<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Mineral Strategy, 2003). <strong>The</strong> Bushmanland area in Namaqua has some of<br />
richest gypsum deposits in South Africa, especially the mine near Van Wyk’s vlei.<br />
h) Other minerals and associated products: Various other minerals are also mined in the<br />
province such as Kieselguhr, Wollastonite, Beyllium, Flouorspar, Molybdenum, Uranium,<br />
Feldspar, Mica, and Tantalum, and however these deposits are small. Silver is also mined<br />
near Aggeneys. Small scale mining of Kieselguhr takes place at Kuruman and Olifantshoek,<br />
and apparently some 10 000 tons of Kieselguhr deposits occur in the western part of the<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe district. Untapped Kieselguhr deposits occur near Springbok. Salt is<br />
extensively mined at Groot Witpan and Witpan, northwest of Upington. <strong>The</strong> Siyanda<br />
district has various untapped mineral deposits throughout the district.<br />
i) Semi‐precious stones: Semi precious stones such as Jasper and Suglite are mined at<br />
Kuruman and Hotazel. Blue tiger eye, Yellow tiger eye, Jasper and Rose quartz are<br />
mined at various locations in the Pixley ka Seme district.<br />
Table F.5: Key mining concerns per district municipality of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: PGDS).<br />
DISTRICT<br />
MINING CONCERNS<br />
MUNICIPALITY<br />
Johan Taolo a) Lack of beneficiation from mining operation and it has huge impact on local economic<br />
Gaetsewe development.<br />
b) Big mining companies make it difficult for smaller mining operations to function.<br />
c) Expansion of iron ore mining can implicate logistical issues for the mining sector in the<br />
province.<br />
d) <strong>The</strong> proposed development of iron ore and managenese smelters are extremely capital‐<br />
intensive and the power needed for such an operation might not be feasible.<br />
Namaqua a) <strong>The</strong>re is a severe lack of mining infrastructure, expect for the Black Mountain and Gamsberg<br />
mining activities.<br />
b) Certain mineral deposits are of low grade or low density and are not economically viable to<br />
mine.<br />
c) Transport of raw materials can be a problem due to the remote locations of mines and the<br />
distance to processing plants.<br />
d) <strong>The</strong> entry market for certain commodities are risky.<br />
e) Issuing of mining permits can be a long and bureaucratic process.<br />
f) Illegal mining occurs in certain parts of the district.<br />
g) Lack of capital.<br />
h) <strong>The</strong>re is no beneficiation from mining in certain areas of the district.<br />
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Pixley ka Seme a) Processing of mining rights and permits can be a bureaucratic process.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong>re is an extensive black market for semi‐precious stones.<br />
c) Processing of semi‐precious stones (especially tiger’s eye) is not done in the district or<br />
province.<br />
Siyanda a) Beneficiation from major export commodities in the district is slow.<br />
b) Gravel roads to slat mines are in a bad shape with lack of funding for maintenance.<br />
c) Issuing of mining permits is problematic.<br />
Frances Baard a) Logistical problems between mines and the market.<br />
b) Illegal diamond mining and trading.<br />
c) Lack of capital.<br />
d) Mining sector decline.<br />
e) Mining permit constraints.<br />
f) Lack of well‐structured and practical strategies for development through mining.<br />
g) Lack of beneficiation in the mining sector.<br />
Map F.1: Location of mining operation concentrations in the province in 2011 (Source: DRDLR).<br />
F.1.2 AGRICULTURE AND AGRO‐PROCESSING SECTOR<br />
<strong>The</strong> agricultural sector contributed 5.8% to the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> GDP per region in 2007 which was<br />
approximately R1.3 billion, and it employs approximately 19.5% of the total formally employed<br />
individuals (LED Strategy).<br />
Commercial agriculture production in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is the dominant land‐use activity.<br />
However much of the province is classified as being semi arid to arid and this means that the vast<br />
majority what is classed as farmland is only suitable for extensive livestock production. <strong>The</strong>re are<br />
exceptions, however, notably along the Orange and Vaal Rivers, where intensive irrigated<br />
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agriculture is practised and a range of high‐value crops is produced. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> main<br />
agricultural produce is as follows (LED Strategy):<br />
a) High‐value horticultural products such as table grapes, sultanas and wine grapes, as well as<br />
dates, nuts, cotton, fodder, and cereal crops are grown along the Orange River.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> area watered by the Vaalharts irrigation scheme, centred around towns of Hartswater<br />
and Jan Kempdorp, produces large quantities of wheat, fruit, groudnuts, maize and cotton.<br />
c) In the vicinity of Douglas, at the confluence of the Vaal and Orange Rivers, vegetables and<br />
cereal crops predominate<br />
d) <strong>The</strong> province is also known for its production of wool, mohair, karakul, Karoo lamb, ostrich<br />
meat and venison.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is also a major exporter of dried fruit, table grapes, and meat, all of<br />
which command premium prices in international markets and make a siginifcant<br />
contribution to South Africa’s foreign exchange earnings.<br />
According to Makiti Guides and Tours (2008), approximately 2% of the province is used for crop<br />
farming, mainly under irrigation – Orange River Valley and Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme.<br />
Approximately 96% of the land is used for stock farming, including beef cattle and sheep or goats,<br />
as well as game farming.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is enjoying a tremendous growth in value‐added activities, including game‐<br />
farming. Food production and processing for the local and export market is also growing<br />
significantly. <strong>The</strong> economy of a large part of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, the interior Karoo, depends on<br />
sheep‐farming, while the kakakul‐pelt industry is one of the most important in the Gordonia<br />
district of Upington. <strong>The</strong> province has fertile agricultural land, and in the Orange Valley, especially<br />
at Upinton, Kakamas and Keimoes, grapes and fruits are cultivated intensively. Wheat, fruit,<br />
peanuts, maize and cotton are produced at the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme near Warrenton 48 .<br />
Agriculture’s contribution to regional gross domestic product (RGDP) was 8% in 2008, but the<br />
effects of the global economic crisis have served to reduce this to some extent. With a large<br />
number of people employed in the sector and the number of people dependent on subsistence<br />
agriculture, this presented a major challenge, prompting the provincial government to intervene<br />
to help poor rural people. <strong>The</strong> primary agricultural enterprises of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> include the<br />
following:<br />
a) Livestock: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> contributes to 3% of national cattle (beef) numbers, 25% of<br />
national sheep numbers, 8% of national goat numbers and 2% of national pig numbers, and<br />
it shows the importance of livestock farming in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
b) Wine: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s Orange River wine region accounts for 25.6% of South Africa’s<br />
Colombard vines and 10% of Chenin Blanc. According to SA Wine Industry Statistics<br />
(SAWIS), the Orange River region has 4.96% of the total hectares of grapes in South Africa,<br />
and 3.49% of the total number of vines. Grapes are cultivated on a total of 794 farms along<br />
the Orange River, comprising a total of 17 200 hectares.<br />
c) Cotton: Of South Africa’s 97 148 bales of cotton (200kg each) produced in 2010/11, the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> was responsible for 43 246 bales. This represented a 153% rise over the<br />
previous season’s yields, according to Cotton SA. With 7 324 hectares under irrigation, the<br />
province produces excellent yields. <strong>The</strong> biggest area for cotton cultivation is the Vaalharts<br />
region.<br />
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d) Rooibos Tea: <strong>The</strong> volume of tea cultivated by the Nieuwoudtville project supported by the<br />
Illima‐Letsema program has risen from 70 tons to more than 300 tons. <strong>The</strong> R54‐million<br />
tea‐making factory in the town was completed in early 2011, adding 217 jobs to the 40<br />
already created by the project.<br />
e) Fruit: A host of vine‐fruit products are cultivated in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, including sundried<br />
Thompson seedless raisins, dipped Orange River sultanas, golden sultanas, muscat raisins,<br />
and monuca raisins. Approximately 80% of vine fruit grown in South Africa is exported,<br />
primarily to Europe but also to Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Canada and the USA. <strong>The</strong> province<br />
has more than 16 500 vines on 9 486 hectares and produces 44% of South Africa’s table<br />
grapes. <strong>The</strong> provincial government intends boosting local economic development through<br />
various projects. <strong>The</strong>se include:<br />
(i) Citrus production: an experienced operator is sought to partner with emerging<br />
farmers in the Riemvasmaak region.<br />
(ii) Pomegranate, black fig and citrus farming: an experienced partner is needed to<br />
work with women farmers in the Onseepkans region.<br />
(iii) Fruit for export: as part of the Majeakgoro project in Hartswater 70 % of the sultana<br />
grapes grown in the Lower Orange River Region are used for vine‐fruit products.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are some 1 250 sultana‐grape growers in the province producing three<br />
sultana‐type grapes which rank among the best in the world: the Sultana Clone H5;<br />
a new hybrid called Merbein Seedless, which has proved resistant to splitting after<br />
rain; and the most popular type, the 143B.<br />
f) New products: A number of supplementary products are being cultivated or harvested<br />
from natural stocks, including:<br />
(i) Known in Namaqualand as kougoed, and more formally as Sceletium tortuosum, the<br />
succulent plant has been licensed by the Biodiversity Act and will be developed and<br />
sold as Zembrin by local company HGH Pharmaceuticals and US company PL<br />
Thomas.<br />
(ii) <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has several plants that have the potential to produce<br />
commercial products. <strong>The</strong> Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has<br />
developed a diet drug from the plant Hoodia (Ghaap).<br />
(iii) Rose geranium essential oils are cultivated at Onseepkans, where the CSIR and the<br />
National Department of Science and Technology (DST) have established an essential<br />
oils plant. Good sunlight, well‐drained soils and irrigation water from the Orange<br />
River make the cultivation of oils an attractive option in the chosen area. It is a<br />
market with huge potential, with the industry growing by nearly 10% per annum.<br />
F.1.3 FISHING AND MARICULTURE SECTOR<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> coast is considered one of the richest marine ecosystems in the world with the<br />
waters being unpolluted, nutrient‐rich and abundant in marine life. Port Nolloth is the hub of the<br />
fishing industry on this stretch of the west coast. A number of changes has happened the last<br />
number of years with increased quotes been awarded to land and process fish in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong>. Stricter enforcement of quota rules, as from 1998, means that at least 65% of the catch,<br />
which totals approximately 7 085 tons (mainly hake), are landed in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. This opens<br />
up the possibility for more fish processing plants around the expanded harbour at Port Nolloth. A<br />
growing mariculture industry with, among others, abalone being farmed for export to the Far East,<br />
is being established in the region 49 .<br />
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<strong>The</strong> PGDS states that in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, aquaculture development as a sector is a way of<br />
diversifying agriculture in the province. <strong>The</strong> potential of value addition activities in the sector is<br />
very high. <strong>The</strong> irrigation agriculture and storage dams on farms offer an opportunity for farmers<br />
to diversify their operations to incorporate aquaculture. Fish products are not just consumed by<br />
humans, but processed and incorporated into other products such as animal feed, fertilsers, etc.<br />
For example fish can be processed by smoking, canning, filleting and salting.<br />
F.1.3.1 AQUACULTURE AND MARICULTURE<br />
In the 1980s, aquaculture was in its infancy, globally. Today, it accounts for close to 50 million<br />
tons annually, making up nearly half of all fish products consumed. Of this, Africa, has a 1 %<br />
market share and South Africa accounts for approximately 1 % of the African slice. In Chile,<br />
aquaculture, created over 40 000 new direct and indirect jobs over the past 15 years. Although<br />
Chile’s conditions are not directly similar to South Africa’s, their regulatory environment, together<br />
with their market, marine science (and thus sustainability) and engineering experiences hold<br />
lessons for South Africa (TIPS, 2008) 50 . Mariculture (i.e. growing and farming of marine<br />
organisms) 51 is a global growth industry and certain areas along the Namaqualand coast have<br />
great potential for this. Mariculture development in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has therefore been and<br />
will continue to be predominantly shore based and although it is a comparatively new industry it is<br />
one with tremendous growth potential, particularly when it involves the cultivation of high value<br />
species for export. Recent advances in technology development and the penetration of certain<br />
overseas niche markets has effectively kick‐started the South African mariculture industry 52 .<br />
F.1.3.2 CURRENT INITIATIVES<br />
According to <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business 53 the following initiatives have taken place in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> regarding mariculture, namely:<br />
a) Kleinzee is already the site of an abalone farm, the first phase of which will produce 100<br />
tons per annum. Seven seaweed‐production dams for feeding, water purification and<br />
heating have been built to support the project. It is calculated that approximately 182 jobs<br />
will be created.<br />
b) A joint venture by the National Department of Science and Technology, the Fishing and<br />
Mariculture <strong>Development</strong> Agency (FAMDA) and HIK Abalone is running an abalone project<br />
in Hondeklip Bay with the intention of producing 120 tons of abalone for sale.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> 2 000 hectares of kelp beds on the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> coastline offers an attractive<br />
investment proposition since there is a growing domestic and international demand for<br />
kelp.<br />
50 TIPS, 2008: Potential for a South African Aquaculture Industry on the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s Namaqualand Coast.<br />
Second Economic Strategy: Addressing inequality and economic management. Feike Natural Resource<br />
Management Advisors. September 2008.<br />
51 Mariculture was recognised for the first time in law by the Marine Living Resources Act 18 of 1998. Under the<br />
“objectives and principles” informing the Act, it is stated that the Minister shall have regard for the ‘need to<br />
utilise marine living resources to achieve economic growth, human resource development, capacity building<br />
within the fisheries and mariculture branches, employment creation and a sound ecological balance consistent<br />
with the development objectives of the national government’.<br />
52 http://www.gone‐fishing.co.za/category/uncategorized/page/2/ ‐ accessed on 16 September 2011.<br />
53 http://www.northerncapebusiness.co.za/pls/cms/ti_secout.secout_prov?p_sid=41&p_site_id=164 – accessed on<br />
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d) <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Government has invested R20 million in a mariculture park at<br />
Port Nolloth. Students from Hondeklip Bay and Port Nolloth were enrolled at the<br />
University of Stellenbosch for relevant certificate courses and the John Ovenstone factory<br />
is now the site of small‐scale hatcheries for abalone and oysters. Premier Fishing has a<br />
lobster factory in Port Nolloth.<br />
F.1.4 ENERGY SECTOR<br />
Winkler (2005) 54 states that energy is critical to virtually every aspect of the economic and social<br />
development of South Africa. Depending on the way it is produced, transported and used,<br />
however, it can contribute to both local environmental degradation, such as air pollution, and<br />
global environmental problems, principally climate change. Providing affordable, adequate, and<br />
reliable modern energy supplies to most South Africans remains a major challenge, even though<br />
access to electricity has increased from one‐third to two‐thirds of the population since 1994.<br />
Current methods of producing and using energy have environmental and health effects that<br />
increasingly endanger welfare, and the key challenge is to move to cleaner energy supply and more<br />
efficient use, while continuing to extend affordable access to modern energy services, in particular<br />
for poor rural and urban communities.<br />
South Africa’s energy economy is dominated by coal, that commodity accounting for<br />
approximately 75% of primary energy production. Within the primary energy framework, coal<br />
provides for 95% of electricity generation. Moreover, coal and gas provide for 35% of liquid fuel<br />
requirements courtesy of the synthetic fuel industries such as SASOL and PetroSA 55 . <strong>The</strong> South<br />
African economy produces and uses a large amount of energy, is highly energy‐intensive, and is<br />
heavily dominated by the extraction of raw materials and primary processing. <strong>The</strong> energy sector<br />
contributes approximately 15% to the Gross Domestic Product, and employs approximately 250<br />
000 people. Energy provision and use are crucial to South Africa’s overall development, especially<br />
given the desire to attract foreign investment in the industrial sector. <strong>The</strong> demand for energy is<br />
expected to grow, with the energy sector remaining of central importance to the country’s<br />
economic growth.<br />
With an increasing demand in energy predicted and growing environmental concerns about fossil<br />
fuel based energy systems, the development of large‐scale renewable energy supply schemes is<br />
strategically important for increasing the diversity of domestic energy supplies and avoiding<br />
energy imports while minimizing the environmental impacts. <strong>The</strong> major energy challenges are<br />
securing energy supply to meet growing demand, providing everybody with access to energy<br />
services and tackling the causes and impacts of climate change (PGDS).<br />
A number of feasibility studies have been conducted in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, suggested by many as<br />
being the ideal location for various forms of alternative energy. In 2010 the Industrial<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Corporation spent R33‐million on investigating photo‐voltaic, thermal, solar and<br />
wind power.<br />
54<br />
Winkler, H. 2005: Renewable energy policy in South Africa: policy options for renewable electricity. Energy<br />
Policy. Elsevier.<br />
55<br />
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Eskom generates approximately 95% of the electricity used in South Africa and approximately 45%<br />
of the electricity used elsewhere in Africa. Eskom, as a state‐owned enterprise, has a greater role<br />
to play than merely the supply of electricity. Eskom generates, transmits and distributes electricity<br />
to industrial, mining, commercial, agricultural and residential customers and redistributors<br />
(<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business, 2011). Eskom with a generating capacity of 35 200 MW from 20 power<br />
stations is one of the largest utilities in the world. Power generation is primarily coal‐fired, but<br />
also includes a nuclear power station at Koeberg in the Western <strong>Cape</strong>, two gas turbine facilities,<br />
two conventional hydroelectric plants and two hydroelectric pumped‐storage stations (LED<br />
Strategy).<br />
Electricity cannot be stored in large quantities and generally must be used as it is generated.<br />
<strong>The</strong>refore, electricity is generated in accordance with supply‐demand requirements. <strong>The</strong> demand<br />
for electricity in South Africa has been growing at approximately 3% per annum. This growing<br />
demand, fueled by increasing economic growth and social development within Southern Africa, is<br />
placing increasing pressure on South Africa’s existing power generation capacity. Coupled with<br />
this, is the growing awareness of environmental impact, climate change and the need for<br />
sustainable development.<br />
Eskom’s only current power station in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> includes one of two conventional hydro‐<br />
stations on the Orange River, the Vanderkloof power station. <strong>The</strong> Vanderkloof power station is<br />
located at Petrusville and has 240 MW installed capacity comprising two 120 MW units. In order<br />
to reinforce the existing transmission network and to ensure a reliable electricity supply in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, Eskom is currently proposing the construction of a 400 kV transmission power line<br />
from Ferrum Substation (near Kathu/Sishen) to Garona Substation (near Groblershoop). <strong>The</strong> total<br />
length of the power line is approximately 155 km. According to the LED Strategy, the Sol Plaaitjie<br />
and //Khara Hais local municipalities had the highest electricity usage in 2005, and it is evident<br />
that the urban areas have higher access to electricity in comparison to rural areas in the province.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re is currently a national electricity supply shortage and the country is now in a position where<br />
it needs to commission additional plants urgently. As a result, renewable energy projects are<br />
considered to be high priority (LED Strategy).<br />
Low‐income households rely on wood, coal and paraffin as energy sources. <strong>The</strong>se energy sources<br />
contribute to high levels of indoor pollution. Of serious concern are particulates, carbon<br />
monoxide, respiratory illness, and fires. Quantified impacts of the external cost of household fuels<br />
reveal that greater damages are from candles, paraffin and the use of wood as fuel.<br />
A key challenge which the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> and Local government must overcome is<br />
securing access to reliable, sustainable and affordable energy services to realize sustainable<br />
economic growth and development. Innovation and new energy technologies are therefore<br />
essential to make progress on these issues, as they also create jobs and income and therefore<br />
alleviate poverty. <strong>The</strong> goals of securing supply, providing energy services, tackling climate change,<br />
avoiding air pollution and reaching sustainable development in the province offer both<br />
opportunities and synergies which require joint planning between local and provincial government<br />
as well as the private sector (PGDS).<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS states that renewable energy is an initiative to diversify the economy and thereby<br />
promote the green economy in the province. It is therefore vital to conceptualise the term green<br />
economy so as to fully understand the economic parameters in which renewable energy exists.<br />
Greening the economy is characterized by substantially increased investments in economic sectors<br />
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that build on and enhance the earth’s natural capital or reduce ecological scarcities and<br />
environmental risks. <strong>The</strong>se investments are driven by or supported by national policy reforms and<br />
the development of international policy and market infrastructure.<br />
<strong>The</strong> White Paper on Renewable Energy (2003) has set a target of 10 000 GWh of energy to be<br />
produced from renewable energy sources (mainly biomass, wind, solar, and small‐scale hydro) by<br />
2013. Achieving the target will:<br />
a) Add approximately 1.667 MW new renewable energy capacity with a net impact on GDP as<br />
high as R1.071 billion a year.<br />
b) Create additional government revenue of R299 million.<br />
c) Stimulate additional income that will flow to low‐income households by as much as R128<br />
million, creating just over 20 000 new jobs.<br />
d) Contribute to water savings of 16.5 million kilolitres which translates into a R26.6 million<br />
saving.<br />
F.1.4.1 SOLAR ENERGY<br />
As stated in Chapter C.1 the average daily solar radiation in South Africa varies between 4.5 and<br />
6.5 kWh/m 2 with the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s radiation between 8.501 and 9.500 kWh/m 2 . <strong>The</strong>re are two<br />
main technologies for producing electricity from solar radiation, namely concentrating solar power<br />
(CSP) 56 , also known as solar thermal energy, and solar photovoltaics (PV) 57 . <strong>The</strong> total area of high<br />
radiation in South Africa amounts to approximately 194 000 km 2 and it includes the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong>. If the electricity production per km 2 of mirror surface in a solar thermal power station is<br />
30.2 MW and only 1 % of the area of high radiation is available for solar power generation, then<br />
generation potential is already approximately 64 GW. A mere 1.25 % of the area of high radiation<br />
could thus meet projected South African electricity demand in 2025 (80 GW). This would,<br />
however, require large investments in transmission lines from the areas of high radiation to the<br />
main electricity consumer centres (Pegels, 2009) 58 .<br />
According to the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business (2011), the competitive advantages of the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> for solar power are also the following:<br />
• Relative closeness to the national power grid compared to other areas with comparable<br />
sunshine.<br />
• Water from the Orange River.<br />
• Access to two airports.<br />
• Good major roads.<br />
• A flat landscape.<br />
<strong>The</strong> implementation of large CSP plants has been proposed as one of the main contributors to<br />
greenhouse gas emission reductions in South Africa. Various solar parks and CSP plants have been<br />
proposed in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, including 59 :<br />
56<br />
CSP technology uses mirrors (called heliostats) to concentrate the thermal energy of the sun and heat a transfer<br />
fluid (i.e. molten salt). <strong>The</strong> heat energy is then used to produce steam, with which electricity is generated in<br />
conventional turbines.<br />
57<br />
Photovoltaic panels normally use silicon to convert the solar radiation directly into electricity.<br />
58<br />
Pegels, A. 2009: Prospects for Renewable Energy in South Africa: Mobilising the private sector. DIE. (Discussion<br />
Paper, 23/2009).<br />
59<br />
http://www.northerncapebusiness.co.za/special‐features/941417.htm ‐ accessed on 15 September 2011.<br />
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a) A 100 MW Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) which will be constructed by ESCOM near<br />
Upington (//Khara Hais SDF, 2009).<br />
b) Mining companies in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are looking to CSP plants to provide power for<br />
their operations. Engineering company Group Five announced in 2011 that they were<br />
investigating the construction of a 150 MW plant near Kathu, the area where billions of<br />
Rands are being spent to extract more iron ore for export to China.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> Industrial <strong>Development</strong> Corporation is supporting a number of projects in the<br />
province. <strong>The</strong>se include a 100 MW plant conceived by Abengoa Solar, a Spanish company<br />
with a global presence, and a Solafrica scheme to spend more than R3 billion on a CSP<br />
plant at Groblershoop.<br />
d) Chinese investors are targeting De Aar as the site of other solar projects.<br />
F.1.4.2 WIND ENERGY<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS states that there is considerable potential for wind energy sources in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong>. In fact, wind power potential is good along the entire coast of South Africa, and especially<br />
along the West Coast of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. As stated in Chapter C.1 good wind power potential<br />
exists along the entire Namaqualand coast and in certain parts of the interior of the province.<br />
<strong>The</strong> upper limit of wind energy available to be captured in South Africa is estimated at 3 GW.<br />
Taking a conservative estimate of 30% conversion efficiency and 25% capacity factor, it is<br />
estimated that wind power could supply at least 1% of South Africa’s projected electricity<br />
requirements (19 800 GWh) in 2002. This excludes the offshore wind energy potential which<br />
should also be assessed (White Paper of Renewable Energy, 2003).<br />
According to <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business (2011) a number of wind energy projects are poised to take<br />
off. Some projects are anticipated to start soon at 60 :<br />
a) Witberg and in the Roggeveld near Sutherland (G7 Renewable Energies).<br />
b) Sutherland and Victoria West (Mainstream Renewable Power SA).<br />
c) De Aar (Mulilo Renewable Energy with China Guodian Corporation).<br />
d) Namaqualand (De Beers, with ESKOM and other companies).<br />
F.1.5 TOURISM<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> tourism industry experienced a slight growth over the past five years, reaching<br />
2.9% in 2007. <strong>The</strong> tourism sector in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is estimated to contribute 6% to provincial<br />
GGP. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has an average annual growth of 17% in national visitors and 25% annual<br />
growth in international visitors (LED Strategy). Other tourism figures for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
include:<br />
• In terms of tourism revenue, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province captured a mere 0.7% of South<br />
Africa’s total tourism revenue in 2008, which was a 0.4% decline from 2007.<br />
• In comparison with the other provinces, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> captured the least significant<br />
portion of bed nights spend in South Africa at 0.9%, or approximately 684 000. This was a<br />
0.5% decrease from 2007.<br />
60 http://www.northerncapebusiness.co.za/pls/cms/ti_secout.secout_prov?p_sid=123&p_site_id=164 – accessed<br />
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• In terms of total foreign visitors, 1.3% visited the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in 2008, which was a 1.2%<br />
decline from 2.5% in 2007. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> consequently received the least significant<br />
number of foreign tourists.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is a unique part of South Africa that has a lot on offer for the tourist. Tourist<br />
destinations abound in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, and attract a large number of local and international<br />
visitors. Tourist attractions range from nature and wildlife conservation destinations, natural<br />
wonders, historic sites, festivals, cultural sites, stars gazing, adventure tourism, agricultural<br />
tourism, ecotourism, game farms, hunting areas, etc.<br />
Although the tourism offering is already well developed and there has been considerable<br />
investment in infrastructure in recent years, the potential for <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> to capture more of<br />
the domestic and international tourism market is immense. According to the 15‐year review of<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> published in March 2009, tourist numbers into the province have shown a<br />
steady rise over the last five years, with the biggest percentage increase occurring in the third<br />
quarter of 2006, namely 4.1%. Bed nights sold decreased in more recent times due to the global<br />
recession, but the overall picture for tourism in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> looks good. <strong>The</strong> sector’s direct<br />
contribution to provincial gross domestic product (PGDP) is about 6%.<br />
According to the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), tourism is ‘number one in the<br />
international services trade’ counting for 40 % of global trade in services and 6 % of total world<br />
trade 61 . It is important to emphasise the following aspects of the tourism industry (Ferguson,<br />
2007) 62 :<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> tourism industry directly provides approximately 3 % of the global employment, or 192<br />
million jobs – equivalent to one in every twelve jobs in the formal sector. <strong>The</strong> International<br />
Labour Organisation (ILO) predicts that this share is likely to rise to 251.6 million jobs by<br />
2010, or one in every eleven formal sector jobs.<br />
b) Tourism also has an indirect impact beyond employment through tourism‐related goods<br />
and services, air travel and global consumption patterns. <strong>The</strong> relevance of tourism for<br />
61 Over the past six decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and diversification to become one of the<br />
largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Tourism has become one the major international<br />
trade categories. Today, the export income generated by international tourism ranks fourth after fuels,<br />
chemicals and automotive products. For many developing countries, it is one of the main income sources and<br />
the number one category, creating much needed employment and opportunities for development. <strong>The</strong><br />
following key figures illustrate the growth of the global tourism industry:<br />
a) From 1950 to 2007, international tourist arrivals grew from 25 million to 903 million (up 6.6% on 2006).<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> overall export income generated by these arrivals (international tourism receipts and passengers<br />
transport) grew at a similar pace, outgrowing the world economy, exceeding US$ 1 trillion in 2007, or almost<br />
US$ 3 billion a day.<br />
c) Between 1995 and 2007 growth averaged over 4% a year, in spite of the stagnation between 2001 and 2003<br />
due to terrorism, SARS and the economic downturn.<br />
d) By 2010, international arrivals are expected to reach 1 billion, and 1.6 billion by 2020.<br />
e) In 2007, just over half of all international tourist arrivals were motivated by leisure, recreation and holidays<br />
(51%) – a total of 458 million. Business travel accounted for some 15% (138 million), and 27% represented<br />
travel for other purposes, such as visiting friend and relatives, religious seasons/pilgrimages, health<br />
treatment, etc. (240 million). <strong>The</strong> purpose of visit for the remaining 7% of arrivals was not specified.<br />
f) <strong>The</strong> African continent was one of the best performers in 2007, with a growth of 7% to 44 million arrivals. <strong>The</strong><br />
region confirmed its good momentum averaging 7% growth a year since 2000. International tourism receipts<br />
increased by 8% (in real terms) and reached US$ 28 billion (UNWTO, 2008: Tourism Highlights 2008 –<br />
www.unwto.org).<br />
62 Ferguson L 2007: <strong>The</strong> United Nations World Tourism Organisation (Abstract). New Political Economy. 12(4).<br />
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global political economy can no longer be ignored by analysts wishing to account for<br />
changing global patterns in poverty and inequality. Despite this, with a handful of<br />
exceptions, tourism as a significant feature of contemporary global political economy has<br />
thus attracted little attention in the field of international political economy. <strong>The</strong> United<br />
Nations World Tourism Organisation is an institution that promotes the spread of the<br />
tourism industry across the globe. Its role can be understood in a number of ways:<br />
(i) As a campaigning organisation for the tourism industry;<br />
(ii) As a donor for tourism development projects – important for the Biosphere<br />
Reserve; and<br />
(iii) As a primary source of research and statistics on global tourism.<br />
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (2011) 63 that the direct contribution of Travel<br />
and Tourism to South Africa’s GDP is expected to be R143.5 billion (5% of the total GDP) in 2011,<br />
and is expected to increase by 5% per annum till 2021. Furthermore, the total contribution of<br />
Travel and Tourism economy is estimated to have employed 1, 334 000 people or 10.1% of the<br />
country’s formal workforce. It is also estimated that in 2011, tourism is to generate 594 000 jobs<br />
(4.5% of total employment). This includes employment by hotels, travel agents, airlines and other<br />
passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services).<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS states that tourism is one of the key sectors with the capacity to ‘grow, transform and<br />
diversify the provincial economy’. According to the PGDS, the vision for tourism is underpinned by<br />
a number of broad, essential and specific drivers. <strong>The</strong> ‘broad drivers’ consider the ‘big picture’<br />
focusing on tourism’s contribution to a larger development purpose and include:<br />
• Contributing to overall economic growth in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and South Africa.<br />
• Working towards social upliftment and poverty alleviation through facilitating job creation.<br />
• Striving for more equitable ownership and participation in tourism through transformation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> essential drivers of the tourism sector in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and relate to aspects such as:<br />
a) Increasing visitor numbers, visitors spend and length of stay.<br />
b) Facilitating greater private sector investment in tourism product and small enterprise<br />
development.<br />
c) Facilitating responsible development of tourism that is commercially viable, environmental<br />
conscious and culturally sensitive.<br />
d) Branding and marketing of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has a comparative economic advantage in the form of a defined type of<br />
tourism vested in the following:<br />
Eco‐tourism opportunities<br />
(i) Unique sectoral or nature‐based routes.<br />
(ii) National parks, nature reserves and game reserves.<br />
(iii) Natural and cultural manifestations.<br />
(iv) Festivals and cultural events.<br />
F.1.6 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> holds a significant comparative economic advantage in a number of<br />
enterprises in the science and technology sector. <strong>The</strong>se include the following:<br />
63<br />
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F.1.6.1 SOUTHERN AFRICAN LARGE TELESCOPE (SALT)<br />
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Sutherland is home to the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) which has a hexagonal mirror<br />
array that measures 11m across. This is the largest facility of its type in the southern hemisphere<br />
and one of the top 10 facilities in the world. SALT is an international collaboration that includes<br />
scientists and academics in Germany, India, Poland, the UK and the USA. It allows astronomers to<br />
examine the scale and age of the universe, the life and death of stars and the earliest galaxies.<br />
<strong>The</strong> site was established in the early 1970s at an altitude of 1 759m and the night skies are among<br />
the world’s clearest and darkest. Furthermore, the weather conditions are good and stable which<br />
enhances its viewing opportunities (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business 2011/2012). <strong>The</strong> SALT facility is<br />
operated under contract to the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO).<br />
According to the LED Strategy, this technological breakthrough can produce significant new<br />
tourism opportunities in the Namaqua district and the province as a whole. <strong>The</strong>se opportunities<br />
include star‐gazing tours, research opportunities, etc. Furthermore, the value of SALT to the<br />
disciplines of astronomy and astrophysics is immense and could ensure a constant stream of<br />
international scientists, visitors, and travellers.<br />
F.1.6.2 SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY (SKA)<br />
Currently, South Africa is bidding against Australia to host a R14.5 billion radio telescope on a huge<br />
site near Carnarvon in the Pixely ka Seme District. <strong>The</strong> Square Kilometre Array (SKA) telescope will<br />
be world’s most sophisticated telescope and the decision about whether this new telescope will<br />
be located in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is to be taken in 2012. <strong>The</strong> size and scope of the project means<br />
that winning the bid will have significant economic implications for the province. <strong>The</strong> speed of the<br />
computers that will operate at SKA will be extremely fast – SKA is expected to collect more data in<br />
one week than humankind has collected in its entire history, and mankind will have its first clear<br />
pictures of what the universe looked like 13.7 billion years ago (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business<br />
2011/2012).<br />
In 2007, the Karoo Radio Astronomy Reserve was established under the Astronomy Geographic<br />
Act 21 of 2007. This world‐leading piece of South African legislation designed to preserve the<br />
scientific integrity of the reserve. <strong>The</strong> Act ensures the preservation and protection of areas within<br />
South Africa that are uniquely suited to ground‐based astronomy. An area of 12.5 million hectares<br />
around the proposed core of SKA will be protected as a radio‐astronomy reserve with strict<br />
regulations controlling the generation and transmission of interfering radio signals in the reserve<br />
and the area around it (refer to Map F.2 below).<br />
<strong>The</strong> intention is to locate the SKA core near Carnarvon with outlying stations in Botswana, Ghana,<br />
Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia and Zambia. Added together, the combined<br />
collecting area of these antennas will be roughly one square kilometre. <strong>The</strong> antennas would be<br />
connected via a super‐fast data communications network to an extremely large and powerful<br />
computer in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, and the telescope would be controlled and operated remotely<br />
from <strong>Cape</strong> Town, where the operations and science centre would be located. <strong>The</strong> SKA will be one<br />
of the largest scientific research facilities in the world and, if awarded to South Africa, would<br />
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consolidate the southern African region as a major international hub for astronomy and cutting‐<br />
edge technology 64 .<br />
Map F.2: Astronomy Reserve in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with the core site of SKA (Source: SKA Africa,<br />
www.ska.ac.za)<br />
<strong>The</strong> location of the candidate core site in the Karoo was chosen because of the following attributes<br />
(SKA Africa Brochure, 2011) 65 :<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> radio frequency interference (RFI) environment is intrinsically quiet because of the<br />
remoteness of the site and the shielding effect of the flat‐topped hills surrounding the<br />
area.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> area is far from centres of economic activity and has a very low and decreasing rural<br />
population.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> climate is benign with no extreme weather conditions (e.g. high winds or extreme<br />
diurnal temperature variations).<br />
d) <strong>The</strong> site is at a 1 000 metre elevation with a flat topography.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> water vapour content in the troposphere is low.<br />
f) Despite being remote, the area is well‐served with essential infrastructure, including all‐<br />
weather roads and national grid electrical power, and is easily accessible from major<br />
settlements.<br />
g) Required land, labour and services available and very affordable.<br />
64 http://www.dst.gov.za/other/ska ‐ accessed on 15 September 2011.<br />
65 SKA Africa Brochure, 2011: An outstanding and affordable site for the SKA: Fact Sheet 4.<br />
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h) <strong>The</strong> astronomical ‘richness’ of the southern skies and strong tradition of astronomy in<br />
South Africa.<br />
i) Very little light pollution.<br />
j) Excellent academic infrastructure to support SKA science and technology.<br />
<strong>The</strong> benefits of the SKA to the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and South Africa are multi‐faced and include the<br />
following:<br />
(i) Upgrading of a 10Gb cable will ensure that previously high‐speed unconnected<br />
communities have better broadband access.<br />
(ii) Helping build up educational resources in the area, forming partnerships with the private<br />
sector to support local schools and working closely with the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Department of<br />
Education.<br />
(iii) Promotong education and training (the SKA SA initiative has already provided more than<br />
270 science and engineering bursaries from undergraduate to post‐doctoral level).<br />
F.1.6.3 KAROO ARRAY TELESCOPE<br />
South Africa is building the Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT) which is a precursor instrument for<br />
the SKA, but will in its own right be amongst the largest and most powerful telescopes in the<br />
world. MeerKAT is to be built in the same radio astronomy reserve near Carnarvon where the<br />
proposed SKA will also be situated, over the next five years. Consisting of 64 dishes, each 13.5m in<br />
diameter, with the first to be in place by 2013 and the project will be complete by the end of 2016.<br />
<strong>The</strong> intention is that MeerKAT will develop technologies appropriate to the SKA. This will include<br />
the use of composite, one‐piece reflectors, single‐pixel wideband receivers, low‐cost, high‐<br />
reliability cryogenic systems, and reconfigurable digital‐processing systems (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Business 2011/2012).<br />
Astronomical tourism has already created good economic spinoffs. Two Sutherland entrepreneurs<br />
rehabilitated the conservation land around the SALT facility, which has now become the site of<br />
guided tours and accommodation venues have flourished in recent times. A satellite visitors’<br />
centre will be built in the township of Schietfontein (<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Business, 2011). According to<br />
the LED Strategy there is also potential for an astronomy route (i.e. star gazing route) between De<br />
Aar, Carnarvon, Williston, and Loxton.<br />
F.2 DEVELOPMENT REGIONS AND CORRIDORS<br />
Economic development opportunities are the key determinant in the settlement pattern described<br />
in Section D. Economic development, in turn, typically responds to the availability of<br />
Environmental Capital (e.g. water, suitable agricultural soil, mining resources, etc.) and<br />
Infrastructural Capital (e.g. roads, electricity, bulk engineering services, etc.). Over time, this has<br />
resulted in the evolusion of distinct <strong>Development</strong> Regions and Corridors.<br />
<strong>The</strong> development regions and corridors constitute a clustering of nodes and the creation of a<br />
system that will synergise the capacity of stakeholders and entities within these nodes to ensure<br />
institutional and leadership capacity that will lead to regional equity. <strong>The</strong> table and map below<br />
summarise and illustrate the spatial context of the current development regions and corridors of<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
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Map F.3: <strong>Development</strong> regions and corridors of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: PGDS).<br />
Table F.6: <strong>Development</strong> regions and corridors of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> (Source: PGDS).<br />
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REGION AND<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
CORRIDOR<br />
FISHING AND<br />
<strong>The</strong> Namaqualand coast is the centre of the fishing and mariculture sector, and this<br />
MARICULTURE<br />
corridor has the primary node at Port Nolloth followed by the secondary nodes of<br />
Hondeklip Bay and Alexander Bay.<br />
GAMAGARA CORRIDOR This is the mining belt in the John Taolo Gaetsewe and Siyanda districts and run form<br />
Lime Acres and Danielskuil to Hotazel in the north. This corridor focus on the<br />
tremendous iron ore and manganese reserve in the area and being able to develop the<br />
area to facilitate this development, but also to create a simultaneous parallel socio‐<br />
economic contexts to provide for the community in 30 or so years when the mineral<br />
reserves are depleted.<br />
KIMBERLEY FOOD This follows a food producing area from Hartswater, Jankempdorp through to Prieska<br />
CORRIDOR<br />
via Hopetown and Douglas.<br />
NAMAQUA INDUSTRIAL <strong>The</strong> Namaqua district has a multitude of industrial minerals such as granite, slate, mica,<br />
MINERALS CORRIDOR clay, etc. <strong>The</strong> intention is to have a central processing and logistics hub for the different<br />
industries and to make operators more competitive.<br />
SKA CORRIDOR It is the area around Carnarvon and Williston but extends to include areas up to De Aar<br />
and Upington. It spans across the district municipalities of Namaqua, Siyanda and<br />
Pixley ka Seme.<br />
SOLAR CORRIDOR Some of the best solar radiation areas on this planet is found in the area from Prieska to<br />
Upington and along to Riemvasmaak.<br />
TOURISM: LAKE GARIEP <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, Free State and Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> Provinces are combined into this<br />
corridor and it is centred around Lake Gariep. This area has great tourism potential.<br />
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TOURISM: N1 This corridor connects Gauteng, Free State, Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> and Western <strong>Cape</strong> with<br />
Colesburg as anchor for this initiative.<br />
TOURISM: N7 This corridor stretches from <strong>Cape</strong> Town through the Namaqua desert up to Namibia. It<br />
is world famous for its empty spaces, flower blooms and unspoilt scenery.<br />
UPINGTON<br />
MANUFACTURING AND<br />
ELECTRONICS IDZ<br />
<strong>The</strong> Upington Airport has been earmarked for a cargo hub for manufacturing related to<br />
local agriculture production, electronic goods production, SKA‐related and solar energy<br />
goods and services. Furthermore, the airport is already a facility that exports large<br />
amounts of agricultural produce. <strong>The</strong> Upington area has also been earmarked for a<br />
number of solar plants.<br />
F.3 SUPPORTING PROVINCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE BASE<br />
<strong>The</strong> province and, in particular, the <strong>Development</strong> Regions and Corridors are supported by a<br />
generally adequate infrastructural network and bulk services base. <strong>The</strong> key components are<br />
summarised and illustrated in the chapters below.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> will spend R4.5 billion on infrastructure by 2014. <strong>The</strong> improvement of the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s transport network and infrastructure is seen as central to growing and<br />
transforming the region’s economy. About R4.5‐billion will be spent in the period 2009‐2014 on<br />
infrastructure. <strong>The</strong> provincial government aims to create 100 000 jobs between 2009 and 2014.<br />
This is in addition to the R787‐billion that national government has set aside for infrastructure<br />
spending, a portion of which will be spent in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong> key agent for implementing<br />
these measures in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is the Department of Roads and Public Works (DRPW).<br />
F.3.1 TRANSPORT<br />
Transport is a supportive sector which plays a key role in meeting objectives of economic growth,<br />
access to employment opportunities, and social integration. Transport, both public and private, is<br />
a primary spatial structuring element providing access and mobility to both urban and rural<br />
communities. One of the underlying success factors of any regional economy relates to the<br />
movement of goods, people and services. It is important that the role and functioning of the<br />
different modes of transport and the impact on the infrastructure are clearly understood in order<br />
to focus different investment on the areas of opportunity and need.<br />
F.3.1.1 ROADS<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is a huge province but it is well served by transport links. <strong>The</strong> main national<br />
highways include (Makiti Guides and Tours, 2008) (refer to Table F.7 and Map F.4):<br />
Table F.7: Primary roads in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
ROUTE DESCRIPTION<br />
N1 Main route between Gauteng and the Western <strong>Cape</strong> via Bloemfontein.<br />
N7 Main route between the Western <strong>Cape</strong> and Namibia through Namaqualand.<br />
N10 Main route from the Eastern <strong>Cape</strong> passing De Aar, Prieska and Upington up to<br />
Namibia.<br />
N12 Main route between Gauteng and the Western <strong>Cape</strong> via Kimberley.<br />
N14 Linking Springbok on the N7 in the west with Kuruman N7 via the northern areas<br />
along the Orange River in the vicinity of Keimoes and Upington.<br />
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Primary regional roads include the:<br />
a) R360: Main route to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park via Upington.<br />
b) R27: Main route from Upington via Calvinia and Nieuwoudtville to the N7 (i.e. the main<br />
road between Upington and the Western <strong>Cape</strong>).<br />
c) R63: Main route between Calvinia and Britstown via Carnarvon and Williston.<br />
F.3.1.2 AIRPORTS<br />
Map F.4: Transport network of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s two major airports run by Airports Company South Africa (ACSA) received<br />
expensive upgrades in 2008/09 with R17‐million being spent on Kimberley and R31‐million on<br />
Upington, where a business park may be constructed alongside the airport. Signs that the<br />
recession had lifted were seen in arrival figures for both airports in the 2010/11 financial year.<br />
Both recorded arrival figures more in line with the statistics for 2008/09, rather than the low<br />
figures for 2009/10. Kimberley Airport caters for about 65 000 arrivals every year.<br />
Upington Airport has a varied and important role in the regional economy. With a long runway<br />
built to cater for transcontinental flights (at nearly 5km, the runway can accommodate space<br />
shuttles needing to make emergency landings), Upington is being considered as a regional cargo<br />
hub. Currently, about a million tons of grapes pass through the airport, and good quantities of<br />
fruit and fish also form part of the cargo load. Tourists use the airport for access to the Kgalagadi<br />
and Augrabies Falls National Parks. As it is situated in an area with clean desert air, the airport is<br />
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suitable as a facility for the long‐term parking of mothballed aircrafts. Airlink flies to Upington and<br />
the charter company Walker Flying Services is based there.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA) has identified Upington as an alternative or<br />
supplement for Oliver Tambo Airport for cargo traffic. According to ASCA the feasibility of<br />
upgrading of the airport to cater for the demand in international freight transport of the local<br />
table grape industry and others is being explored. <strong>The</strong> establishment of an International<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Zone (IDZ) at the Upington airport has been proposed to further enhance its<br />
strategic importance for the local, regional and provincial economy. An adequate volume of cargo<br />
is generated in the western and eastern region of South Africa and Nambia to warrant the<br />
establishment of a cargo hub at Upington (//Khara Hais SDF, 2009).<br />
<strong>The</strong> benefits for cargo airlines and importers and exporters would be greater when using the<br />
Upington Airport, as there is less congestion and quicker airport turnaround times, shorter‐to‐<br />
market timeframes which would enhance product freshness by one day, and improved supply‐<br />
chain performance. It is also envisaged that, once a regular service by a reputable airline is<br />
established, many new projects will start up and many new projects will start up and many<br />
existing commodities will grow in volume. In particular, meat exports from Groblershoop will<br />
double and Namibian meat exports will come to Upington (Davenport, 2006) 66 .<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has many good landing strips. <strong>The</strong> Sishen airfield is a licensed aerodrome and<br />
serves the mining industry in the north‐eastern part of the province, while the Namaqua District<br />
Municipality has three good airstrips at Calvinia (a private field which is 1 250m long), Springbok<br />
and Alexander Bay. <strong>The</strong> Gariep Dam airstrip is tarred and with a 1 360m runway it can cater for<br />
Learjets 67 .<br />
F.3.1.3 RAILWAYS<br />
<strong>The</strong> rail network in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> spanned approximately 2 816 km of which 1 557 km was<br />
electrified and 1 303 km was diesel operated. <strong>The</strong> mining industry was served by two major rail<br />
lines – the Sishen‐Saldanha (orex) line and the Hotazel‐Sishen‐Port Elizabeth managenese line.<br />
<strong>The</strong> rural areas had historically relied on branch lines for freight transport for agriculture and also<br />
small scale mining. Most of these branch lines had closed or experienced drastic reduction in the<br />
frequency of services (PGDS).<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has two of the most significant railway structures in South Africa, namely the<br />
junction at De Aar, which binds the whole western side of the country, and the Sishen‐Saldanha<br />
railway line. De Aar, already an important terminus, is being targeted as the site of a freight<br />
intermodal terminal. A detailed proposal has been put to the provincial Freight Logistics Forum.<br />
De Aar has 110km of rail lines.<br />
<strong>The</strong> key task of the Sishen‐Saldanha railway line is to transport iron ore from mines in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> to the Port of Saldanha. <strong>The</strong> province’s manganese is transported via the general<br />
freight line to Port Elizabeth but the port city’s inability to cope with increased volumes is leading<br />
66<br />
Davenport, J. 2006: Study finds that a cargo hub at Upington would boost <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> economy. Engineering<br />
news. 2 June 2006.<br />
67<br />
http://www.northerncapebusiness.co.za/pls/cms/ti_secout.secout_prov?p_sid=43&p_site_id=164 –accessed on<br />
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to a re‐think. Both the existing line and the handling facility in Port Elizabeth will have to be<br />
upgraded to be able to cope with 12 to 14 million tons per annum or the Sishen‐Saldanha line will<br />
have to start carrying manganese as well.<br />
Transnet Freight Rail (TFR), which operates the line to Saldanha on the West Coast, has committed<br />
to a R8.7‐billion upgrade of the rail corridor. This is to cater for increased volumes being produced<br />
by mining companies such as Kumba Iron Ore. All told, the iron‐ore channel is being extended<br />
from 38 million tons per year to 60 million tons per year. <strong>The</strong> line is being upgraded, new rolling<br />
stock added and new loops are being added to service the new iron‐ore mines mentioned in the<br />
mining sector overview elsewhere in this publication.<br />
Upington is the location of rail connections to Karasburg in Namibia and Keimoes and Kakamas<br />
due west of Upington. <strong>The</strong>re is also a connection to De Aar in the south which, in turn, links to<br />
railways to Johannesburg, Kimberley and <strong>Cape</strong> Town.<br />
F.3.1.4 HARBOURS<br />
Port Nolloth, which is essentially a fishing harbour, is the province’s biggest facility and harbour<br />
town. <strong>The</strong> Western <strong>Cape</strong> ports of Saldanha and <strong>Cape</strong> Town are used extensively for exporting<br />
mining, agricultural and manufactured products from the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
<strong>The</strong> fishing harbous of Port Nolloth and Hondeklip Bay have both experienced degradation of their<br />
basic infrastructure in recent years in parallel with the decline of the fishing industry in<br />
Namaqualand. At present, the Hondeklip Bay facility is non‐utilised with the jetty having been<br />
seriously damaged by winter storms a few years ago. <strong>The</strong> Port Nolloth harbour is currently utilized<br />
by a number of shallow‐water diamond concession vessels but is used only sporadically by small<br />
in‐shore fishing vessels. <strong>The</strong> Port Nolloth harbour is in need of rehabilitation as part of the<br />
provincial strategy to promote the town as a regional fishing node. A plan for this has been<br />
devised and private sector interest has been shown in co‐financing rehabilitation work as part of a<br />
regional fishing project.<br />
As stated in the PDGS, many of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>’s primary agricultural and mineral production<br />
are produced in localities distant from markets and from points of export. <strong>The</strong> province’s ability to<br />
effectively and efficiently convey goods by both road and rail is crucial for the further economic<br />
development of the province. Indeed the continued viability of certain existing economic activities<br />
and the development of new ones depend on the availability of cost‐effective freight transport<br />
and logistics systems. <strong>The</strong>re is, therefore, a need for a clear freight strategy that will ensure that<br />
goods are efficiently transported to the various markets.<br />
F.3.2 WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK<br />
<strong>The</strong> province’s two perennial rivers, the Orange and the Vaal, feed the agriculture and alluvial<br />
diamond industries in the province. Most of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> rivers are characterized by<br />
irregular flows and are punctuated by episodes of excessive flooding that cause damage to<br />
irrigation equipment, bridges and property.<br />
In order facilitate equitable and sustainable provision of water throughout the Province the<br />
Department of Water Affairs (DWA) prepared and implemented a comprehensive water plan and<br />
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strategiy (refer to Map F.5 below). This plan is to give effect to the Water Allocation Reform (WAR)<br />
which aims to:<br />
a) Take steps to meet the water needs of the HDIs and the poor.<br />
b) Ensure participation by these groups in water resource management.<br />
c) Promote the sustainable use of water resources.<br />
d) Promote the beneficial and efficient use of water in the public interest.<br />
Map F.5: <strong>Provincial</strong> water plan and strategy (Source: Department of Water Affairs).<br />
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BOX 5<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY ECONOMIC ASPECTS<br />
December 2011<br />
a) Consider proposed nuclear power installation at Hondeklipbaai.<br />
b) Consideration enlargement of Boegoeberg dam and Prieska dam.<br />
c) Create opportunities for communities to become involved in operation of tourism facilities, providing services to the<br />
industry and acting as suppliers to the industry.<br />
d) Ensure that new development is subject to the availability of resources, with specific reference to water and bulk<br />
services infrastructure.<br />
e) Establishing stronger backward and forward linkages between sectors to ensure stronger multipliers.<br />
f) Explore need and desirability of a safe deep-water harbour at Port Nolloth.<br />
g) Facilitate preparation of holistic strategy for promotion of the Port Nolloth Fishing Node.<br />
h) Facilitate joint venture business arrangements between fishing companies to create a ‘critical mass’ of fish that would<br />
make fishing and fish processing more economically viable in the Port Nolloth area.<br />
i) Facilitate support for development of a small-scale experimental factory at Port Nolloth or Hondeklipbaai.<br />
j) Increase awareness, branding and marketing initiatives in the tourism industry to attract more tourists locally and<br />
internationally.<br />
k) Increase spectrum of tourist attractions and activities in focus areas to induce tourists to stay longer and encourage<br />
returns.<br />
l) Prepare long-term tourism plans and strategies, including precautionary measures and guidelines to reduce negative<br />
impact of development, with specific reference to visual impact in resource areas.<br />
m) Prioritise construction and upgrading of Hotazel-McCarthy’s Rest road and Hotazel-Vanzulsrus road that link <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> with Botswana (crucial for enhancing the tourism sector of the province and the country).<br />
n) Prioritise construction of Vioolsdrif dam.<br />
o) Promote development of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as dimension stone.<br />
p) Provide a plan for supporting bulk services and infrastructure, including roads, electricity, water and telecommunication.<br />
q) Provide a spatial framework that indicates appropriate development regions and corridors based on the comparative<br />
economic advantages of the subject areas.<br />
r) Provide strategy to ensure that infrastructure spending has a long-term focus which is not subject to short-term political<br />
cycles and IDP budgets only.<br />
s) Reflect critical shortages and focal areas for bulk infrastructure provision.<br />
t) Reflect the importance of the envisaged solar power industry.<br />
u) Revisit study on desirability of development of cargo facilities and chartered cargo air services out of Alexander Bay,<br />
Upington and Kimberley airports (previous work was not conclusive).<br />
v) Stipulate off-sets for detrimental impacts of mining on agriculture with specific reference to water pollution, dust,<br />
deterioration of roads, etc.<br />
w) Unlock potential of tourism markets, especially in rural areas where new product opportunities for cultural, adventure<br />
and ecotourism exist.<br />
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SECTION G: PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
SECTION CONTENT<br />
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This section comprises a summary of the interventions listed in the PGDS that have to be provided for in the PSDF.<br />
Many of the proposed interventions do not have any spatial implications. However, they all a bearting on the key<br />
imperatives for sustainable development, namely human well‐being, environmental integrity and economic efficiency.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 4 of the PSDF will therefore address such non‐spatial issues and interventions such as many of those listed in<br />
the PGDS.<br />
G.1 KEY INTERVENTIONS PROPOSED BY PGDS<br />
An analysis of the socio‐economic situation and indicators of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> indicates that the<br />
most significant challenge that the government and its partners in growth and development are<br />
confronted with is the reduction of poverty. All other societal challenges that the province faces<br />
emanate predominantly from the effects of poverty. While addressing poverty attention needs to<br />
be given to a range of societal problems that includes the following:<br />
a) Reducing the backlog of basic needs such as water, sanitation and housing;<br />
b) Improving and increasing access to health, education and social services;<br />
c) Decreasing the prevalence rate of TB, HIV and AIDS;<br />
d) Creating opportunities for employment;<br />
e) Reducing contact crime; and<br />
f) Targeting vulnerable groups.<br />
<strong>The</strong> only effective means by which one can reduce poverty is through long‐term sustainable<br />
economic growth and development. To create the conditions that allow the poor to break the<br />
cycle of poverty and to ensure economic growth and development, it is vital to develop the human<br />
and social capital of the people of the province. This would require:<br />
• Creating opportunities for lifelong learning;<br />
• Improving the skills of the labour force to increase productivity; and<br />
• Increasing accessibility to knowledge and information.<br />
An analysis of the economic situation and indicators reflects opportunities for potential growth in<br />
the following sectors:<br />
(i) Agriculture.<br />
(ii) Fishing and Mariculture.<br />
(iii) Mining and mineral processing.<br />
(iv) Manufacturing.<br />
(v) Tourism.<br />
(vi) Energy.<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS subsequently provides strategic interventions for all of the primary sectors referred to<br />
above. <strong>The</strong> key interventions proposed by the PGDS for the various key sectors or are listed in the<br />
tables below.<br />
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Table G.1: Strategic interventions in agriculture.<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
Create a transformed and<br />
vibrant agricultural sector<br />
that contributes to the<br />
provincial economic growth,<br />
job creation and food<br />
security<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
Land reform and promotion of<br />
optimal and sustainable<br />
agricultural production<br />
Marketing support to improve<br />
market access by small holder<br />
farmers<br />
Promotion and support of agri‐<br />
businesses and agro‐processing<br />
Ensure sustainable use and<br />
management of natural<br />
resources.<br />
Technology development and<br />
transfer<br />
Implement integrated food<br />
security program<br />
<strong>Development</strong> of farm workers<br />
and dwellers to enhance their<br />
livelihood and full participation<br />
in the sector<br />
Table G.2: Strategic interventions in mining and mineral processing.<br />
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Acquire and redistribute strategically located<br />
land<br />
Revitalisation of inactive and distressed farms<br />
Facilitate the participation and ownership of<br />
market channels by small farmers.<br />
Co‐ordinate and facilitate the establishment of<br />
agro‐processing industries<br />
Improve efficiency of water use in the sector<br />
through appropriate technologies<br />
Implement the LandCare program to promote<br />
and support the protection of agricultural land<br />
Conduct research to provide producers with<br />
innovative solutions<br />
Establishment of households, community and<br />
institutional food production initiatives and<br />
revival of dormant projects to enable own food<br />
production and improve income<br />
Capacity building of farm‐workers and farm<br />
dwellers and co‐ordinate the expansion of<br />
services to farm workers and dwellers<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
Promote economic growth<br />
through minerals exploitation<br />
and development.<br />
Promote the development of<br />
synergies between the mining<br />
and other economic activities<br />
Promote the role mines play in<br />
terms of rural economic<br />
development<br />
Promote further large‐scale<br />
mining development<br />
Complementary economic opportunities<br />
between mining and other economic sectors on<br />
a regional basis<br />
Ensure compliance to Social and Labour plans<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as an exploration target<br />
Ensuring suitable infrastructure to sustain<br />
longer term mining develop in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong><br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> Mining and Minerals <strong>Development</strong><br />
Forum<br />
Regional Small‐Scale Mining and Minerals<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Centres<br />
Increased rail capacity for mineral exports<br />
Support small‐scale mining<br />
development<br />
Enhancing logistics for minerals<br />
development<br />
Minerals tax development Appropriate taxation options for the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> minerals sector<br />
Promoting industrial Promote backward, forward and side‐stream<br />
development<br />
beneficiation<br />
and minerals economic linkages and multipliers<br />
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Table G.3: Strategic interventions in tourism.<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
Promote and develop the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as a globally<br />
competitive tourism resource<br />
and destination.<br />
Table G.4: Strategic interventions on energy.<br />
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Tourism Product <strong>Development</strong> Customised experiences through product<br />
packaging<br />
Match products to markets<br />
Expand and develop product portfolio<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
Promote the use of<br />
alternative energy in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Establishment of <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> as a Solar Energy Hub<br />
Establish a 100 MW CSP plant in the Siyanda<br />
region<br />
Establish 2 MW CSP plant in Siyanda region in<br />
the province<br />
Production of Solar Water geysers<br />
Creation of wind energy farms Support the initiative to start a 400 MW wind<br />
farm on the West Coast and other possible<br />
viable farms<br />
Research on possible other Promote the use of biomass in the province<br />
energy sources<br />
Promotion of environmental Ensure that all building plans in the province<br />
friendly building regulations adhere to energy efficiency principles<br />
To investigate the sale of Facilitate the sale of carbon credits<br />
carbon credits<br />
Table G.5: Strategic interventions on enterprise development.<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
Establish, develop and support<br />
SMMEs and Cooperatives<br />
Financial and non‐financial<br />
support for existing SMMEs<br />
and Cooperatives<br />
Table G.6: Strategic interventions in science and technology.<br />
Non – Financial support:<br />
Business plans development<br />
Financial and business management skills<br />
training through SEDA<br />
Financial Support<br />
Referrals of business plans and funding<br />
requests to funding institutions such as KHULA,<br />
FB SMME Trust, NDA, CIS, NYDA, ABSA SMME<br />
Fund, etc.<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
Enhance quality and quantity of Water demand management Curtail water losses at water resources level<br />
water resources<br />
Revitalisaion of 3 irrigation schemes<br />
Establishment of 3 new irrigation schemes<br />
Construct gauging weirs capable of accurately<br />
measuring flow of 50 cumec and less at<br />
identified key sites within stretch of 1400 km of<br />
Orange River length.<br />
Diversification (b) Desalination and recycling<br />
strategies developed: 3 Municipalities<br />
supported with desalination projects.<br />
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Reduce greenhouse gas<br />
emissions, climate change<br />
impact and improve<br />
air/atmospheric quality<br />
Reduce greenhouse gas<br />
emissions, climate change<br />
impact and improve<br />
air/atmospheric quality<br />
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Water resources protection Priority wetland in <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> rehabilitated<br />
Implementation of Working for wetlands<br />
program through the rehabilitation of priority<br />
wetland, development of rehabilitation plan<br />
Proclaim 1 wetland of national importance as<br />
protected area and manage effectively<br />
Regulation of water quality Assess water treatment works<br />
% of water treatment works complying with<br />
enforcement measures to meet drinking water<br />
quality standards<br />
Assessment of waste water treatment works<br />
(WWTW)<br />
Determine the percentage of waste water<br />
treatment works (WWTW) complying with<br />
enforcement<br />
standards<br />
measures to meet effluent<br />
Monitor mines for non‐compliance in<br />
Reduced CO2 emission<br />
accordance with water license conditions<br />
Reduction of total emissions of CO2 by 34% by<br />
2020 and 42% by 2025 and % of government<br />
owned monitoring stations reporting to SAAQIS<br />
<strong>Development</strong> and implementation of N<strong>Cape</strong><br />
GHG mitigation plan developed and<br />
Atmospheric pollutants<br />
implemented according to the agreed upon<br />
GHG mitigation targets for key sectors in the<br />
province<br />
100% provincial compliance with Ambient Air<br />
Quality Standards by 2020<br />
Develop and implement Air Quality<br />
Management Plans for 3 Priority Areas in<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Licensing Authorities (Provinces; Metros and<br />
District municipalities) implement the new<br />
Atmospheric Emission Licensing system<br />
Grow and develop the National Ambient Air<br />
Quality Monitoring Network and the South<br />
African<br />
(SAAQIS)<br />
Air Quality Information System<br />
Develop and rollout strategies and action plans<br />
to address air pollution in dense low‐income<br />
communities and from non‐industrial and/or<br />
non‐point sources (e.g. coal, paraffin, wood,<br />
veld fires, construction activities, un‐surfaced<br />
haul roads, etc.)<br />
Minimize Mine Dust related exposure<br />
Implement<br />
monitoring<br />
the minimum frequency of<br />
Research project on health impacts of mining<br />
tailing dumps on communities<br />
Determine number of derelict and/or<br />
ownerless mines in the Province and their<br />
impact on the environment<br />
Generation of renewable power<br />
Implementation of Industrial Policy Action Plan<br />
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Sustainable environmental<br />
management<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
Renewable energy deployed<br />
Identified climate change and<br />
adaptation framework<br />
Rehabilitation and restoration<br />
of degraded ecosystems<br />
Deforestation & improved<br />
forest management<br />
Less waste that is better<br />
managed<br />
Efficient management of the<br />
environmental impacts from<br />
mining and related activities<br />
Efficent and sustainable land<br />
use management<br />
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(IPAP) and green economy plan and strategy<br />
development<br />
Establish the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as Solar Hub in SA<br />
Roll out solar geyser project in respect to<br />
Government Housing Project<br />
Identification of Climate Change impacts and<br />
integration of adaptation framework into<br />
provincial climate change response strategy<br />
and 8 provincial sector plans by 2014<br />
Rehabilitation of land affected by degradation<br />
in ha.<br />
Prevent deforestation<br />
Cleaning/elimination of alien plants<br />
Promote community‐based natural resource<br />
management<br />
Reforestation (trees planted for carbon<br />
storage)<br />
Transfer indigenous forest assets transferred<br />
from DAFF to appropriate government<br />
conservation agencies<br />
Municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
implementing National Policy on Free Basic<br />
Refuse Removal (FBRR) ‐ 60% of households<br />
provided with basic waste collection services<br />
by 2014<br />
Increase percentage of licenced landfill sites to<br />
75% of all landfill sites by 2014<br />
10% municipal waste diverted from landfills for<br />
recycling by 2015<br />
Develop and implement waste minimization<br />
standards and targets<br />
Establish Waste Recycling Enterprises/ Projects<br />
in 5 Districts<br />
Identifying of derelict and ownerless mines and<br />
rehabilitation and remediation of land<br />
National areas identified for restricted mineral<br />
development negotiated and published<br />
Comparison of 'environmentally sensitive<br />
areas' and 'mineral development priority<br />
areas', public and stakeholder consultation,<br />
reach consensus on provincial restricted<br />
mineral development areas for gazetting<br />
Province participates in and is consulted for<br />
development and implementation of regulatory<br />
system for environmental management of<br />
mining<br />
Municipalities with credible spatial<br />
development frameworks that are informed by<br />
strategic environmental assessment (SEA) or<br />
Environmental Management Framework (EMF)<br />
Develop and implement District Environmental<br />
Management Frameworks for 5 District<br />
Municipalities<br />
Integration of environmental issues into land<br />
use planning in each of the Municipalities<br />
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Protect biodiversity Land mass under conservation Declaration of priority areas for expansion of<br />
protected areas network – 56088 ha by 2011<br />
Improvement in management of Protected<br />
areas (5 <strong>Provincial</strong> nature reserves) – 68% by<br />
2012<br />
Implement the Biodiversity Stewardship<br />
Program to contribute to the Land Mass under<br />
conservation in the form of Nature Reserves<br />
and protected environments – 137 203 ha<br />
Proceed with the declaration of priority areas<br />
for expansion of protected areas in the coastal<br />
zone<br />
Proclaim Orange River Mouth (ORM ‐ estuary)<br />
as protected area ‐ 1863.76 ha<br />
1 wetland proclaimed<br />
ORM and wetland maintained<br />
Strengthening environmental<br />
legislation compliance and<br />
enforcement<br />
Protected ecosystems and<br />
species<br />
Valuing the ecosystem<br />
services<br />
Environmental legislation<br />
compliance and enforcement<br />
Assist with development and implementation<br />
of national Biodiversity management plans for<br />
2 species under formal protection<br />
Develop and implement regulations and tools<br />
to prevent, control or eradicate Alien and<br />
Invasive Species<br />
Habitat loss reduced through protection of<br />
threatened or protected ecosystems<br />
Reduction of number of species on the red date<br />
list (proportion of species threatened with<br />
extinction) through targeted protection of<br />
priority habitats<br />
Gazetting of Namaqua Bioregional Plan<br />
<strong>Development</strong> and gazetting of <strong>Provincial</strong><br />
Conservation Plan<br />
2 Wetland of national and international<br />
importance with management plan in place<br />
Environmental benefits related to the provision<br />
of resource‐based services better understood,<br />
communicated and incentivised<br />
Designation of Environmental Management<br />
Inspectorate (EMI)<br />
Environmental sustainability Scaling up environmental education, awareness<br />
and voluntary activism: Environmental Sector<br />
Skillls Plan (ESSP) fully implemented by 2014<br />
Implement Ecoschool program in all schools in<br />
the province – 300 by 2014<br />
Establish and roll out Rural Environmental<br />
Voluntary Activist Group – 5 communities by<br />
2013<br />
Creating work opportunities 75 000 EPWP work opportunities by 2014<br />
Implement greening projects (planting<br />
indigenous trees) and street cleaning in the<br />
municipalities<br />
Implement coast care program at all South<br />
African beaches ‐ Litter picking and scrubbing<br />
of beach facilities<br />
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Table G.7: Strategic interventions in local economic development.<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
Local Economic <strong>Development</strong> Aligned and integrated LED<br />
planning and strategies for all<br />
spheres of government<br />
capitalizing on competitive<br />
and comparative position of<br />
municipalities and effectively<br />
communicating and<br />
marketing this information<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
Public and private sectors to<br />
approach LED in partnership<br />
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Ensure all plans relevant to economic<br />
development be aligned and thus can be<br />
integrated<br />
Creating broad level of LED awareness,<br />
knowledge and competence – LED capacity<br />
building<br />
To have local, district and provincial LED for as<br />
where local economy and investment<br />
environment are combinetly planned on and<br />
approved<br />
Project and enterprise support capitalising on<br />
opportunities identified from LED strategies<br />
and plans<br />
Table G.8: Strategic interventions in comprehensive rural development program.<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
Comprehensive Rural<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Program (CRDP)<br />
Vibrant, equitable and<br />
sustainable rural communities<br />
and food security for all<br />
Revitalization of rural areas Social transformation<br />
Economic development<br />
Agrarian reforn<br />
Sustainable agrarian reform, Clarify the land reform status quo in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Establish available support service capacity and<br />
budgets and conduct gap analysis<br />
Improved access to affordable Innovation for alternative low carbon rural<br />
and diverse food<br />
economies.<br />
Rural services and sustainable<br />
livelihoods<br />
Rural job creation linked to<br />
skills training and promoting<br />
economic livelihoods<br />
Enabling institutional<br />
environment for sustainable<br />
and inclusive growth<br />
Co‐ordinate effective<br />
implementation of the<br />
provincial rural development<br />
Provision of prioritized settlement support<br />
services to land reform projects, CRA’s and<br />
farm workers.<br />
Measures to target rural towns in decline.<br />
Deepen skills in transdisciplinary planning,<br />
program<br />
Management and monitoring and the<br />
mitigation of hazards and risk.<br />
Maximise learning from existing pilots.<br />
Promote and support the establishment of<br />
district development coalitions.<br />
Pilot practical measures to improve information<br />
and knowledge management for planning,<br />
implementation and monitoring.<br />
Co‐ordinate the Comprehensive Rural<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Program.<br />
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strategy<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
Reduce unemployment in the<br />
current poverty nodes<br />
Establishment of coordination<br />
structures<br />
Table G.9: Interventions in transport operations.<br />
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Revitalisation of rural towns<br />
Compile baseline of jobs created per CRDP site<br />
per sector<br />
Establishment of agri‐parks<br />
Increase the number of employees on<br />
commercial farms<br />
Facilitate Institutional arrangement in rural<br />
communities to enhance sustainable inclusive<br />
growth<br />
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION ELEMENT SUB‐ELEMENT<br />
To reduce the infrastructure<br />
backlog for economic growth<br />
and development by 2014.<br />
Promoting an efficient and<br />
effective transport system<br />
Improving road infrastructure<br />
development and integrating<br />
it into the infrastructure<br />
planning activities in the<br />
province<br />
Improving built infrastructure<br />
development and integration<br />
into the infrastructure<br />
planning activities in the<br />
province<br />
Improving bulk infrastructure<br />
development and integration<br />
into the infrastructure<br />
planning<br />
province<br />
activities in the<br />
Improving the levels of<br />
mobility, infrastructure<br />
development and synergies in<br />
the transport planning<br />
activities in the Province<br />
Redevelopment of unutilized<br />
and expansion of transport<br />
infrastructures<br />
Enhancing competitiveness<br />
through cost effective<br />
transport<br />
An integrated road infrastructure planning<br />
approach<br />
An integrated built infrastructure planning<br />
approach<br />
Sanitation infrastructure<br />
Water infrastructure<br />
Electricity infrastructure<br />
Integrated transport planning approach and<br />
support to all planning authorities<br />
<strong>Development</strong> of the Upington Cargo Hub<br />
Expansion of transport infrastructure and<br />
facilities for economic growth<br />
Re‐introducing rail as an alternative mode to<br />
road freight transport<br />
Promotion of airport and air service<br />
development<br />
Rehabilitation and redevelopment of harbours<br />
and other terminal points<br />
Support the efficient transport of freight<br />
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Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
BOX 6<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
December 2011<br />
a) Create a transformed and vibrant agricultural sector with an increasing contribution to the provincial economic<br />
growth, job creation and food security.<br />
b) Create work opportunities through innovative use of resources and sustainable development.<br />
c) Develop an efficient and effective transport system.<br />
d) Develop vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities.<br />
e) Enhance quality and quantity of water resources.<br />
f) Ensure on-going and sustainable environmental management.<br />
g) Establish, develop and support SMMEs and cooperatives, and community initiatives.<br />
h) Promote and develop the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as a globally competitive tourism resource and destination.<br />
i) Promote economic growth through sustainable minerals exploitation and development.<br />
j) Promote innovative and sustainable Local Economic <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
k) Promote the use of alternative energy in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
l) Protect biodiversity as an imperative for environmental sustainability.<br />
m) Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, climate change impact and improve air/atmospheric quality.<br />
n) Reduce the transport infrastructure backlog for economic growth and development by 2014.<br />
o) Strengthen environmental legislation compliance and enforcement.<br />
p) Support coherent implementation of the Comprehensive Rural <strong>Development</strong> Program (CRDP).<br />
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Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
SECTION H: SUMMARY OF KEY ASPECTS<br />
SECTION CONTENT<br />
December 2011<br />
This section lists the key aspects identified in Sections B to G and that are to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 <strong>Spatial</strong><br />
Directives and Guidelines and <strong>Volume</strong> 4 Strategies, Programs and Projects. Although not explicitely divided into<br />
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats the latter dimensions are embodied in the categorisation of the<br />
aspects and the strategies to be formulated to address them.<br />
H.1 CATEGORIES OF KEY ASPECTS<br />
<strong>The</strong> key aspects listed in Sections B to G were identified through the process summarised in<br />
Chapter A.2. For ease of reference the aspects were listed in accordance with the broad categories<br />
indicated by the figure below.<br />
1. CONTEXT<br />
2. ENVIRONMENT<br />
3. SETTLEMENT<br />
4. SOCIAL & HUMAN<br />
5. ECONOMY<br />
6. PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
7. GENERAL ASPECTS<br />
Figure H.1: Categories of key issues.<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below listes the key aspects to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 <strong>Spatial</strong> Directives and<br />
Guidelines and in <strong>Volume</strong> 4 Strategies, Programs and Projects respectively and indicates the<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> of the PSDF in which the various aspects are to be addressed.<br />
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Table H.1: Key aspects to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4.<br />
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CATEGORY KEY ASPECTS<br />
1. CONTEXT a) Align PSDF with development directives and objectives of adjoining<br />
countries and provinces.<br />
Aspects in this b) Consider traditional parameters as a key criterion in the demarcation of<br />
category relate to the municipal boundaries.<br />
locational and the c) Enhance management of Kgalagadi and Richtersveld Transfrontier<br />
administrative status Conservation Areas.<br />
of the Province at the d) Include municipalities in formulation and establishment of cross‐border<br />
international, national, agreements (currently primarily the function of national government).<br />
provincial and local e) Interrogate boundaries of John Gaetsewe District Municipality against inter<br />
level..<br />
alia traditional domain parameters.<br />
f) Interrogate cross‐border arrangements with Namibia with specific<br />
reference to the Noord‐Oewer / Vioolsdrift irrigation scheme, cross‐frontier<br />
conservation schemes, and cross‐frontier economic schemes such as the<br />
proposed film industry.<br />
g) Interrogate the delineation of the provincial, district, municipal and ward<br />
boundaries.<br />
h) Provide appropriate spatial context and orientation for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
in terms of international agreements, protocols and conventions.<br />
i) Strengthen historical binds between the Karas Region of Namibia and the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ‐ aspects identified for further action are (i) the<br />
education and training sector, with the focus on ensuring that best practice<br />
is shared in skills development for economic growth, (ii) further<br />
development of the Nama language and culture, (iii) exchange of learners’<br />
support material and teacher development programs.<br />
2. ENVIRONMENT a) Consider designation of agricultural reserves in areas of high‐potential<br />
agricultural soils with adequate irrigation water.<br />
This section relates to b) Create appropriate ecological linkages between conservation areas.<br />
the natural and c) Designate coastal zone as a core conservation area.<br />
cultural environment d) Institute standard development approach along the Orange River by all<br />
and the associated relevant municipalities. //Khara Hais SDF is to serve as a model in this<br />
resources with specific regard.<br />
reference strategies e) Enhance sustainable use of formal conservation areas and their resources.<br />
for the conservation f) Enhance viability and sustainability of the Richtersveld Botanical and<br />
thereof as an Landscape World Heritage Site which is the core of the Succulent Karoo<br />
imperative for Biodiversity Hotspot.<br />
sustainability. g) Explore desirability of implementing strategies such as Protected Nature<br />
Areas and Special Management Areas in collaboration with organised<br />
agriculture and the Department of the Environment.<br />
h) Indicate mining areas with a dedicated SPC.<br />
i) Land‐use along the coastline must be addressed in a similar manner by all<br />
relevant municipalities and stakeholders.<br />
j) Preparation and implementation of an efficient Water Demand<br />
Conservation Strategy must be mandatory on all municipalities.<br />
k) Promote cross‐border conservation initiatives – explore the merit and<br />
desirability of UNESCO biosphere reserves.<br />
l) Promote history and archaeology as primary tourism resources.<br />
m) Protect high‐potential agricultural land through appropriate land‐use<br />
designation.<br />
n) Provide for biodiversity conservation in terms of SANBI’s ‘critical<br />
biodiversity area’ (CBA) indicators.<br />
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3. SETTLEMENT<br />
This category primarily<br />
refers to the<br />
development and/or<br />
restoration of urban<br />
areas in terms of<br />
defined guidelines and<br />
through efficient and<br />
equitable<br />
appropriation of the<br />
available public and<br />
private resources.<br />
4. SOCIAL & HUMAN<br />
This category relates<br />
to the social and<br />
human capital of the<br />
province and how<br />
these are to be<br />
developed and utilised<br />
through innovative<br />
strategies, programs<br />
and projects.<br />
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o) Provide guidelines for the re‐use and/or the more sustainable use of<br />
resources.<br />
p) Provide innovative strategies to help conserve conservation‐worthy<br />
habitats on private land.<br />
q) Provide land‐use plan as a basis for integration of mining activities with<br />
conservation.<br />
r) Provide strategy to off‐set loss of conservation‐worthy habitat through<br />
mining through ex‐situ conservation projects.<br />
s) Standardise land‐use planning and management by municipalities and other<br />
stakeholders.<br />
t) //Khara Hais Tourism Plan is to serve as a model for municipal tourism<br />
planning.<br />
a) District and local SDFs should incorporate place‐specific guidelines for<br />
architecture and landscaping premised upon historic design precedents and<br />
vernacular.<br />
b) Formulate guidelines for the preparation of a provincial climate‐neutrality<br />
strategy in terms of international best practice.<br />
c) Indicate actions to be taken by municipalities to enhance the status of<br />
settlements as it relates to development potential and human needs.<br />
d) Indicate investment typologies required by the various municipalities and<br />
settlements.<br />
e) Planning and design of industrial and mining infrastructure have to be<br />
undertaken in accordance with dedicated design criteria.<br />
f) Provide a spatial plan for bulk services and infrastructure for settlement<br />
priorities.<br />
g) Provide a spatial plan for settlement development priorities.<br />
h) Provide a spatial premise and rationale for decision‐making as it relates to<br />
the appropriation of government funds.<br />
i) Provide a spatial premise and rationale for decision‐making as it relates to<br />
the private sector investment in development.<br />
j) Provide broad guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing – district<br />
and local municipalities must adopt such guidelines in their SDFs. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
guidelines must be mandatory.<br />
k) Provide framework for performance management of municipalities and<br />
settlements.<br />
l) Provide spatial structuring elements to facilitate sustainable urban<br />
development.<br />
a) Create incentives and opportunities for commercial banks to extend their<br />
input into LED and to unlock benefits associated with banking charters<br />
more efficiently.<br />
b) Develop an empirical spatial premise and rational for the provision of basic<br />
household services, training and education facilioties, health services, etc.<br />
throughout the province.<br />
c) Ensure access to affordable energy services. Distribute information on<br />
costs associated with different energy sources and the best options for<br />
different uses, e.g. heating, cooking and lighting.<br />
d) Ensure that new mines adopt a strategy that would ensure ongoing socio‐<br />
economic development and environmental rehabilitation.<br />
e) Eradicate gaps (lack of co‐operation and communication) between the<br />
different sectors active in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as well as between the<br />
communities.<br />
f) Explore models for public‐private partnerships (e.g. the Karsten Women<br />
Trust).<br />
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5. ECONOMY<br />
This category relates<br />
to the key aspects of<br />
the economic<br />
environment and the<br />
associated forms of<br />
capital which are<br />
imperatives for long‐<br />
term sustainability of<br />
province as a whole.<br />
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December 2011<br />
g) Facilitate education to eradicate the notion of living from hand to mouth.<br />
h) Formulate a strategy for promotion of entrepreneurship and associated<br />
development opportunities.<br />
i) Legislative processes that stifle sustainable development should be<br />
identified and reviewed.<br />
j) Promote job creation in the green jobs industries (e.g. manufacturing of<br />
solar water heaters, maintenance of wind generators and solar energy<br />
infrastructure).<br />
k) Proved guidelines for formulation of strategies to sustain socio‐economic<br />
development after the life‐span of projects.<br />
l) Provide a spatial rationale for the restoration of traditional parameters of<br />
settlements as a basis for community revitalisation.<br />
m) Provide broad guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing – district<br />
and local municipalities must adopt such guidelines in their SDFs. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
must be mandatory.<br />
n) Provide strategies for the enhancement of entrepreneurship and associated<br />
development opportunities.<br />
o) Provide strategies to ensure that communities benefit meaningfully from<br />
larger‐scale physical development (e.g. the Sustainable <strong>Development</strong><br />
Initiative {SDI} model).<br />
a) Consider proposed nuclear power installation at Hondeklipbaai.<br />
b) Consideration enlargement of Boegoeberg Dam and Prieska Dam.<br />
c) Create opportunities for communities to become involved in operation of<br />
tourism facilities, providing services to the industry and acting as suppliers<br />
to the industry.<br />
d) Ensure that new development is subject to the availability of resources,<br />
with specific reference to water and bulk services infrastructure.<br />
e) Establishing stronger backward and forward linkages between sectors to<br />
ensure stronger multipliers.<br />
f) Explore need and desirability of a safe deep‐water harbour at Port Nolloth.<br />
g) Facilitate preparation of holistic strategy for promotion of the Port Nolloth<br />
Fishing Node.<br />
h) Facilitate joint venture business arrangements between fishing companies<br />
to create a ‘critical mass’ of fish that would make fishing and fish processing<br />
more economically viable in the Port Nolloth area.<br />
i) Facilitate support for development of a small‐scale experimental factory at<br />
Port Nolloth or Hondeklipbaai.<br />
j) Increase awareness, branding and marketing initiatives in the tourism<br />
industry to attract more tourists locally and internationally.<br />
k) Increase spectrum of tourist attractions and activities in focus areas to<br />
induce tourists to stay longer and encourage returns.<br />
l) Prepare long‐term tourism plans and strategies, including precautionary<br />
measures and guidelines to reduce negative impact of development, with<br />
specific reference to visual impact in resource areas.<br />
m) Prioritise construction and upgrading of Hotazel‐McCarthy’s Rest road and<br />
Hotazel‐Vanzulsrus road that link <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with Botswana (crucial for<br />
enhancing the tourism sector of the province and the country).<br />
n) Prioritise construction of proposed Vioolsdrif dam.<br />
o) Promote development of both ferrous and non‐ferrous metals, as well as<br />
dimension stone.<br />
p) Provide a plan for supporting bulk services and infrastructure, including<br />
roads, electricity, water and telecommunication.<br />
q) Provide a spatial framework that indicates appropriate development<br />
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6. KEY PGDS<br />
INTERVENTIONS<br />
7. GENERAL ASPECTS<br />
This category relates<br />
to general key issues<br />
that emerged from the<br />
PSDF process and<br />
from the terms of<br />
reference stated in the<br />
Service Level<br />
Agreement.<br />
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December 2011<br />
regions and corridors based on the comparative economic advantages of<br />
the subject areas.<br />
r) Provide strategy to ensure that infrastructure spending has a long‐term<br />
focus which is not subject to short‐term political cycles and IDP budgets<br />
only.<br />
s) Reflect critical shortages and focal areas for bulk infrastructure provision.<br />
t) Reflect the importance of the envisaged solar power industry.<br />
u) Revisit study on desirability of development of cargo facilities and chartered<br />
cargo air services out of Alexander Bay, Upington and Kimberley airports<br />
(previous work was not conclusive).<br />
v) Stipulate off‐sets for detrimental impacts of mining on agriculture with<br />
specific reference to water pollution, dust, deterioration of roads, etc.<br />
w) Unlock potential of tourism markets, especially in rural areas where new<br />
product opportunities for cultural, adventure and ecotourism exist.<br />
a) Create a transformed and vibrant agricultural sector with an increasing<br />
contribution to the provincial economic growth, job creation and food<br />
security.<br />
b) Create work opportunities through innovative use of resources and<br />
sustainable development.<br />
c) Develop an efficient and effective transport system.<br />
d) Develop vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities.<br />
e) Enhance quality and quantity of water resources.<br />
f) Ensure on‐going and sustainable environmental management.<br />
g) Establish, develop and support SMMEs and cooperatives, and community<br />
initiatives.<br />
h) Promote and develop the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as a globally competitive tourism<br />
resource and destination.<br />
i) Promote economic growth through sustainable minerals exploitation and<br />
development.<br />
j) Promote innovative and sustainable Local Economic <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
k) Promote the use of alternative energy in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
l) Protect biodiversity as an imperative for environmental sustainability.<br />
m) Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, climate change impact and improve<br />
air/atmospheric quality.<br />
n) Reduce the transport infrastructure backlog for economic growth and<br />
development by 2014.<br />
o) Strengthen environmental legislation compliance and enforcement.<br />
p) Support coherent implementation of the Comprehensive Rural<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Program (CRDP).<br />
a) Provide a manual for alignment of national, provincial and local level policy.<br />
b) Improve communication between <strong>Provincial</strong> Government and<br />
municipalities pertaining to planning, land‐use, etc.<br />
c) Provide guidelines to ensure compliance of SDFs of district and local<br />
municipal with PSDF.<br />
d) Provide guidelines for training, education and mentorship with regard to<br />
implementation of PSDF and its strategies (land use planning is challenging<br />
due to a lack of institutional capacity).<br />
e) Undertake inventory of available institutional capacity (i.e. what type of<br />
professionals are available and where). <strong>Provincial</strong> Government should help<br />
to address shortcoming and build capacity.<br />
f) Provide spatial and policy framework for integration of sectoral interests.<br />
g) Provide guidance pertaining to long‐term management of the coastal zone<br />
through the implementation of appropriate overlay zones.<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
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H.2 WAY FORWARD<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
h) Identify and address legislation and policy that create barriers for<br />
sustainable development.<br />
H.2.1 METODOLOGY FOR PHASE 3 AND PHASE 4<br />
<strong>The</strong> process and methodology for the preparation of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4 was presented to by<br />
the Project Management Committee. Key steps to be taken include:<br />
a) Further consultation with:<br />
(i) Departments & sectoral institutions<br />
(ii) Municipalities regarding area‐specific goals, objectives & implementation strategies<br />
(iii) Public & other general stakeholders<br />
b) Further interrogation of:<br />
(i) Sectoral strategies & action plans<br />
(ii) IDPs & SDFs of district and local municipalities<br />
c) Investigating key themes and aspects identified in context of:<br />
(i) Terms of Reference in the Service Level Agreement.<br />
(ii) Supplementary aspects listed in Annexure A of the Terms of Reference.<br />
(iii) Objectives stated in the approved Inception Phase Report dated 24 February 2011.<br />
d) Preparing a ‘package of plans’ and ‘policies & strategies’ in a standard format<br />
<strong>The</strong> figure below provides a synopsis of the methodology and process to be followed.<br />
Step 1: Collation & Interpretation of Info from Vol 1 & 2<br />
Step 2: Swot Analysis to determine Priority Issues<br />
Step 3: Determine <strong>Spatial</strong> Vision that addresses Priority Issues<br />
Step 4: Based upon <strong>Spatial</strong> Vision & through on‐going Stakeholder<br />
Consultation, prepare the following:<br />
VOLUME 3:<br />
‘Package of Plans’ which serve as<br />
spatial directives<br />
NORTHERN CAPE<br />
PSDF<br />
VOLUME 4:<br />
‘Non‐spatial’ policy & strategies<br />
under sectoral programs<br />
Figure H.2: Basic steps towards preparation of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4.<br />
158<br />
1. Priority Matrix<br />
2. <strong>Spatial</strong> Structuring<br />
Elements<br />
3. <strong>Spatial</strong> Planning<br />
Categories<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
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H.2.2 SUBMISSION TO PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
159<br />
December 2011<br />
This draft of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 will be presented for consideration to the Project Steering Committee on 29<br />
November 2011. <strong>The</strong> report needs to be considered in context of the following principles:<br />
a) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is an inventory of the key economic, social, infrastructural and environmental<br />
characteristics of the province to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4. <strong>The</strong> information was<br />
drawn from the data provided by the DRD&LR and the various sectors, the stakeholder<br />
consultation process undertaken, and additional sources explored by the service provider.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> written content, maps and figures presented in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 are, in general, direct quotes<br />
from the above information base and therefore do not necessarily represent the quality<br />
and format that will characterise the work of the service provider in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and 4 and in<br />
the final PSDF document.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> significance of perceived inaccuracies should be adjudicated in context of their<br />
potential to have a meaningful effect on the PSDF as a whole.<br />
d) Section H: Summary of Key Aspects is the primary component of <strong>Volume</strong> 2. Committee<br />
members need to ensure that all their sectoral interests have been listed in this section.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> process of preparing <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4 would involve ongoing information‐gathering. It<br />
would therefore not be practical and appropriate to, at this stage, consider <strong>Volume</strong> 2 as a<br />
final and complete product. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 should rather be seen as ‘work in progress’ to be<br />
completed together with <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
f) <strong>The</strong> Project Management Committee accordingly recommends that <strong>Volume</strong> 2 be approved<br />
by the Project Steeering Committee.<br />
DENNIS MOSS PARTNERSHIP<br />
NOVEMBER 2011<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
SECTION I: REFERENCE FRAMEWORK<br />
160<br />
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Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
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Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
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Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
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World Bank and Natural Resources Institute: Kent.<br />
Weliwita, A. & Okpala, D. 2004: Promoting positive rural‐urban linkages for sustainable<br />
development. Habitat Debate 10, UN‐Habitat.<br />
Winkler, H. 2005: Renewable energy policy in South Africa: policy options for renewable<br />
electricity. Energy Policy. Elserivier.<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Office of the Premier &<br />
Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> & Land Reform<br />
December 2011<br />
World Travel and Tourism Council, 2011. South Africa: Travel and Tourism Economic Impact.<br />
www.wttc,org<br />
WRI, IUCN, and UNEP. 1992: Global Biodiversity strategy: Guidelines for action to save, study and<br />
use earth’s biotic wealth sustainably and equitably. Washington: World Resources Institute.<br />
WWF, 2008: Nama Karoo. In: Encyclopaedia of Earth. Cutler, J.C. (ed). Environmental<br />
Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment.<br />
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nama_Karoo<br />
Wynberg, R. 2002: A decade of biodiversity conservation and use in South Africa: tracking<br />
progress from the Rio Earth Summit of Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
South African Journal of Science. 98: 233‐243.<br />
167<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership
ANNEXURE 1<br />
Record of Public Participation<br />
September 2011
ANNEXURE 1.1<br />
Presentation made in Kuruman<br />
5 September 2011
ANNEXURE 2<br />
Study report: <strong>Development</strong> Potential of Urban<br />
Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Van der Merwe,<br />
I.J., and Zietsman, H.L. 2011
ANNEXURE 3<br />
Minutes of Project Management Committee<br />
Meeting on 1 November 2011 regarding <strong>Volume</strong> 2
ANNEXURE 4<br />
Inventory of Completed Tasks and Way Forward<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1 & 2
ANNEXURE 5<br />
Agenda of Project Steering Committee Meeting 29<br />
November 2011
ANNEXURE 6<br />
PPT Presentation to Project Steering Committee on<br />
29 November 2011
ANNEXURE 7<br />
PPT Presentation (Way Forward) to Project Steering<br />
Committee on 29 November 2011
ANNEXURE 8<br />
Minutes of Project Steering Committee Meeting 29<br />
November 2011
ANNEXURE 9<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF DVD
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK<br />
RECORD OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION<br />
SEPTEMBER 2011<br />
1 INTRODUCTION<br />
First‐round public meetings were held in Kimberley, De Aar, Upington, Springbok and Kuruman.<br />
<strong>The</strong> meeting in Kuruman was not originally provided for in terms of the Service Level Agreement.<br />
However it was agreed between Mr. Gerhard de Bruin of the Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong><br />
and Land Reform and the ervice provider that such a meeting be held as part of the process.<br />
Notwithstanding significant efforts by the Office of the Premier, the Department of Rural<br />
<strong>Development</strong> and Land Reform and the ervice provider, the attendance was not satisfactory (with<br />
the possible exception of Upington). However, this is normally the situation with meetings of this<br />
nature and should not be considered a significant shortcoming and a threat to the ultimate<br />
outcome of the process. <strong>The</strong> key objectives for this round of meetings were to create a sense of<br />
enthusiasm for the PSDF and to provide an opportunity for identification and discussion of key<br />
issues. <strong>The</strong>se objectives have been achieved to a meaningful extent.<br />
<strong>The</strong> key aspects presented and the subsequent stakeholder comment were categorised in<br />
accordance with the approved focal areas of <strong>Volume</strong> 1 of the PSDF, namely:<br />
a) Land‐use planning in terms of a standard procedure.<br />
b) Establishment of integrated land management areas.<br />
c) Ensuring high‐quality settlement and infrastructural development.<br />
d) Ensuring appropriateness of provincial, municipal and neighbourhood boundaries.<br />
e) Regional development, government spending and performance management.<br />
f) Enhancing opportunities for private sector investment.<br />
As per the instruction of the Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> and Land Reform, the various<br />
presentations, to some extent, addressed site‐specific issues. Accordingly, the comments received<br />
responded to the presentation and focussed primarily on the local environment. However, a<br />
number of generic issues have been identified that are of importance to the province as a whole.<br />
<strong>The</strong> record of proceedings is as follows:<br />
17 Market St • P.O. Box 371 • Stellenbosch 7599 • SOUTH AFRICA<br />
Tel: +27 (0)21 887 0124 • Fax: +27 (0)21 886 5393 • email: info@dmp.co.za • website: www.dmp.co.za<br />
Dennis Moss Planners & Architects (Pty) Ltd. Reg. No. 2003/007711/07<br />
Directors: DF Moss, URP (SA) BA M (URP) M SAPI • GC de Klerk, URP (SA) B Econ M (URP) M SAPI • M Le Roux-Cloete, Pr Arch, BAS, B Arch (UCT), MIArch, CIA<br />
SW vd Merwe, Pr Sci Nat, NHD (Nature Conservation) SACNASP • JMH Lackay, Pr S Arch, T MIArch • PJ Niemann, Pr Arch, B Arch (UFS) MIArch, CIA
2 KIMBERLEY PUBLIC MEETING (16 AUG 2011): KEY ASPECTS PRESENTED AND COMMENT<br />
MADE BY PARTICIPANTS<br />
2.1 Key aspect presented: Undertaking land‐use planning in terms of a standard procedure.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Land‐use designation must provide for protection of high‐potential agricultural<br />
land.<br />
2.2 Key aspect presented: Establishment of integrated land management areas.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Desirability of implementing strategies such as Protected Nature Areas and Special<br />
Management Areas must be explored in collaboration with organised agriculture.<br />
b) PSDF must provide for biodiversity conservation in terms of SANBI’s ‘critical<br />
biodiversity area’ (CBA) indicators.<br />
c) Cross‐border conservation initiatives must be promoted – the merit and desirability<br />
of UNESCO biosphere reserves must be explored.<br />
2.3 Key aspect presented: Ensuring high‐quality settlement and infrastructural<br />
development.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) PSDF must provide broad guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing –<br />
district and local municipalities must adopt such guidelines in their SDFs.<br />
b) Place‐specific planning and design criteria are to be formulated by district and local<br />
municipalities.<br />
2.4 Key aspect presented: Ensuring appropriateness of provincial, municipal and<br />
neighbourhood boundaries.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Traditional parameters to be considered as a key criterion in the demarcation of<br />
municipal boundaries.<br />
2.5 Key aspect presented: Regional development, government spending and performance<br />
management.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Dedicated study report on settlements which forms part of the PSDF is to be used<br />
during the preparation of SDFs of district and local municipalities.<br />
b) Clear guidelines are to be provided for the use of the settlement report for the use<br />
of resources and performance management.<br />
c) Consideration should be given to the enlargement of Boegoeberg Dam and the<br />
Prieska Dam.<br />
d) Infrastructure spending should have a long‐term focus and should not be subject to<br />
short‐term political cycles and IDP budgets only.<br />
2.6 Key aspect presented: Enhancing opportunities for private sector investment.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Entrepreneurship and associated development opportunities must be supported.<br />
b) Communities should benefit meaningfully from larger‐scale physical development.<br />
2.7 General comment received:<br />
2
a) How will conflict between national, provincial and local policy be avoided?<br />
b) What is the relationship between existing policy and legislation and the PSDF?<br />
c) Municipalities should focus on the re‐use of resources, specifically water.<br />
3 DE AAR PUBLIC MEETING (17 AUG 2011): KEY ASPECTS PRESENTED AND COMMENT<br />
MADE BY PARTICIPANTS<br />
3.1 Key aspect presented: Undertaking land‐use planning in terms of a standard procedure.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Land use planning is challenging due to a lack of institutional capacity. PSDF must<br />
provide training, education and mentorship in this regard.<br />
b) An inventory of available institutional capacity is needed – what type of<br />
professionals are available and where. <strong>Provincial</strong> Government should help to<br />
address shortcoming and build capacity.<br />
3.2 Key aspect presented: Establishment of integrated land management areas.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) PSDF must provide for biodiversity conservation in terms of SANBI’s ‘critical<br />
biodiversity area’ (CBA) indicators.<br />
c) PSDF must provide innovative strategies to help conserve conservation‐worthy<br />
habitats on private land.<br />
c) Sustainable use of formal conservation areas and their resources must be<br />
enhanced.<br />
3.3 Key aspect presented: Ensuring high‐quality settlement and infrastructural development.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing as presented must be mandatory<br />
on district and local municipalities.<br />
3.4 Key aspect presented: Ensuring appropriateness of provincial, municipal and<br />
neighbourhood boundaries.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Municipalities must be encouraged to function across their boundaries.<br />
b) All stakeholders should think and participate beyond their areas of jurisdiction as it<br />
relates to the PSDF process.<br />
3.5 Key aspect presented: Regional development, government spending and performance<br />
management.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Although the jurisdictional area of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province was enlarged the<br />
population became less. It seems as if the Treasury disregard the fact that these<br />
populated areas must still be provided with basic services.<br />
b) Provision must be made for infrastructure development in order to facilitate new<br />
development opportunities.<br />
3.6 Key aspect presented: Enhancing opportunities for private sector investment.<br />
Comment received:<br />
3
a) Educate local communities in order to eradicate the notion of living from hand to<br />
mouth.<br />
b) Government must function like a business.<br />
c) Commercial banks must be encouraged to extend their input into LED and the<br />
benefits associated with banking charters must be used more efficiently.<br />
d) Entrepreneurship and associated development opportunities must be supported.<br />
e) Current legislative process creates barriers for future development.<br />
3.7 General comment received:<br />
a) Communication between <strong>Provincial</strong> Government and municipalities pertaining to<br />
planning, land‐use, etc. has to be improved.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> local Economic and <strong>Development</strong> Cluster should be extended in order to create<br />
institutional capacity for the administration of the PSDF.<br />
c) Future invitations to attend PSDF workshops must clearly state who are required to<br />
attend and why.<br />
d) <strong>The</strong> preparation and implementation of an efficient Water Demand Conservation<br />
Strategy should be mandatory on all municipalities.<br />
4 UPINGTON PUBLIC MEETING (18 AUG 2011): KEY ASPECTS PRESENTED AND COMMENT<br />
MADE BY PARTICIPANTS<br />
4.1 Key aspect presented: Undertaking land‐use planning in terms of a standard procedure.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) <strong>Development</strong> along the Gariep River must be addressed in a similar manner by all<br />
relevant municipalities.<br />
b) //Khara Hais SDF is currently under revision. Are there any new aspects in the PSDF<br />
that are to be addressed as part of the revision?<br />
c) //Khara Hais SDF is to serve as a model for planning of district and local<br />
municipalities.<br />
d) //Khara Hais Tourism Plan is presented as a model for tourism planning in the Green<br />
Kalahari and beyond.<br />
4.2 Key aspect presented: Establishment of integrated land management areas.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) PSDF must provide innovative strategies to help conserve conservation‐worthy<br />
habitats on private land.<br />
c) Innovative strategies are to be formulated to promote cross‐border land‐use and<br />
conservation in support of the Green Kalahari concept.<br />
4.3 Key aspect presented: Ensuring high‐quality settlement and infrastructural development.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing as presented must be mandatory<br />
on district and local municipalities.<br />
b) District and local SDFs should incorporate place‐specific guidelines for architecture<br />
and landscaping.<br />
4.4 Key aspect presented: Ensuring appropriateness of provincial, municipal and<br />
neighbourhood boundaries.<br />
4
Comment received:<br />
a) Municipalities must be encouraged to function across their boundaries in particular<br />
as it relates to the use of common resources such as the Gariep River.<br />
b) Appropriateness and efficiency of cross‐boundary (e.g. with Namibia and Botswana)<br />
agreements must be investigated.<br />
c) Municipalities must be included in formulation and establishment of cross‐border<br />
agreements (currently primarily the function of national government).<br />
4.5 Key aspect presented: Regional development, government spending and performance<br />
management.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Desirability of new development should be strictly subject to the availability of<br />
resources, with specific reference to water and bulk services infrastructure.<br />
b) PSDF must reflect the importance of the envisaged solar power industry.<br />
4.6 Key aspect presented: Enhancing opportunities for private sector investment.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Government must fulfil its function as land‐use co‐ordinator.<br />
b) Gaps (lack of co‐operation) exist between the different sectors active in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as well as between the communities. How will such entities be<br />
involved in the PSDF and future governance?<br />
c) Commercial banks must be encouraged to extend their input into LED and the<br />
benefits associated with banking charters must be used more efficiently.<br />
d) <strong>The</strong> Sustainable <strong>Development</strong> Initiative (SDI) model promoted by the //Khara Hais<br />
SDF should be adopted by the PSDF.<br />
e) Entrepreneurship and associated development opportunities must be supported.<br />
f) Legislative processes that stifle sustainable development should be identified and<br />
reviewed.<br />
g) <strong>The</strong> Karsten Women Trust should be considered as a model for public‐private<br />
partnerships.<br />
4.7 General comment received:<br />
a) Communication between <strong>Provincial</strong> Government and municipalities pertaining to<br />
planning, land‐use, etc. must be improved.<br />
b) Brilliant presentation on a document (i.e. the PSDF) that has the potential to<br />
provide the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with an appropriate way forward.<br />
c) <strong>Development</strong> of green energy industry tends to be hampered due to all interested<br />
parties not working together. Constructive participation of all relevant departments<br />
and stakeholders is imperative.<br />
d) Important that all district and local municipal SDFs must strive to achieve the goals<br />
and objectives of the PSDF. How they will achieve this must be clearly indicated in<br />
the lower sphere documents.<br />
e) How will the <strong>Provincial</strong> Government ensure that district and local SDFs are drafted<br />
in furtherance of the PSDF?<br />
f) Tension between Integrated <strong>Development</strong> Plans and SDFs must be addressed.<br />
g) How will comments and information received during the PSDF‐process be<br />
coordinated?<br />
5
5 SPRINGBOK PUBLIC MEETING (23 AUG 2011): KEY ASPECTS PRESENTED AND COMMENT<br />
MADE BY PARTICIPANTS<br />
5.1 Key aspect presented presented: Undertaking land‐use planning in terms of a standard<br />
procedure.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Land‐use along the coastline must be addressed in a similar manner by all relevant<br />
municipalities and stakeholders.<br />
b) Consideration should be given to designating the coastal zone as a core<br />
conservation area.<br />
c) Appropriate ecological linkages should be created between conservation areas.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se should be managed for the purposes of biodiversity conservation and<br />
sustainable agriculture and tourism.<br />
5.2 Key aspect presented: Establishment of integrated land management areas.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> incorporates the Richtersveld Botanical and Landscape World<br />
Heritage Site which sits in the heart of the Succulent Karoo Biodiversity Hotspot.<br />
PSDF must enhance long‐term sustainability of the world heritage site.<br />
b) PSDF must provide for biodiversity conservation in terms of SANBI’s ‘critical<br />
biodiversity area’ (CBA) indicators.<br />
c) Cross‐border conservation initiatives must be promoted – the merit and desirability<br />
of UNESCO biosphere reserves must be explored.<br />
5.3 Key aspect presented: Ensuring high‐quality settlement and infrastructural development.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing as presented must be mandatory<br />
on district and local municipalities.<br />
b) District and local SDFs should incorporate place‐specific guidelines for architecture<br />
and landscaping with specific reference to those inspired by the Nama culture and<br />
the Griqua culture.<br />
5.4 Key aspect presented: Ensuring appropriateness of provincial, municipal and<br />
neighbourhood boundaries.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Appropriateness and efficiency of cross‐border arrangements with Namibia must be<br />
investigated with specific reference to the Noord‐Oewer / Vioolsdrift irrigation<br />
scheme.<br />
b) PSDF must enhance management of Richtersveld Transfrontier Conservation Area.<br />
c) Emphasis should be placed on the economic potential of tourism and the associated<br />
agencies.<br />
d) Consolidation of planning already done on the Orange River Mouth Ramsar Site and<br />
the Richtersveld Ais‐Ais Transfrontier Park.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> Karas Region of Namibia and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province share historical bonds<br />
with regard to its history, people and culture. To this end, some of the areas<br />
identified for further action are (i) the education and training sector, with the focus<br />
on ensuring that best practice is shared in skills development for economic growth,<br />
(ii) the further development of the Nama language and culture, (iii) exchange of<br />
learners’ support material and teacher development programs.<br />
6
f) <strong>The</strong> proposed Vioolsdrift dam should be considered a priority.<br />
5.5 Key aspect presented: Regional development, government spending and performance<br />
management.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Desirability of new development should be strictly subject to the availability of<br />
resources, with specific reference to water and bulk services infrastructure.<br />
b) PSDF must reflect the importance of the envisaged solar power industry.<br />
c) <strong>Development</strong> of the karakul industry, ostrich farming, the irrigation possibilities<br />
derived from the Gariep River, the commercialisation of goats and exchange around<br />
veterinary services are focus areas of implementation.<br />
d) Apart the diamond industry, there exist opportunities for the further development<br />
of both ferrous and non‐ferrous metals, as well as dimension stone.<br />
5.6 Key aspect presented: Enhancing opportunities for private sector investment.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Commercial banks must be encouraged to extend their input into LED and the<br />
benefits associated with banking charters must be used more efficiently.<br />
b) Legislative processes that stifle sustainable development should be identified and<br />
reviewed.<br />
c) A model community trust should be developed in order to optimise the distribution<br />
of benefits that result from the use of community‐based resources.<br />
d) Due consideration should be given to the proposed nuclear power installation at<br />
Hondeklipbaai.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> proposed Gamsberg mine should adopt a strategy that would ensure ongoing<br />
socio‐economic development and environmental rehabilitation.<br />
5.7 General comment received:<br />
a) Communication between <strong>Provincial</strong> Government and municipalities pertaining to<br />
planning, land‐use, etc. must be improved.<br />
b) Communication with local communities, education and mentorship regarding land‐<br />
use planning and implementation is of key importance.<br />
c) PSDF must enhance integration of sectoral interests.<br />
d) Restoration of degraded areas in coastal zone must be priority.<br />
e) PSDF must provide guidance pertaining to long‐term management of the coastal<br />
zone through the implementation of appropriate overlay zones.<br />
7
6 KURUMAN PUBLIC MEETING (5 SEPTEMBER 2011): KEY ASPECTS PRESENTED AND<br />
COMMENT MADE BY PARTICIPANTS<br />
6.1 Key aspect presented: Undertaking land‐use planning in terms of a standard procedure.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Land‐use planning and management must be standardised throughout<br />
municipalities and stakeholders.<br />
b) Consideration should be given to designating agricultural reserves in areas where<br />
high‐potential agricultural soils and irrigation water occur.<br />
c) Appropriate ecological linkages should be created between conservation areas.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se should be protected from development.<br />
d) SDF of John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality should be aligned with the PSDF to<br />
the extent possible.<br />
e) A dedicated SPC has to be created for mining.<br />
6.2 Key aspect presented: Establishment of integrated land management areas.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Viability of establishing a Special Management Area (SMA) over areas such as the<br />
Kuruman Country Club and groups of game farms.<br />
b) PSDF must provide for biodiversity conservation in terms of SANBI’s ‘critical<br />
biodiversity area’ (CBA) indicators.<br />
c) Land‐use plan of the PSDF is to provide a basis for integration of mining activities<br />
with conservation.<br />
d) Loss of conservation‐worthy habitat through mining could be off‐set through ex‐situ<br />
conservation projects.<br />
6.3 Key aspect presented: Ensuring high‐quality settlement and infrastructural development.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing as presented must be mandatory<br />
on district and local municipalities.<br />
b) District and local SDFs should incorporate place‐specific guidelines for architecture<br />
and landscaping premised upon historic design precedents and vernacular.<br />
c) Planning and design of industrial and mining infrastructure have to be undertaken<br />
in accordance with dedicated design criteria.<br />
6.4 Key aspect presented: Ensuring appropriateness of provincial, municipal and<br />
neighbourhood boundaries.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Appropriateness of the John Gaetsewe District Municipality boundaries has to be<br />
interrogated against inter alia traditional domain parameters.<br />
b) Merging of local municipalities should be considered where appropriate.<br />
6.5 Key aspect presented: Regional development, government spending and performance<br />
management.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) An integrated water, growth and development strategy is a key requirement.<br />
b) PSDF must reflect critical shortages and focal areas for bulk infrastructure provision.<br />
c) PSDF is to stipulate off‐sets for detrimental impacts of mining on agriculture with<br />
specific reference to water pollution, dust, deterioration of roads, etc.<br />
8
6.6 Key aspect presented: Enhancing opportunities for private sector investment.<br />
Comment received:<br />
a) Legislative processes that stifle sustainable development should be identified and<br />
reviewed.<br />
b) PSDF should focus on removing planning obstacles for sustainable land‐use (e.g.<br />
mining) in terms of sound business principles.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong>re is no efficient strategy through which the benefits from mining can reach the<br />
affected communities and environment. A model community trust should be<br />
developed in order to optimise the distribution of benefits that result from the use<br />
of community‐based resources.<br />
d) Industries should formulate strategies to sustain socio‐economic development after<br />
the life‐span of projects.<br />
6.7 General comment received:<br />
a) Capacity of municipalities with regard to land‐use management and general<br />
governance has to be improved. Specific reference is made to the capacity to<br />
facilitate the use of resources to the benefit of all concerned.<br />
b) Communication between <strong>Provincial</strong> Government and municipalities pertaining to<br />
planning, land‐use, etc. must be improved.<br />
c) Communication with local communities, education and mentorship regarding land‐<br />
use planning and implementation is of key importance.<br />
d) PSDF must enhance integration of sectoral interests.<br />
<strong>The</strong> various presentations and an abriged report of the meetings have been loaded on the<br />
website.<br />
DENNIS MOSS PARTNERSHIP<br />
9
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
FRAMEWORK / DEVELOPMENT & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN<br />
Stakeholder Participation Meeting<br />
John Taolo Gaetsewe District<br />
Kuruman<br />
5 September 2011<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
1
1.<br />
DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : NATIONAL<br />
PLANNING COMMISSION<br />
Presented by Dr Jaco Mostert<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong><br />
Government<br />
INTRODUCTION TO MEETING<br />
PRESENTATIONS @ KURUMAN<br />
JOHN TAOLO GAETSEWE DISTRICT<br />
5 SEPTEMBER 2011<br />
2.<br />
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL<br />
SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
FRAMEWORK<br />
Presented by SW van der Merwe<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
2
AGENDA POINTS<br />
1. Opening and background<br />
2. Attendance register<br />
3. Setting the scene – What is the PSDF?<br />
4. Summary of progress to date - <strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
5. Practical application of the PSDF<br />
6. Area specific needs and priorities<br />
7. Way forward<br />
8. Closure<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
3
THE COMMISSION<br />
Office of the Premier of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> & the Department of Rural<br />
<strong>Development</strong> and Land Reform jointly commissioned the preparation of a<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> and Resource Management Plan / <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong><br />
<strong>Development</strong> Framework for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. i.e.<br />
Required & prepared in terms of:<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Planning and <strong>Development</strong> Act 7 of 1998<br />
Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
4
OBJECTIVE OF MEETING<br />
Objective is to:<br />
a) Introduce the PSDF so as to promote a sense of ownership and enhance implementation efficiency.<br />
b) Encourage all stakeholders to think about the nature and quality of their places in a fresh manner and to<br />
express their meanings, wishes and aspirations.<br />
c) Provide opportunity for on‐going stakeholder input.<br />
PSDF, on its own, will not have any influence –it depends on committed leadership, good governance,<br />
integration of sectoral interests, full involvement of stakeholders !!<br />
“I have seen countries change, not because of the powerful, but because of ordinary people doing counter‐<br />
cultural things. We must not depend on the powerful to change our country, we must depend on our own<br />
goodwill”.<br />
Professor Jonathan Jansen<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
5
WHAT IS THE PSDF ?<br />
An over‐arching provincial policy and strategy that:<br />
1. Provides direction and guidance pertaining to future land use in the province.<br />
2. Reconciles and provides spatial context for provincial sectoral strategies.<br />
3. Promotes a ‘developmental state’ in accordance with legislation policy.<br />
4. Aligns environmental management in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> with applicable international<br />
agreements, protocols and conventions.<br />
5. Gives effect to the overarching intent of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Strategy (PGDS) to ‘build a prosperous, sustainable and growing provincial<br />
economy to eradicate poverty and improves social development’.<br />
PSDF embodies integrated land‐use planning, i.e<br />
‘a participatory planning process aimed at integrating sectoral strategies, optimal allocation of<br />
resources between sectors and geographic areas and across the population in a manner that<br />
promotes sustainable growth, equity and the empowerment of the poor and marginalised’<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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CONTEXT AND STATUS OF THE PSDF<br />
PSDF is highest order in ‘package’ of land use frameworks & plans for the province<br />
& its component municipalities.<br />
Serves as manual for the preparation of the district and local municipal SDFs,<br />
providing for:<br />
Common vision and focus<br />
Standard format<br />
Autonomy and status of the various spheres of government are not<br />
undermined.<br />
NSDP<br />
PSDF<br />
DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDP<br />
LOCAL MUNICIPALITY SDP<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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FORMAT & STRUCTURE OF THE PSDF<br />
VOLUME 1: CONTEXT & OVER‐ARCHING POLICY<br />
Context, policy and principle framework, and procedural guidance for the preparation of <strong>Volume</strong>s 2, 3<br />
and 4.<br />
VOLUME 2: PROFILE & ASPECTS ADDRESSED<br />
Key aspects to be addressed by the PSDF. Includes empirical evaluation of the growth potential of<br />
urban settlements.<br />
VOLUME 3: SPATIAL DIRECTIVES & GUIDELINES<br />
<strong>Spatial</strong> directives and guidelines for land‐use in province. Consists of a ‘package’ of plans.<br />
VOLUME 4: STRATEGIES, PROGRAMS & PROJECTS<br />
Strategies regarding key issues that emerged from inter alia the PSDF process, the PGDS, and the<br />
input provided by other sources.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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VISION FOR THE PSDF<br />
PSDF draws upon the vision of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS, i.e….<br />
’building a prosperous, sustainable growing provincial economy to eradicate poverty<br />
and improve social development’.<br />
Accordingly, the following cryptic vision was set for the PSDF, namely:<br />
‘….Enhancing our future….’<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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OVERARCHING GOAL<br />
‘…..TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ….’<br />
i.e.<br />
…..development that meets the needs of the present generation without<br />
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs…..<br />
PGDS states that:<br />
sustainable social and economic development is imperative in order to address the<br />
most significant challenge facing the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, i.e. poverty<br />
&<br />
the only effective means by which we can reduce poverty is through long‐term<br />
sustainable economic growth development.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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KEY ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT<br />
Sustainable development occurs:<br />
At the intersection of three global imperatives, i.e. environmental<br />
integrity, human well‐being & economic efficiency.<br />
Where the three imperatives interact within an ‘interactive zone’. No<br />
sustainability outside this ‘interactive zone’.<br />
Sustainable development approach advocated by the PSDF constitutes the enhancement of human well‐<br />
being and environmental integrity through the efficient use of the inherent resources (capital) of the<br />
province.<br />
Forms of capital<br />
Environmental<br />
Human<br />
Infrastructural<br />
Monetary<br />
Based upon the following principles:<br />
• Sustainable development cannot be ‘delivered’ to passive recipients –it has to be implemented in a<br />
participative and integrated manner.<br />
• Requires positive interventions and active participation of all concerned in a spirit of partnership.<br />
• Has to be ‘financed’ in an innovative manner.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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PLANNING & IMPLEMENTATION CONTEXT<br />
GLOBAL<br />
Agreements & conventions<br />
NATIONAL<br />
Legislation and policy<br />
PROVINCIAL<br />
Legislation & Policy<br />
DISTRICT<br />
SDFs & IDPs<br />
DISTRICT<br />
SDFs & IDPs<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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PLANNING APPROACH ADOPTED<br />
PSDF prepared in terms of bioregional planning principles adapted to suit the site‐specific<br />
requirements of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
WHAT IS BIOREGIONAL PLANNING ??<br />
‘Planning and land management that promote sustainable development within a specific<br />
geographical area (i.e. the bioregion), the boundaries of which are determined in<br />
accordance with environmental, social and economic criteria’<br />
Place‐specific planning that recognise unique characteristics of planning area at all levels.<br />
Based upon local and global best‐practice , knowledge, science & technology.<br />
……It is not about solving problems for people, but rather creating circumstances for<br />
people to solve their own problems in a way that acknowledges the uniqueness and value<br />
of each person and place…..<br />
Bioregion is defined as a ‘geographical space that contains one whole or several nested<br />
ecosystems characterised by landforms, vegetative cover, human culture and history as<br />
identified by local communities, governments and scientists’.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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KEY ASPECTS, POLICY & PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES IN THE PSDF<br />
1. Land‐use planning in terms of a standard procedure.<br />
2. Establishment of integrated land management areas.<br />
3. Ensuring high‐quality settlement and infrastructural development.<br />
4. Ensuring appropriateness of provincial, municipal and neighbourhood<br />
boundaries.<br />
5. Regional development, government spending and performance management.<br />
6. Enhancing opportunities for private sector investment.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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1. LAND‐USE PLANNING<br />
Based upon a model comprising a matrix of:<br />
Core nature areas & protective buffer areas<br />
Agricultural areas<br />
Urban ‐related areas<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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LAND USE INDICATED BY SPATIAL PLANNING CATEGORIES<br />
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA & PURPOSE<br />
Category A Designated Core<br />
Conservation Area<br />
(including the<br />
sensitive coastal<br />
zone)<br />
a) Areas of high conservation importance to be protected from<br />
development.<br />
b) Generally only non‐consumptive land‐uses allowed conditionally.<br />
Category B Buffer Area a) Areas that serve as a buffer between Category A and Category C<br />
areas.<br />
b) Providing an appropriate interim classification for conservation‐<br />
worthy areas that do not have statutory protection, including<br />
ecological corridors and areas worthy of rehabilitation.<br />
c) Appropriate sustainable development and non‐consumptive land‐<br />
uses may be allowed conditionally.<br />
Category C Agricultural areas Rural areas where extensive and intensive agriculture is practiced.<br />
Category D Urban‐related areas Areas accommodating a broad spectrum of urban‐related development<br />
and associated services and infrastructure.<br />
Category E Industrial areas<br />
(including mining)<br />
Category F Surface infrastructure<br />
and buildings<br />
Areas accommodating industrial activities and associated infrastructure<br />
and where very high intensity of human activity and consumptive land‐use<br />
occur.<br />
All surface infrastructure and buildings not catered for in the above<br />
categories, including roads, railway lines, power lines, communication<br />
structures, etc.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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CONCEPT PROVINCIAL LAND‐USE (SPC) PLAN<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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SPCs & SUB‐CATEGORIES FOR MUNICIPAL LAND‐USE PLANNING<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> SPC plan is to serve as a<br />
basis for detailed designation at the<br />
district and local level in accordance<br />
with defined Sub‐Categories.<br />
Municipalities are allowed to adapt<br />
the Sub‐Categories to cater for<br />
local, site‐specific circumstances<br />
Include all land zonings that are<br />
provided for under the existing<br />
zoning scheme regulations.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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MAPPING OF SPCs & SUB‐CATEGORIES<br />
Cadastral Unit<br />
Scale<br />
District<br />
Municipality Scale<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
Local Municipality<br />
Scale<br />
SPCs<br />
ITEM SPC<br />
ZONING: DEPT.<br />
AGRICULTURE<br />
Farmstead D.g<br />
Crops<br />
Grazing<br />
Plantation<br />
Farm Roads<br />
4X4 Trail<br />
Streams<br />
Fences<br />
C.b<br />
C.a<br />
B.d<br />
F.e<br />
F.f<br />
B.c<br />
F.k<br />
19
EFFECTIVE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT: KEY ELEMENT OF THE PSDF<br />
To be achieved through a <strong>Spatial</strong> Planning Information System (SPIS) the objectives of<br />
which are to:<br />
a) Enable district and local municipalities to use PSDF information and vice versa.<br />
b) Enable district and local municipalities to undertake efficient planning & land<br />
use management<br />
c) Provide information that is easy to use and maintain by authorities.<br />
d) Centralise & standardise applications and procedures.<br />
e) Align applications and procedures with the SPCs and Sub‐Categories.<br />
f) Provide departments with shared access to the same up‐to‐date data.<br />
g) Provide an improved service to the community.<br />
h) Serve public interest by making relevant information accessibile.<br />
i) Provide guidance pertaining to planning and design of developments.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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2. ENSURING HIGH QUALITY DEVELOPMENT<br />
1. PSDF provides guidance to ensure that development is of a quality that promotes environmental<br />
integrity.<br />
Based upon the principles of ‘critical regionalism’ which promotes a return to the development of<br />
high‐quality settlements.<br />
Premised upon ‘<strong>The</strong> Big Five’ principles that guide the planning, design and management of<br />
development, namely:<br />
1. Sense of place<br />
2. Sense of history<br />
3. Sense of nature<br />
4. Sense of craft<br />
5. Sense of limits<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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2 PSDF provides <strong>Spatial</strong> Structuring Elements to ensure that development is of a quality that<br />
promotes environmental integrity.<br />
URBAN EDGE<br />
SPATIAL STRUCTURING ELEMENTS<br />
PRECINCTS 2<br />
NODES 3<br />
ACTIVITY CORRIDOR 4<br />
ACTIVITY STREET 5<br />
MUNICIPAL OPEN SPACE SYSTEM 6<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
1<br />
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A MODEL FOR SUBSIDISED HOUSING: RESULT OF INNOVATIVE PLANNING & DESIGN<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
23
A MODEL FOR SUBSIDISED HOUSING: RESULT OF INNOVATIVE PLANNING & DESIGN<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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3. ESTABLISHING INTEGRATED LAND MANAGEMENT AREAS<br />
1. Biosphere Reserves ‐ ‘areas of<br />
terrestrial and coastal/marine<br />
ecosystems, or a combination thereof,<br />
which are internationally recognised<br />
within the framework of UNESCO's MaB<br />
Program’. Supported by UNESCO’s World<br />
Network of Biosphere Reserves.<br />
2. System of Protected Nature Areas – established in terms of NEMA to protect<br />
important biodiversity sites.<br />
3. Special Management Areas – ‘areas of excellence and good practice’, where the ethos<br />
of sustainable development is served in practice’. Established by landowners to<br />
promote sustainability of land use. Supported by SANBI, UNESCO, UNDP, etc.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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4. INTERROGATING PROVINCIAL & MUNICIPAL BOUNDARIES<br />
PSDF guides interrogation of boundaries of administrative areas (including the province,<br />
municipalities, wards and other settlement domains) with the objective to:<br />
a) Facilitate co‐operation in ‘over‐lapping areas’.<br />
b) Inform future municipal demarcation with the aim to reconcile municipal boundaries<br />
with bioregional parameters.<br />
Based upon the following principles:<br />
Important that boundaries correspond with the parameters set by the economy, social<br />
constructions and ecosystems, i.e. bioregional boundaries<br />
Mismatches may exist between statutory administrative boundaries and the domains<br />
people regard as their home territory, as well as ecosystem boundaries.<br />
<strong>The</strong> SDFs of local municipalities is the ideal scale at which the detailed interrogation and<br />
review of current boundaries should be undertaken.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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NATIONAL/PROVINCIAL AREAS OF OVERLAP ADDRESSED BY THE PSDF<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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5. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT SPENDING & PERFORMANCE<br />
MANAGEMENT<br />
PSDF provides a basis for:<br />
1. Assessing & determining status of towns<br />
2. Prioritising government spending & LED to best benefit of province as a whole.<br />
3. Preparing IDPs and prioritising IDP spending.<br />
4. Indicating what type of development and investment are required and how the municipal<br />
budget should be allocated to eradicate backlog or weaknesses.<br />
5. Measuring performance of district and local municipalities.<br />
Which should be<br />
the capitol ??<br />
6. Municipalities to improve their performance and status on a continual basis.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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BASIS FOR FORMULATION OF PROPOSALS<br />
Scientific and empirical evaluation of the settlement system with the aim to:<br />
a) Determine the growth & development potential & level of human needs of municipalities &<br />
settlements.<br />
b) Classifying the towns and settlements according to development and investment categories.<br />
Category 1 Town<br />
Towns with High <strong>Development</strong> Potential &<br />
Low Human Needs<br />
Category 2 Town<br />
Towns with High <strong>Development</strong> Potential &<br />
High Human Needs<br />
Category 3 Town<br />
Towns with Low <strong>Development</strong> Potential &<br />
High Human Needs<br />
Category 4 Town<br />
Towns with Low <strong>Development</strong> Potential &<br />
Low Human Needs<br />
Category 5 Town<br />
High nor Low as it relates to <strong>Development</strong><br />
Potential & Human Needs<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
INVESTMENT TYPE<br />
• Basic Services<br />
• Infrastructural Capital<br />
• Monetary Capital<br />
• Basic Services<br />
• Infrastructural Capital<br />
• Monetary Capital<br />
• Social & Human Capital<br />
• Basic Services<br />
• Social & Human Capital<br />
• Basic Services<br />
• Discretion of government<br />
as it relates to investment<br />
required.<br />
29
BASIS FOR FORMULATION OF PROPOSALS<br />
Profile of local municipalities and towns are indicated by a group of indicators (bottom axis of<br />
histogram)<br />
<strong>Development</strong> status, strengths and weaknesses of municipalities and towns are indicated as a value<br />
on the vertical index above or below the provincial mean (the zero line).<br />
30
6. ENHANCING OPPORTUNITIES FOR & MAXIMISING EFFECT OF PRIVATE<br />
SECTOR DEVELOPMENT<br />
PSDF proposes that development facilitation and funding to be based upon the<br />
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE (SDI)<br />
which requires:<br />
Government to create the climate and conditions that are favourable to investment<br />
and economic growth.<br />
Government to encourage creation of partnerships between stakeholders to help<br />
give effect to sustainabultimately in the provision of services throule development.<br />
Latent capital (resources) to be unlocked to ensure that local communities receive<br />
meaningful benefit from such capital (not only through ‘trickling‐down’).<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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KEY ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE (SDI)<br />
An over‐arching socio‐economic development and environmental rehabilitation strategy that is enabled<br />
and funded through the utilization of the resources (capital) vested in a defined area consistent with the<br />
international definition of sustainable development.<br />
It capitalises on the efficient use of resources for the benefit of the developer, affected local<br />
communities and the environment.<br />
SDIs should be undertaken in close collaboration with the LED Forums and be supportive of LED<br />
objectives.<br />
<strong>The</strong> over‐arching objective of the SDI approach is to promote sustainable development through the<br />
following:<br />
Ensuring that large‐scale resource use contributes, in a sustainable manner, to socio‐economic<br />
growth and environmental rehabilitation.<br />
Building upon and promoting the comparative economic advantages of the area within which the<br />
SDI is undertaken.<br />
Unlocking the latent value of the land available for the core projects of the SDI.<br />
Utilizing the natural resource base in a sustainable manner.<br />
Ensuring an acceptable return on capital invested by the core project investors.<br />
Ensuring that local communities are recognised as partners in the planning and development<br />
process.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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CONCLUSION<br />
PSDF provides for the following:<br />
a) Directives pertaining to the desired scale, format and location of development.<br />
b) Directives for development and use of capital for the benefit of all inhabitants.<br />
c) Opportunities for innovative land use as a primary economic driver.<br />
d) Opportunities for public/private/community partnerships for the promotion of LED.<br />
e) Promotion of all economic sectors.<br />
f) Certainty regarding the future development of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and its component<br />
places.<br />
g) Protection and enhancement of the interests of all property owners.<br />
PSDF aims to provide<br />
……’ incentive and security for investment’…….<br />
….capital flows to<br />
opportunity,<br />
stability and quality<br />
!!!….<br />
Page 33
FOCAL AREAS FOR PUBLIC COMMENT<br />
1. Unique characteristics to be restored and/or managed.<br />
2. Comparative and competitive economic advantages to be unlocked or utilised.<br />
3. Key aspects that are of provincial and broader significance, including:<br />
Economic<br />
Social<br />
Environmental.<br />
Infrastructural.<br />
ETC. !!!!<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
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VOLUME 1<br />
CONTEXT & OVER‐ARCHING POLICY<br />
VOLUME 2<br />
PROFILE & ASPECTS ADDRESSED<br />
VOLUME 3<br />
SPATIAL DIRECTIVES & GUIDELINES<br />
VOLUME 4<br />
STRATEGIES, PROGRAMS & PROJECTS<br />
WAY FORWARD<br />
APPROVAL & IMPLEMENTATION IN JUNE 2012<br />
Stakeholder consultation on aspects to<br />
be addressed.<br />
Stakeholder consultation & formulation<br />
of spatial directives & guidelines.<br />
Stakeholder consultation & formulation<br />
of strategies & guidelines .<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
35
Mr. Gerhard de Bruin<br />
Nat. Dept. Rural <strong>Development</strong> and Land<br />
Reform<br />
Directorate <strong>Spatial</strong> Planning and<br />
Information<br />
30 Du Toitspan Road<br />
KIMBERLEY 8301<br />
Tel: 053 832 5084<br />
Fax: 086 560 5196<br />
E‐mail:<br />
GJdeBruin@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
CONTACT DETAIL & WEBSITE<br />
Ms. Tania Volschenk<br />
Dennis Moss Partnership<br />
P.O. Box 371<br />
STELLENBOSCH 7599<br />
Tel: 021 887 0124<br />
Fax: 021 886 5393<br />
E‐mail: taniav@dmp.co.za<br />
www.northerncapepsdf.co.za<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
36
CLOSURE<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
37
<strong>Development</strong> Potential of<br />
Urban Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
A research study undertaken for Dennis Moss Partnership by:<br />
Prof IJ van der Merwe & Prof HL Zietsman<br />
August 2011<br />
i
CONTENTS<br />
Maps……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...iv<br />
Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… v<br />
Addenda…………………………………………………………………………………………………………vi<br />
CHAPTER 1: SETTING THE SCENE – DECLINING SETTLEMENTS<br />
1.1 Context of the study ....................................................................................................... 1<br />
1.2 Objectives of the urban audit ......................................................................................... 2<br />
1.3 Structure of the report .................................................................................................... 2<br />
CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – INSTITUTIONAL AND THEORETICAL<br />
GUIDELINES<br />
2.1 Academic literature review ............................................................................................ 4<br />
2.1.1 Defining rural development ........................................................................................... 4<br />
2.1.2 <strong>The</strong> role of small towns in regional and rural development ........................................... 6<br />
2.1.3 Criteria influencing growth and development of towns ............................................... 10<br />
2.2 Relevant policy documents .......................................................................................... 13<br />
2.2.1 National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Perspective .................................................................. 13<br />
2.2.2 <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy .................................... 18<br />
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – CREATING AN URBAN INVESTMENT<br />
TYPOLOGY<br />
3.1 Selection of towns ........................................................................................................ 21<br />
3.2 Selection and derivation of quantitative indicators ...................................................... 26<br />
3.3 Indices for present status of towns and municipalities ................................................. 28<br />
3.4 Change indices for municipalities ................................................................................ 35<br />
3.5 Composite indices ........................................................................................................ 37<br />
3.6 Presenting the quantitative profiles .............................................................................. 38<br />
3.6.1 Cross-sectional profiles of towns ................................................................................. 38<br />
3.6.2 Cross-sectional profiles of municipalities .................................................................... 56<br />
3.6.3 Temporal profiles of municipalities ............................................................................. 70<br />
3.7 Qualitative evaluation .................................................................................................. 76<br />
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS – MESSAGE FROM THE TOWN PROFILES<br />
4.1 Integrating town development indicators ..................................................................... 77<br />
4.2 Integrating municipality development indicators ......................................................... 83<br />
4.3 Observations from the development profiles ............................................................... 85<br />
4.4 Internal focus on individual town profile ..................................................................... 90<br />
4.5 Case study: <strong>Development</strong> profile of Springbok ........................................................... 96<br />
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
5.1 General investment typology ..................................................................................... 100<br />
ii
5.2 Proposed leader towns ................................................................................................ 103<br />
5.3 Salient research results ............................................................................................... 104<br />
5.4 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 106<br />
5.5 Future study and investigation ................................................................................... 107<br />
CONSULTED LITERATURE…………………………………………………………………………109<br />
iii
MAPS<br />
Figure 1.1 Research agenda ................................................................................................. 3<br />
Figure 3.1 Towns and administrative units of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ...................... 22<br />
Figure 3.2 <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province municipal boundaries (2007 and 2011) .................... 23<br />
Figure 3.3 <strong>Development</strong> potential index of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ........... 50<br />
Figure 3.4 Human development needs index of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province .... 51<br />
Figure 3.5 Composite resources index of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province .............. 52<br />
Figure 3.6 Composite infrastructure index of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ........ 53<br />
Figure 3.7 Composite economic activities of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ........ 54<br />
Figure 3.8 Scatter diagram of development potential and human needs typology of towns<br />
in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ......................................................................... 55<br />
Figure 3.9 Investment typology of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ........................ 56<br />
Figure 3.10 <strong>Development</strong> potential index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province............................................................................................................ 60<br />
Figure 3.11 Human development needs index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province............................................................................................................ 61<br />
Figure 3.12 Composite resource index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province............................................................................................................ 62<br />
Figure 3.13 Composite infrastructure index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province............................................................................................................ 63<br />
Figure 3.14 Composite economic index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province............................................................................................................ 64<br />
Figure 3.15 Scatter diagram of development potential and human needs typology of<br />
municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ................................................. 65<br />
Figure 3.16 Investment typology of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ... 66<br />
Figure 3.17 <strong>Development</strong> potential index of towns and local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> Province .................................................................................................. 67<br />
Figure 3.18 Human needs index of towns and local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province............................................................................................................ 68<br />
Figure 3.19 Investment typology of towns and local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province............................................................................................................ 69<br />
Figure 3.20 <strong>Development</strong> potential index change between 2001 and 2007 of local<br />
municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (2007 boundaries) ................... 73<br />
Figure 3.21 <strong>Development</strong> potential index change between 2001 and 2007 of local<br />
municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (2011 boundaries) ................... 74<br />
Figure 3.22 Human development needs change index between 2001 and 2007 of local<br />
municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ................................................. 75<br />
Figure 4.1 Urban population distribution of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> towns (2001) .................. 81<br />
Figure 4.2 <strong>Spatial</strong> town concentrations in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> ........................................... 86<br />
Figure 4.3 Example of a town in ‘very high development’ class and its municipality ...... 91<br />
Figure 4.4 Example of a town in a ‘high development’ class and its municipality ........... 92<br />
Figure 4.5 Example of a town in an ‘upper-medium development’ class and its<br />
municipality...................................................................................................... 93<br />
Figure 4.6 Example of a town in a ‘lower-medium development’ class and its<br />
93municipality.................................................................................................. 94<br />
Figure 4.7 Example of a town in a ‘low development’ class and its municipality ............ 95<br />
iv
TABLES<br />
Table 2.1 <strong>Development</strong> Potential Categories suggested by the NSDP ............................ 15<br />
Table 3.1 List of towns and municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province ..................... 24<br />
Table 3.2 Summary of indicator groupings for towns and municipalities ....................... 27<br />
Table 3.3 Summary of indicator groupings for change at municipality level .................. 28<br />
Table 3.4 Variables for towns and municipal indices ....................................................... 31<br />
Table 3.5 Variables for municipal change indices (2001 – 2007) .................................... 36<br />
Table 3.6 Ranks and map classes of composite indices of towns .................................... 39<br />
Table 3.7 Investment classification of towns based on development potential and human<br />
needs typology ................................................................................................. 43<br />
Table 3.8 Ranks and map classes of local municipalities ................................................. 57<br />
Table 3.9 Investment classification of municipalities based on development potential and<br />
human needs typology...................................................................................... 58<br />
Table 3.10 Ranks and map classes of change between 2001 and 2007 for local<br />
municipalities ................................................................................................... 70<br />
Table 3.11 Typology of municipalities based on development potential and human needs<br />
typology............................................................................................................ 71<br />
Table 4.1 Integrated town profiles .................................................................................... 77<br />
Table 4.2 Frequencies of town population classes ........................................................... 80<br />
Table 4.3 Cross-tabulation of town development classes ................................................. 82<br />
Table 4.4 Integrated municipal profiles ............................................................................ 83<br />
Table 4.5 Frequencies of municipal population classes ................................................... 84<br />
Table 4.6 Cross-tabulation of municipality development ................................................ 84<br />
Table 4.7 Urban concentration groups .............................................................................. 86<br />
Table 4.8 Cross-tabulation of town and municipality development classes ..................... 89<br />
Table 4.9 Cross-tabulation of town and municipality need classes .................................. 90<br />
Table 4.10 Selected towns and municipalities for histogram display ................................ 90<br />
Table 5.1 Proposed investment strategy for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> towns .......................... 100<br />
Table 5.2 Suggested investment categories .................................................................... 103<br />
v
ADDENDA<br />
1. Data Matrix<br />
1.1 Town profiles<br />
1.2 Municipality profiles<br />
1.3 Municipality change profiles<br />
2. Tables<br />
2.1 Composite town indices<br />
2.2 Cross tabulation on town indices<br />
2.3 Composite municipality indices<br />
2.4 Cross tabulation on municipality indices<br />
3. Maps<br />
3.1-3.8 Composite Town Indices<br />
3.9-3.16 Composite Municipality Indices<br />
4. Questionnaire<br />
vi
CHAPTER 1<br />
SETTING THE SCENE: DECLINING SETTLEMENTS<br />
1.1 Context of the Study<br />
<strong>The</strong> settlement system in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> is characterised by many small isolated and fairly<br />
inaccessible urban and quasi-urban settlements scattered across the vast area of the province.<br />
Many of these settlements find it hard to provide basic services and sufficient income<br />
generating opportunities to their inhabitants.<br />
A general consensus in the international literature is that sustainable rural development is<br />
closely bound to a vibrant and functional urban settlement system. Villages, towns and cities<br />
are the “engine rooms” that drive regional development and economic growth. Unfortunately<br />
not all urban settlements have the same growth potential. Growth trends fluctuate over time<br />
due to many influencing factors. In a large province such as the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> these centres<br />
make a special contribution towards meeting the general needs in both the towns, as well as in<br />
the surrounding rural communities. <strong>The</strong>y also affect global links, the national spatial economy<br />
and sustainable regional development in the province. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
accommodates some 115 urban settlements of various sizes (mapped in Figure 3.1), some of<br />
which have a solid economic base which stimulate energetic growth. Other towns are steadily<br />
losing economic power, service-ability and infrastructural strength. This situation poses the<br />
self-evident question whether there is an effective remedy for such a distressful picture?<br />
A starting point would be the application of a comprehensive evaluation and monitoring of<br />
the performance patterns of the province’s settlements in order to ascertain how the various<br />
communities could be optimally supported by a system of dynamic town structures. <strong>The</strong><br />
problem should no longer be addressed in an ad hoc and superficial way. A systematic urban<br />
audit on the role and functioning of the urban system within a developmental context is<br />
essential in order to create an appropriate database to support informed strategic decisionmaking<br />
by relevant role players in the province. A <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong><br />
Framework (PSDF) within the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> regional context must nurture sustainable urban<br />
and rural development over the long term as a high priority. Towns with a real potential for<br />
growth must be identified accountably in terms of their demonstrated capacities in the interest<br />
of the region as a whole. Several towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> are for some time already<br />
1
struggling to survive – to the detriment of the broader regional economy, quality of life and<br />
rural development in the province.<br />
1.2 Objectives of the Urban Audit<br />
This urban audit investigates the challenges and problems of urban development in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. But this process must be carried out within the framework of existing national<br />
and provincial policy strategies, as well as recognised development theory. <strong>The</strong> overall aim of<br />
this study is to determine the growth performance and development potential of the urban<br />
settlements in the province, with a focus on their role in the creation of a dynamic urban and<br />
rural development system. More specifically this will include the following specific<br />
objectives:<br />
i. Identify criteria and indicators for assessing the urban growth/development potential<br />
from relevant academic literature and policy documents. <strong>The</strong> National <strong>Spatial</strong><br />
<strong>Development</strong> Perspective (NSDP) and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Strategy (PGDS) provide valuable guidelines in this regard;<br />
ii. Statistically measure and compare the growth performance of the urban<br />
settlements and local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>;<br />
iii. Qualitative assessment of the economic base and place identity of these localities by<br />
engaging local stakeholders – in the process communities will have the opportunity to<br />
make input regarding their municipality/town’s growth potential.<br />
iv. Index and categorise these settlements according to their development potential and<br />
human needs levels;<br />
v. Make appropriate recommendations for appropriate decision-making and<br />
investment strategies to facilitate comprehensive rural development and performance<br />
management in the towns and municipalities.<br />
1.3 Structure of the Report<br />
<strong>The</strong> sequence and structural components of the report are illustrated in Figure 1.1 and offered<br />
in the following five chapters:<br />
2
Chapter Chapter 1<br />
Chapter 2<br />
Chapter 3<br />
Chapter 4<br />
Chapter 5 5<br />
115 Towns<br />
32 Municipalities<br />
Figure 1.1: Research agenda<br />
Setting the scene<br />
(Context and objectives)<br />
Conceptual Framework<br />
(Guidelines)<br />
Quantitative<br />
Indices<br />
Data Matrix<br />
59+57+27 Indicators<br />
<strong>Spatial</strong> Patterns (inter)<br />
Town Profiles (intra)<br />
Synthesis<br />
(Categorising)<br />
Recommendations<br />
(Investment Priorities)<br />
Qualitative<br />
Assessment<br />
3
CHAPTER 2<br />
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: INSTITUTIONAL AND THEORETICAL<br />
GUIDELINES<br />
It is imperative for an empirical analysis of this nature to be aligned with national and<br />
international norms regarding town development and associated urban growth dynamics. For<br />
that reason a synoptic overview of relevant international literature and national policy<br />
documents is provided.<br />
2.1 Academic Literature Review<br />
In order to provide a conceptual framework for investigating the growth potential of towns in<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, this chapter starts with a short survey on the definition of the concepts<br />
‘development’, ’capital investment’ and ‘potential’. Secondly, the role that small towns play<br />
in regional and rural development as well as the factors that influence their growth dynamics<br />
is summarised. Thirdly, we focus on the role and guidelines contained in the institutional<br />
policy documents relevant for the construction of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF.<br />
2.1.1 Defining Rural <strong>Development</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong>re is a lack of a common understanding and agreement on the definition of economic<br />
development amongst stakeholders. This is manifested in the persistence of unhelpful<br />
dichotomies in the development discourse: i.e. pro-growth vs. pro-poor; urban vs. rural; town<br />
vs. township; environment vs. development; big vs. small business; formal vs. informal<br />
business, etc. This in turn leads to a lack of consensus on what needs to be done and an<br />
absence of a common agenda. What is needed is an integration of these concepts (EDA<br />
Discussion Document, Western <strong>Cape</strong>, 2011). <strong>The</strong> following definitions will give an indication<br />
of the development scenario that can be expected from the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF.<br />
(i) <strong>Development</strong>: This is a process through which ‘things’ are changing to an improved state.<br />
<strong>The</strong> process of economic and social transformation is based on a set of complex cultural<br />
and environmental factors and their interactions. <strong>Development</strong> comprises different<br />
manifestations:<br />
• Economic development is about cities and regions continually improving their<br />
investment climate and business-enabling environment to enhance their<br />
competitiveness, to retain jobs and improve incomes. It is, therefore, the increase in<br />
4
the standard of living in a region’s population with sustained growth, usually from a<br />
lower-level economy to a higher-income economy. This typically involves<br />
improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, poverty<br />
rates, GDP and other aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality, freedom,<br />
social justice, and economic wellbeing.<br />
• Social development is a related process which results in the transformation of social<br />
structures in a manner which improves the capacity of the society to fulfil its<br />
aspirations. A region’s economic development, therefore, is linked to its human<br />
development, which encompasses, among other things, health and education. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
factors are closely related to economic growth so that development and growth go<br />
hand in hand. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development).<br />
• Rural development in general denotes the actions and initiatives taken to improve the<br />
standard of living in non-urban neighbourhoods, countryside, and remote villages.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se communities demonstrate a low population density ratio. Agricultural activities<br />
are prominent whereas economic activities relate to the primary sector, production of<br />
food stuffs and raw materials. Rural development actions mostly aim at the social and<br />
economic development of the areas. Rural development aims at finding ways to<br />
improve the quality of life with participation of the rural people themselves so as to<br />
meet the required needs of the rural area. As such, local people themselves have to<br />
participate in creating their own comprehensive rural development landscape. In this<br />
context many approaches and ideas have been developed and followed in the past, i.e.<br />
the “bottom-up approach”, “participatory rural appraisal”, “rapid rural appraisal” and<br />
“rural-urban linkage development perspective” etc.<br />
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_development).<br />
(ii) <strong>Development</strong> Capital: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF proposes to employ a model of the<br />
various forms of “development capital” vested in the region in order to reach its goals and<br />
objectives pertaining to sustainable development in the towns. <strong>The</strong> “Five Capitals Model”<br />
(Forum for the Future, 2010) suggests the following capital components in this regard: (i)<br />
Natural Capital; (ii) Human Capital; (iii) Social Capital; (iv) Manufactured<br />
(Infrastructure) Capital; and (v) Financial (Monetary) Capital.<br />
• Human Capital refers to people’s health, education, training, knowledge, skills,<br />
spirituality and motivation, which are needed for a flourishing economy, productive<br />
work, poverty reduction and capacity for human relationships.<br />
5
• Social Capital concerns investments by institutions that help us maintain and develop<br />
human capital e.g. families, communities, municipalities, trade unions, hospitals and<br />
schools. This means access to varied and supportive opportunities for work, health,<br />
living conditions, etc.<br />
• Manufactured (Infrastructure) Capital comprises material goods or fixed assets<br />
which contribute to the production process and service provision rather than being the<br />
output itself – e.g. tools, machines and buildings. <strong>The</strong> main components include<br />
buildings and infrastructure such as roads, communications, waste disposal, water<br />
systems, etc<br />
• Natural Capital of the physical environment refers to the natural resources (matter<br />
and energy) and processes that are needed to maintain life and to produce/deliver<br />
goods and services. <strong>The</strong>y include renewable resources (such as fresh water, fisheries<br />
and wood) and non-renewable resources (such as mineral deposits).<br />
• Financial (Monetary) Capital plays a critical role in any economy, enabling the<br />
other types of capital to be owned and traded, for example, through shares, bonds or<br />
banknotes.<br />
It is only when the networked relations and correlations among these five capitals are<br />
recognised and operational, that a sustainable economy and a “happy” society can be<br />
created in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
(iii) Potential: <strong>The</strong> term “potential” can linguistically be defined as latent excellence or<br />
ability that may be developed, or is capable of becoming but not yet in existence. <strong>The</strong><br />
implications of this concept for the development potential of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> will become<br />
evident in the coming chapters.<br />
2.1.2 <strong>The</strong> role of small towns in regional and rural development<br />
<strong>The</strong> role of small- and medium-sized towns has received renewed interest and recognition<br />
globally as bridges on the rural-urban development continuum. In a well-balanced settlement<br />
system they act as infrastructural clusters and growth engines for regional development<br />
(Weliwita & Okpala, 2004). During the 1980s many academics, regional planners and policy<br />
makers reached consensus that small towns played an essential role as service centres in the<br />
development of a region through their economic base, production linkages, as well as trickledown<br />
effects (Van der Merwe, 1983; Rondinelli, 1988; Evans, 1992; Gaile, 1992). Lately a<br />
team of geographers from Utrecht University (Netherlands) has been conducting an<br />
international comparative research programme, determining the role of a small town in the<br />
6
development of its rural hinterland under certain conditions (Titus and Hinderink, 1998).<br />
Public funds should be applied for the improvement of a small town’s structure and<br />
functioning (e.g. investment in market support, provision of water and electricity,<br />
development of housing and new industrial areas) only if the basic rural development<br />
conditions are found to be suitable (Hinderink & Titus, 2002). <strong>The</strong> basic driving force behind<br />
a town’s growth is provided by its specific economic activities, which generate job<br />
opportunities, capital, buildings and infrastructure (Badcock 2002: 66).<br />
<strong>The</strong> potential contribution of small rural towns to local economic development has probably<br />
not been sufficiently recognised in rural development strategies. <strong>The</strong>re is scope for a more<br />
positive and dynamic approach, which duly recognises the existing and potential economic<br />
and social role of rural towns and attaches greater importance to these locations as entry<br />
points for policy, investment, job creation, enterprise development and service delivery.<br />
Analysis of key sub-sectors can offer significant insights into commodity flows across the<br />
rural and urban spaces, as well as these towns’ role as market and distribution centres<br />
(Wandschneider, 2003)<br />
In order to produce a balanced set of criteria to credibly rank the growth potential of towns in<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, a series of national and international case studies on the ranking of central<br />
place towns were examined. <strong>The</strong>se methods were initially highly subjective, but ranking<br />
studies gradually became statistically more objective. Lately subjective and statistical<br />
techniques became much more integrated. At the same time the ranking mechanisms shifted<br />
away from a single criterium towards a more comprehensive multidimensional set of criteria<br />
(Van der Merwe et al, 2005). Van Lindert and Verkoren’s (1997) set of town criteria includes<br />
the population profile, the morphological structure, the economic profile, the service<br />
infrastructure and the social structure of the respective towns. Henderink and Titus’s (2002)<br />
criteria refer to the towns’ rural hinterland, the natural resource base, population density,<br />
market accessibility, political and economic structures, income distribution, as well as<br />
purchasing power of the population which can be considered in determining the growth<br />
potential of towns. In a World Bank study on India (Wandschneider, 2003) factors such as<br />
markets, raw materials, labour, infrastructure and management were emphasised. In a South<br />
African rural town study Local Economic <strong>Development</strong> initiatives was linked to factors such<br />
as labour and energy costs, infrastructure, markets, education and training, capacity and<br />
employment opportunities (Lloyd & Horn, 2001).<br />
7
It is now widely recognised that an economic, social and environmental interdependence<br />
exists between urban and rural areas and the “rural-urban linkage development perspective”<br />
is increasingly becoming the accepted approach in developing countries. Rural-urban linkage<br />
generally refers to the flow of monetary capital, people, goods and information between urban<br />
and rural areas. Infrastructure such as transportation, communications, energy and basic<br />
services, form the backbone of the urban-rural development linkage approach. Adequate<br />
investment in this domain improves rural productivity and better access to markets, jobs and<br />
public services (Weliwita & Okpala, 2004).<br />
Recent developments in the urban and rural development literature focus on Sustainable Degrowth<br />
(Schneider et al, 2010), New Ruralism, Agricultural Urbanism, Post-Productivist<br />
Landscapes, and Slow City <strong>Development</strong> (Stellenbosch University & CSIR, 2010). Especially<br />
“New Ruralism” is quite relevant and is defined as a framework for creating a bridge between<br />
sustainable agriculture and new urbanism. <strong>The</strong> theory is that sustainable agriculture can assist<br />
in bringing cities nearer to earth, with a greater commitment to the ecology and the economy<br />
of the surrounding rural hinterland on which the cities depend. Linked to this is the notion of<br />
place-making/sense of place, which can assist agriculture to shift its narrow production focus<br />
to a more broad-based resource-preservation value approach.<br />
According to Tacoli (2004), the spatial aims of regional planning policies assume that small<br />
and intermediate urban centres contribute to regional and rural development in four main<br />
ways, namely by being centres:<br />
(i) Of demand and markets for rural agricultural produce and products;<br />
(ii) In which rural non-farm activities and employment can grow and consolidate;<br />
(iii) Where goods and services to surrounding rural areas are produced and distributed;<br />
(iv) That attract rural migrants from the surrounding rural areas in order to decrease<br />
the labour pressure on larger urban centres.<br />
<strong>The</strong> recent move to a global economy has been painful for many towns because of the loss of<br />
manufacturing jobs, the vulnerability of export agriculture, and the increased competition in<br />
the energy and mining sectors. Larger commercial towns seem to have a built-in growth<br />
dynamic, based on a sufficient level of diversification. Nel (2005) identifies several noticeable<br />
changes taking place in small towns:<br />
8
• <strong>The</strong> collapse of many once-prosperous mining towns and the demise of railway towns.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> decline in agricultural output in many areas or the shift to new rural activities such as<br />
game farming, which have significantly reduced reliance on local small centres as points<br />
of sale and service supply.<br />
• Advances in transport technology and changes in retail patterns, which have facilitated<br />
access to the more distant regional centres and displaced the role of the small agricultural<br />
service centres.<br />
• A positive trend is the growth of tourist towns and towns in areas of natural beauty.<br />
• Growth of the larger centres has extended service fields and a diversified economy and<br />
has often displaced and absorbed the functions of smaller towns in their area.<br />
• In many of the smaller centres, there is an artificial economic dependence on state welfare<br />
on the part of the town’s people, the loss of many formal sector job opportunities,<br />
continuing poverty and the out-migration of the skilled.<br />
• As result of the amalgamation of smaller centres under a single authority, the loss of local<br />
government status has weakened many towns.<br />
Atkinson (2008) stresses the following arguments in aid of struggling towns:<br />
• <strong>The</strong>re is a need for productive government spending in small and medium-sized towns.<br />
<strong>The</strong> future of small and medium-sized towns should be understood in relation to the<br />
spatial strategies of national and provincial governments (i.e. NSDP and PGDS). It will be<br />
argued that these towns require some level of productive government spending – i.e.<br />
expenditure which will raise local production and multipliers.<br />
• To stimulate local economies and to bring additional private sector capital into small and<br />
medium-sized towns, the comparative advantages of such towns need to be analysed.<br />
Much more effort needs to be done to investigate and promote the real economic drivers<br />
of a town and its hinterland.<br />
• To understand the comparative advantage of these towns, there is no “one-size-fits-all”<br />
solution to small and medium-sized settlements. This means that every town should be<br />
understood in its regional context.<br />
• Efforts should be made to bring services for the second economy into these towns. An<br />
injection of funding is required to stimulate the local economy.<br />
9
2.1.3 Criteria influencing growth and development of towns<br />
Towns originate to meet a particular need or provide a specific service for a specific<br />
community at an appropriate location. In this process urban settlements can be classified into<br />
a variety of functional types. <strong>The</strong> majority of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> fall into the group<br />
of central places, being service centres or market towns that meets the needs of the rural<br />
farming community for goods and services (Van der Merwe et al, 2005). Other settlements<br />
may have much more specific functions, such as those focussing on mining activities or<br />
tourism attractions. It is a well-known fact that not all towns grow at a uniform rate or to the<br />
same size. Certain economic functions offer more opportunities for growth and prosperity than<br />
others. Over time natural resources may become exhausted and spatial economic relations<br />
could change due to technological innovations or altered political and economic policies.<br />
Some urban settlements may be adversely affected and stagnate or decline while others may<br />
flourish, giving rise to regional inequalities and a sub-optimal functional settlement system.<br />
Certain growth energy is inherent in an urban settlement’s location. A town’s location with<br />
respect to infrastructure, main transport routes, natural resource base and large population<br />
concentrations influences its growth trend in a specific manner. Settlements are thus<br />
encouraged where there are better living, working, marketing, labour and investment<br />
opportunities. Such opportunities usually exist in towns close to metropolitan centres and<br />
secondary centres as the towns benefit from the big city’s population concentrations,<br />
economic agglomerations, overflow effects and positive externalities. <strong>The</strong> expansion and<br />
improvement of transport systems have also contributed towards a reduction of distance as a<br />
barrier in the development and growth of towns. Small and medium-sized settlements located<br />
on traffic nodes or along prominent transport corridors should be among the first to intercept<br />
or channel extensive economic activities away from the more isolated towns.<br />
Apart from the population migration patterns to and from towns, there is also inherent growth<br />
energy for a town in the natural increase of its inhabitants. In this regard the particular<br />
demographic and socio-economic structures (i.e. race, sex, age, occupation, income and level<br />
of education) have an effect on the birth and death rates of a town. A large and growing<br />
population, however, does not guarantee healthy economic growth, especially if the<br />
inhabitants are not able to apply economic initiative and labour force productivity. If the<br />
Human <strong>Development</strong> Index (HDI) of a settlement is very low, a large and growing population<br />
can become a huge economic burden for a town and inhibit its development.<br />
10
Probably the most prominent requirement for urban change and development is the capacity<br />
for management and leadership by means of productivity, new strategies, new technologies<br />
and capital investment. <strong>The</strong> quality of the human resource base and associated behaviour<br />
patterns and leadership are important factors that can influence the growth energy of a town.<br />
Individuals, entrepreneurs, companies and government institutions have the ability to stifle or<br />
stimulate the growth of a settlement through their decisions. <strong>The</strong> three imperatives of<br />
sustainable development (economic viability, social equity and ecological integrity) are<br />
equally relevant in this regard. <strong>The</strong> strong link between the development of small towns, the<br />
environment and the types of agricultural development and land tenure structures should also<br />
be incorporated.<br />
<strong>The</strong> most fundamental growth regulator of a town is its economic base. <strong>The</strong> basic driving<br />
force behind a town’s growth is provided by its economic activities, which generate job<br />
opportunities, capital investment and infrastructure. (Hoyt, 1939; Smith, 1965; Carter, 1981;<br />
Hartshorne, 1980; Cheshire, 1990; Markusen & Gwiasda, 1994; Badcock, 2002; and Pacione,<br />
2001).<br />
<strong>The</strong> diversity of economic activities (mixture of industrial, service and business composition),<br />
represented in a town usually holds the key to how well the urban economy performs. <strong>The</strong><br />
functional classification of towns offers a very useful analytical instrument that can help to<br />
explain why settlements with a certain economic profile perform well or poor. (Cheshire<br />
1990; Markusen & Gwiasda 1994). From a conceptual perspective it is important to refer back<br />
to the export base theory, which states that job opportunities will increase most rapidly in<br />
those towns that can extend their comparative advantage by the production of goods and<br />
services for which there is the greatest demand on the world and national market. <strong>The</strong> extent<br />
to which an enterprise or economic activity can render a service and make sales outside of the<br />
town can be regarded as a measure of its contribution or importance to the growth of the<br />
settlement. Such activities bring new capital into circulation in the town by attracting it from<br />
outside – the so-called primary, propulsive, external or basic activities. Other activities are<br />
geared more towards meeting the needs of the local inhabitants and thus simply keep capital<br />
that is already in the town in circulation. This means that the existing situation is maintained<br />
without new growth – the so-called secondary, service, internal or non-basic activities. If the<br />
basic activities of a city expand, a chain reaction (multiplier effect) takes place, which also<br />
increases non-basic activities and thus leads to growth in the town. <strong>The</strong> basic/non-basic ratio<br />
11
for the economic activities of a town can be calculated quantitatively and this can be an<br />
indication of the town’s potential growth energy and economic links with its region.<br />
However, very detailed economic data is necessary for this operation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> most important cause behind the decline of many towns has to do with the reason for<br />
their existence or function within a changing technological framework in a globalised<br />
environment. It is obvious that a town that no longer fulfils an appropriate function will start<br />
to decline. <strong>The</strong> reason for the existence of many of the agricultural service centres in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> area has been eroded by technological development, especially in the<br />
communication and transport sector (Van der Merwe et al, 2005). <strong>The</strong> mobility of people has<br />
increased as a result of better roads, extensive ownership of private vehicles, and access to the<br />
internet, which implied the relativisation of distance and greater human interaction<br />
possibilities. Lower order towns, with their limited variety of goods and services, can no<br />
longer compete with higher-order centres. In developing countries the population usually<br />
grows faster than the economy and the capacity of the urban economy cannot create sufficient<br />
job opportunities for the growing town population. <strong>The</strong> key question, then, has to do with how<br />
to create employment services and quality of life in such settlements.<br />
Quality of life is also related to the ‘sense of place’ experienced in a town. <strong>The</strong> extent to<br />
which an urban place developed a unique identity or spirit that differentiates it from other<br />
towns is an important gauge of the values and emotional well-being of the local community.<br />
This encourages a sense of belonging and personal identification with the specific town<br />
(Moore & Graefe, 1994; Tuan, 1977). ‘Sense’ depends on spatial form and quality, but also<br />
on the culture, temperament, status, experience, and purpose of the observer. Lynch (1998)<br />
describes sense as the degree to which a place can be clearly perceived and mentally<br />
differentiated and structured in time and space by its residents and the degree to which that<br />
mental structure connects with their values and concepts – the match between environment,<br />
one’s sensory capabilities, and one’s cultural constructs. <strong>The</strong> most basic form of sense is<br />
‘sense of place’. Identity is the degree to which a person can recognise a place as being<br />
distinct from other places and having a character of its own. Lynch (1998) refers to this<br />
quality as a convenient peg to hang personal memories, feelings and values on.<br />
In summary: Recent studies (Van der Merwe et al, 2005), which ranked towns for<br />
meaningful development assistance, demonstrated that the evaluation mechanism shifted<br />
away from a single criterion towards a more comprehensive multidimensional set of criteria.<br />
12
Van Lindert and Verkoren’s (1997) set of town criteria includes the population profile, the<br />
morphological structure, the economic activities, the service infrastructure and the social<br />
structure. Henderink and Titus (2002) refer to the role of small towns’ rural hinterland, natural<br />
resource base, population density, market accessibility, political economic structures, income<br />
distribution and purchasing power of the population as resources that can be considered in<br />
determining the growth potential of town. In Krige, Schur and Sipel’s (1998) analysis of small<br />
towns in the Free State, two sets of criteria were used: (i) the quantitative criteria included<br />
settlement type, demographic and economic trends, financial and management capacity, as<br />
well as access to services and housing; and (ii) a qualitative set of criteria included the level<br />
of community participation, sense of place, economic potential as well as delivery record on<br />
specific projects.<br />
On the basis of this academic literature study, as well as discussions with specialists in the<br />
field of small town and regional development, it is evident that the growth potential of<br />
individual towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> province can best be evaluated comprehensively<br />
through a balanced set of multi-dimensional criteria that accounts for the diversity and<br />
complexity of comprehensive rural development and accompanying town growth. In the next<br />
chapter these criteria will be given empirical substance through a set of measurable indicators<br />
and variables in the data matrix developed for this study.<br />
2.2 Relevant policy documents<br />
South Africa in general and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in particular have been experiencing the trends<br />
of declining settlements for many decades already. <strong>The</strong> causes and factors influencing this<br />
phenomenon have been well documented in section 2.1. In the past authorities and other role<br />
players largely ignored this problem and treated all urban settlements in more or less the same<br />
way in terms of investment support. However, the situation has taken on such proportions that<br />
intervention has become essential. Several central government and <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> provincial<br />
policy documents have explicitly addressed this problem recently.<br />
2.2.1 <strong>The</strong> National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Perspective (NSDP, 2006), issued by the<br />
Presidency of South Africa, indicates a dramatic new approach in future policy directions<br />
with respect to investment and other support for national, regional and town development.<br />
In no country in the world is social and economic development evenly distributed in<br />
geographic space. <strong>Spatial</strong> disparities are a universal problem affecting all countries. South<br />
13
Africa is not unique. <strong>The</strong> NSDP (2006) is informed by international case studies which show<br />
the following observations:<br />
• Unfocused infrastructure spending does not necessarily result in improved GDP growth;<br />
• Regions which already have some economic success are more likely to grow than other<br />
regions;<br />
• Success is often achieved through focused and polarised investment;<br />
• Redirecting public investment from economically dominant regions to lagging regions has<br />
not automatically spurred economic activity in these regions.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> poor benefit when they have more options to which to turn, and more options are<br />
created in the profile of dynamic growth processes, not in the declining sectors that are<br />
left behind.<br />
<strong>The</strong> National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Perspective, therefore, is underpinned by the following<br />
assumptions:<br />
• Location is critical for the poor to exploit growth opportunities;<br />
• <strong>The</strong> poor that are concentrated around vibrant economic centres have greater opportunity<br />
of gaining from economic growth;<br />
• Areas with demonstrated economic potential provide greater livelihood and income<br />
protection as well as a more favourable environment to combat poverty.<br />
<strong>The</strong> national space economy suggests the identification of localities (towns and cities) with<br />
development potential in terms of the following six categories (see Table 2.1) of development<br />
potential (NSDP, 2006):<br />
14
Table 2.1 <strong>Development</strong> Potential Categories suggested by the NSDP<br />
Category Description<br />
Innovation and experimentation Research and development and the application of technology to<br />
production processes.<br />
Production of high-value, differential goods All forms of production that focus on local and/or global niche<br />
Production of labour-intensive, massmarkets<br />
such as manufacturing, and some specialised agricultural<br />
or natural resource-based products.<br />
Industries in this category, such as iron and steel producers, and<br />
produced goods<br />
agricultural and mining activities, are highly dependent on<br />
proximity or good, cheap transport linkages, to the huge volumes<br />
of natural resources that they use in their production processes, as<br />
well as the availability of greater numbers of unskilled and semiskilled<br />
labour.<br />
Public services and administration<br />
Activities in this group tend to take place in larger towns and<br />
cities with significant public-sector employment and<br />
Retail and private sector services<br />
consumptions, supporting private-sector activities.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se consist of retail, catering and personal services, both formal<br />
and informal. <strong>The</strong>se are major components of any economy and<br />
of large employers of skilled and semi-skilled workers in most<br />
advanced economies. Such activities flourish in diverse<br />
settlements with large populations.<br />
Tourism <strong>The</strong>se diverse set of activities, while generally less spatially<br />
focused than, the manufacturing and services sector, are<br />
nonetheless all dependant on a tourist-attractions (e.g. ecoscenery,<br />
culture, heritage); good transport routes; safety; and, in<br />
certain cases, high-quality medical services, restaurants, retail<br />
outlets and hotels.<br />
.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se categories were developed to (i) enable an identification of areas of economic<br />
significance and enable comparison between areas; (ii) highlight key characteristics and the<br />
diverse and unique attributes of localities; and (iii) provide signals as to which sectors and<br />
institutions need to be supported to ensure the maintenance and growth of the areas of<br />
demonstrated economic significance.<br />
In order to identify the development potential of the respective urban settlements, the NSDP<br />
recommended the creation of a composite spatial profile of resource potential, existing<br />
economic activity and human needs. <strong>The</strong> results of such an analysis should be translated in<br />
specific potential categories. From such an analysis, broad guidelines can be put forward:<br />
• <strong>The</strong> further concentration of people in need in low potential areas should not be<br />
encouraged. Where possible, people should be assisted through social investment to<br />
become more mobile so that they may choose to move out of such an area.<br />
15
• Future economic growth should primarily be explored in those areas with a medium to<br />
high value resource base where there are economic potential to be exploited. Economic<br />
activity should be encouraged and supported by infrastructure (fixed) investment where<br />
there is already a medium to high level of economic activity and where (natural and<br />
human) resource potential is medium to high (NSDP, 2006).<br />
• Of course, this does not mean that localities not identified may not have potential, but that<br />
the current interpretation of the available data will need to be supplemented by more<br />
local area assessments of potential as required. In order not to discriminate against people<br />
who are currently locationally disadvantaged, it is proposed that the government seek to<br />
redress these inequities by maintaining the current distribution of fiscal resources to these<br />
areas, but that this investment be shifted to fewer fixed assets. This could mean that only a<br />
very basic level of infrastructural services (or mobile services) should be provided and<br />
that an additional social investment goes into skills development, labour-market<br />
information and other resources that will enable those living in these areas to become<br />
more mobile (NSDP, 2006).<br />
<strong>The</strong> NSDP’s reference to ‘fixed investment’ and ‘social investment’ relate to development<br />
capital theory (see section 2.1.1). <strong>The</strong> five types of capital assets explain the goods and<br />
services that are needed to improve quality of life and also to sustain urban and regional<br />
development (Forum for the Future, 2005). <strong>The</strong> underlying objective of any government<br />
policy for balanced development should identify and implement practices aimed at<br />
maintaining and, where possible, increasing the different types of capital stocks. <strong>The</strong> NSDP’s<br />
reference to social investment links to the human and social capital, while fixed<br />
infrastructural investment connects with manufactured capital. Social investment thus implies<br />
the allocation of capital to advance peoples’ socio-economic and cultural well-being. Public<br />
expenditure investment in quality education and health provision is a good example of social/<br />
human capital being crucial in achieving substantial poverty reduction.<br />
Given the national government’s objectives of growing the economy, creating jobs,<br />
addressing poverty and promoting social cohesion, the NSDP (2006) assists local and<br />
provincial governments in confronting the following fundamental planning questions:<br />
• Where should government direct its investment and development initiatives to ensure<br />
sustainable and maximum impact?<br />
• What kinds of spatial forms and arrangements are most conducive to the achievement of<br />
the objectives of democratic nation-building, as well as social and economic inclusion?<br />
16
• How can government capitalise on complementarities and facilitate consistent decision<br />
making.<br />
In order to contribute to the broader growth and development policy objectives of<br />
government, the NSDP puts forward a set of five normative principles: ∗<br />
(i) Rapid economic growth that is sustained and inclusive is a pre-requisite for the<br />
achievement of other policy objectives, among which poverty alleviation is a key facet.<br />
(ii) Government has a constitutional obligation to provide basic services (social capital) to<br />
all citizens (e.g. water, energy, health and educational opportunities) wherever they reside.<br />
(iii) Beyond this constitutional obligation, government spending on fixed investment<br />
(infrastructural capital) should be focused on localities of proven economic growth and<br />
development potential in order to gear up private-sector investment, to stimulate sustainable<br />
economic activities and to create long-term employment opportunities.<br />
(iv) Efforts to address past and current social inequalities should focus on people, not on<br />
places. In localities with high levels of need and low demonstrated economic potential,<br />
government should, beyond the provision of basic services, concentrate primarily on<br />
social/human investment by providing education, training, and social transfers. It should also<br />
reduce migration costs by providing better information regarding opportunities and<br />
capabilities. This could enable people to gravitate - if they choose so - to localities that are<br />
more likely to provide sustainable employment and economic opportunities.<br />
(v) In localities where there are high levels of need (poverty) and demonstrated high<br />
economic potential, this could be an indication for fixed and social investment to exploit the<br />
potential of those localities.<br />
(vi) In order to overcome the spatial distortions of apartheid, future settlement and<br />
economic development opportunities should be channelled into activity corridors and nodes<br />
that are adjacent to or link with national growth centres. Infrastructure investment should<br />
further support localities that may become major growth nodes in South Africa and the SADC<br />
region to create regional gateways to the global economy (Namibia and Botswana is quite<br />
relevant for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in this regard).<br />
While the idea of focusing government spending on fixed infrastructure in areas with some<br />
potential for economic development may seem to exclude other areas/towns from<br />
development, this is in fact not the case. Different regions and settlements have different<br />
economic potential and the spatial variations in the incidence of poverty are also vastly<br />
∗ <strong>The</strong> <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy (which inspired the brief for this <strong>Provincial</strong><br />
<strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework) is perfectly in line with these NSDP principles (NC PGDS, Draft 3, 2010).<br />
17
different. <strong>The</strong> NSDP argues that these diverse and disparate spatial contexts suggest a policy<br />
approach that itself should be differentiated and conducive to the requirements of the different<br />
contexts. Hence, in areas of low or no economic potential, the path of development and<br />
poverty reduction should be through a focus on investment in human and social capital (e.g.<br />
education, training, social welfare, rural development planning, land and agrarian reform,<br />
expansion of agricultural extension services, etc). This means that each individual town<br />
should discover its real development potential and then grow to the maximum of that<br />
development level. It is important to stress that the NSDP does not in any way rule out<br />
investment in small towns per se. What matters is whether an area has the potential to grow<br />
economically in a sustainable way, create jobs and alleviate poverty. If a small town has such<br />
potential there is nothing that precludes such investment (Oranje et al, 2008).<br />
<strong>The</strong> NSDP is supported by the concept draft of the National Urban <strong>Development</strong><br />
Framework (Dept of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs, in conjunction with<br />
the Presidency and SA Cities Network, 2009.) <strong>The</strong> purpose of a national urban development<br />
framework is to provide a common view on how to strengthen the capacity of South Africa’s<br />
towns, cities and city-regions to realise their potential to support shared growth, social<br />
equity, as well as environmental sustainability as key components of our national agenda.<br />
Additional recommendations are also made for the differentiated support required by the<br />
different types of urban settlement, in line with the NSDP.<br />
2.2.2 <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy (PGDS)<br />
In response to the social and economic development imperatives yielded by an analysis of the<br />
socio-economic profile of the province, the following primary development objectives have<br />
been identified in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS (reviewed in 2010):<br />
• Promoting the growth, diversification and transformation of the provincial economy;<br />
• Reduction of poverty through social development;<br />
• Creating the required levels of human and social capital;<br />
• Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of governance and development institutions;<br />
and<br />
• Enhancing infrastructure for economic growth and social development.<br />
<strong>The</strong> PGDS cautions that certain sub-sectors of the mining industry in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> have<br />
peaked and that downscaling is underway in especially the copper and diamond mining<br />
industries. This results in an urgent need to identify and promote alternative economic<br />
18
activities in these areas and towns which have been dependent on income from minerals in the<br />
past. Declining towns require an in depth assessment which includes a review of urban rural<br />
linkages and the development of clear criteria appraising their long term sustainability. When<br />
this is established dedicated measures will need to be put in place to rejuvenate them. It is<br />
likely that it may not be possible to turn certain of these rural towns which have lost the<br />
economic rationale for their existence around (NC Rural <strong>Development</strong> Strategy Paper, 2010).<br />
<strong>The</strong> envisaged <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework (PSDF) is to<br />
address the current situation in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as described in the province’s PGDS. <strong>The</strong><br />
envisaged <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework should indicate as to what should<br />
develop where, how and when. It should provide a means to guide strategic decisions relating<br />
to the location and distribution of resources in time and geographic space. <strong>The</strong> PSDF will be<br />
an enabling mechanism that responds to and fully complies with the NSDP. This also<br />
corresponds with the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS which has committed the province to a vision of<br />
“building a prosperous, sustainable and growing provincial economy, to reduce poverty and<br />
improve social development”. It further clearly states that the PSDF must not only give effect<br />
to national spatial development priorities but it must also set out a series of provincial, district<br />
and local development priorities for the space economy of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. In so doing, the<br />
PSDF will provide a means to guide strategic decisions relating to the location and<br />
distribution of resources in time and geographic space. It should therefore aim to provide:<br />
• A long term spatial development vision that will promote balanced, integrated and<br />
sustainable human settlements;<br />
• Certainty and direction to investors by indicating preferred locations for development and<br />
where certain types of developments should not take place;<br />
• Guidelines for decision making (private and public);<br />
• Indication of priority areas for targeted public investment which will support the spatial<br />
development vision.<br />
A scientific and empirical evaluation of the growth potential of the urban settlements in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province is essential, given the crucial role played by urban settlements in the<br />
spatial economy of the region. <strong>The</strong> results of this analysis will provide a solid base to inform<br />
the formulation of the PSDF and provide a rational for the optimal urban development of the<br />
province. It is on the basis of such a comprehensive analysis that competitive and comparative<br />
advantages within the province will be identified to give clear guidance to public and private<br />
investment decisions for promoting social, economic and environmental sustainability. <strong>The</strong><br />
19
following empirical analysis of town development and needs in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
should be considered against the above conceptual and institutional background.<br />
20
CHAPTER 3<br />
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: CREATING AN URBAN INVESTMENT<br />
TYPOLOGY<br />
As the research agenda indicates (Figure 1.1), the data matrix for this study consists of a list<br />
of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province as cases/entities, each evaluated in accordance with a<br />
set of quantitative variables synthesized as indicators of urban development potential. Our<br />
explication of the data matrix commences with the selection of towns and the quantitative<br />
indicators decided upon. It then progresses through an explanation of the measurement<br />
methodology, followed by the presentation of the quantitative town profiles.<br />
3.1 Selection of Towns<br />
<strong>The</strong> brief for this research directed the study to the consideration of all urban places in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province. <strong>The</strong> basis for the selection of urban places was the 2001 Population<br />
Census. Geographical units availed by this Census qualifying for inclusion were all ‘subplaces’<br />
with area-types classified as ‘non-traditional’. <strong>The</strong>re are 1107 such individual spatiostatistical<br />
units within this subset in the province. Single settlements often consisted of<br />
multiple polygons - consequently it was necessary to group these units to represent their<br />
respective urban areas. In order to do this, sub-places with similar ‘main-place’ names were<br />
grouped. Once this was completed, urban polygons belonging to the same urban settlement<br />
were recoded and their town names assigned. <strong>The</strong> total population was calculated for each of<br />
these settlements. <strong>The</strong> urban places were ranked on population size and all urban settlements<br />
exceeding 400 residents were selected for further analysis in the data matrix. <strong>The</strong>se units<br />
were mapped and inspected for possible omissions and further grouping. Other ‘main places’<br />
in the 2001 Population Census that were also grouped with their functional counterparts are<br />
former ‘black’ and ‘coloured’ townships.<br />
This procedure resulted in the creation of a final data matrix consisting of 115 urban places<br />
within 32 local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province for which data were collected<br />
from various sources to measure their growth potential. <strong>The</strong> map in Figure 3.1 displays the<br />
municipal boundaries and geographical distribution of these towns, while Table 3.1 lists the<br />
towns within their 32 encompassing municipal structures. ∗<br />
∗ Figure 3.2 compares the 2007 municipal boundaries (upon which the data were collected for this study) with<br />
the 2011 boundaries. <strong>The</strong>se boundary changes should be kept in mind when the interpretation of the final results<br />
takes place.<br />
21
Figure 3.1: Towns and administrative units of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
22
Figure 3.2: <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province municipal boundaries (2007 and 2011)<br />
23
Table 3.1: List of towns and municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
District<br />
Town<br />
Population<br />
No. Town Local Municipality Municipality (2001)<br />
1 Boegoeberg !Kheis Siyanda 1584<br />
2 Gannaput !Kheis Siyanda 965<br />
3 Groblershoop !Kheis Siyanda 440<br />
4 Grootdrink !Kheis Siyanda 2183<br />
5 Stutterheim !Kheis Siyanda 3037<br />
6 Wegdraai !Kheis Siyanda 1553<br />
7 Karos //Khara Hais Siyanda 953<br />
8 Klippunt //Khara Hais Siyanda 1948<br />
9 Lambrechtsdrif //Khara Hais Siyanda 568<br />
10 Leerkrans //Khara Hais Siyanda 1064<br />
11 Louisvale //Khara Hais Siyanda 902<br />
12 Raaswater //Khara Hais Siyanda 1980<br />
13 Swartkop //Khara Hais Siyanda 1272<br />
14 Upington //Khara Hais Siyanda 61358<br />
15 Barkly West Dikgatlong Frances Baard 14062<br />
16 Delportshoop Dikgatlong Frances Baard 9253<br />
17 Holpan Dikgatlong Frances Baard 528<br />
18 Ulco Dikgatlong Frances Baard 1066<br />
19 Windsorton Dikgatlong Frances Baard 5074<br />
20 Britstown Emthanjeni Pixley Ka Seme 4028<br />
21 De Aar Emthanjeni Pixley Ka Seme 26027<br />
22 Hanover Emthanjeni Pixley Ka Seme 2693<br />
23 Dibeng Gamagara Kgalagadi 4020<br />
24 Dingleton Gamagara Kgalagadi 2866<br />
25 Kathu Gamagara Kgalagadi 8242<br />
26 Olifantshoek Gamagara Kgalagadi 7026<br />
27 Kuruman Ga-Segonyana Kgalagadi 31878<br />
28 Brandvlei Hantam Namakwa 2311<br />
29 Calvinia Hantam Namakwa 8459<br />
30 Loeriesfontein Hantam Namakwa 2347<br />
31 Nieuwoudtville Hantam Namakwa 1434<br />
32 Alheit Kai !Garib Siyanda 689<br />
33 Augrabies Kai !Garib Siyanda 2693<br />
34 Cillie Kai !Garib Siyanda 1527<br />
35 Kakamas Kai !Garib Siyanda 7306<br />
36 Keimoes Kai !Garib Siyanda 7311<br />
37 Kenhardt Kai !Garib Siyanda 3795<br />
38 Lennetsville Kai !Garib Siyanda 1499<br />
39 Loxtonberg Kai !Garib Siyanda 711<br />
40 Lutzburg Kai !Garib Siyanda 1305<br />
41 Marchand Kai !Garib Siyanda 1674<br />
42 Riemvasmaak Kai !Garib Siyanda 702<br />
43 Garies Kamiesberg Namakwa 1655<br />
44 Hondeklip Bay Kamiesberg Namakwa 540<br />
45 Kamieskroon Kamiesberg Namakwa 908<br />
46 Karkams Kamiesberg Namakwa 1292<br />
24
47 Kheis Kamiesberg Namakwa 444<br />
48 Klipfontein Kamiesberg Namakwa 463<br />
49 Koingnaas Kamiesberg Namakwa 721<br />
50 Leliefontein Kamiesberg Namakwa 807<br />
51 Nourivier Kamiesberg Namakwa 416<br />
52 Paulshoek Kamiesberg Namakwa 494<br />
53 Spoegrivier Kamiesberg Namakwa 456<br />
54 Carnarvon Kareeberg Pixley Ka Seme 5233<br />
55 Van Wyksvlei Kareeberg Pixley Ka Seme 1421<br />
56 Vosburg Kareeberg Pixley Ka Seme 1131<br />
57 Fraserburg Karoo Hoogland Namakwa 2406<br />
58 Sutherland Karoo Hoogland Namakwa 1983<br />
59 Williston Karoo Hoogland Namakwa 2846<br />
60 Blackrock Kgalagadi Kgalagadi 1005<br />
61 Hotazel Kgalagadi Kgalagadi 1220<br />
62 Van Zylsrus Kgalagadi Kgalagadi 851<br />
63 Danielskuil Kgatelopele Siyanda 10075<br />
64 Lime Acres Kgatelopele Siyanda 4079<br />
65 Aggeneys Khâi-Ma Namakwa 2054<br />
66 Onseepkans Khâi-Ma Namakwa 910<br />
67 Pella Khâi-Ma Namakwa 1423<br />
68 Pofadder Khâi-Ma Namakwa 2920<br />
69 Warrenton Magareng Frances Baard 18171<br />
70 Groot Mier Mier Siyanda 422<br />
71 Philandersbron Mier Siyanda 790<br />
72 Rietfontein Mier Siyanda 2151<br />
73 Buffelsrivier Nama Khoi Namakwa 1117<br />
74 Carolusberg Nama Khoi Namakwa 967<br />
75 Concordia Nama Khoi Namakwa 4031<br />
76 Kleinzee Nama Khoi Namakwa 2708<br />
77 Komaggas Nama Khoi Namakwa 3309<br />
78 Nababeep Nama Khoi Namakwa 5592<br />
79 Okiep Nama Khoi Namakwa 5250<br />
80 Springbok Nama Khoi Namakwa 10292<br />
81 Steinkopf Nama Khoi Namakwa 7261<br />
82 Vioolsdrif Nama Khoi Namakwa 492<br />
83 Hartswater Phokwane Frances Baard 5261<br />
84 Jan Kempdorp Phokwane Frances Baard 16448<br />
85 Pampierstad Phokwane Frances Baard 21129<br />
86 Petrusville Renosterberg Pixley Ka Seme 3584<br />
87 Phillipstown Renosterberg Pixley Ka Seme 2782<br />
88 Vanderkloof Renosterberg Pixley Ka Seme 1017<br />
89 Alexander Bay Richtersveld Namakwa 1455<br />
90 Eksteenfontein Richtersveld Namakwa 446<br />
91 Khubus Richtersveld Namakwa 1095<br />
92 Lekkersing Richtersveld Namakwa 420<br />
93 Port Nolloth Richtersveld Namakwa 5014<br />
94 Sanddrif Richtersveld Namakwa 1137<br />
95 Campbell Siyancuma Pixley Ka Seme 1769<br />
96 Douglas Siyancuma Pixley Ka Seme 15476<br />
25
97 Griekwastad Siyancuma Pixley Ka Seme 5211<br />
98 Schmidtsdrift Siyancuma Pixley Ka Seme 3249<br />
99 Marydale Siyathemba Pixley Ka Seme 2077<br />
100 Niekerkshoop Siyathemba Pixley Ka Seme 1998<br />
101 Prieska Siyathemba Pixley Ka Seme 11515<br />
102 Kimberley Sol Plaatje Frances Baard 185173<br />
103 Ritchie Sol Plaatje Frances Baard 11222<br />
104 Hopetown <strong>The</strong>mbelihle Pixley Ka Seme 8057<br />
105 Orania <strong>The</strong>mbelihle Pixley Ka Seme 516<br />
106 Strydenburg <strong>The</strong>mbelihle Pixley Ka Seme 2345<br />
107 Goedgedacht Tsantsabane Siyanda 539<br />
108 Groenwater Tsantsabane Siyanda 517<br />
109 Postmasburg Tsantsabane Siyanda 21232<br />
110 Loxton Ubuntu Pixley Ka Seme 771<br />
111 Richmond Ubuntu Pixley Ka Seme 4316<br />
112 Victoria West Ubuntu Pixley Ka Seme 5728<br />
113 Colesberg Umsobomvu Pixley Ka Seme 12761<br />
114 Norvalspont Umsobomvu Pixley Ka Seme 1014<br />
115 Noupoort Umsobomvu Pixley Ka Seme 6870<br />
From the province’s total population of 822 729 (2001 Population Census) 712 783 (87%) are<br />
urban dwellers in the 115 towns under investigation.<br />
3.2 Selection and derivation of quantitative indicators<br />
A set of 59 variables was identified for which information could be obtained for each of the<br />
115 selected towns. <strong>The</strong> choice of these variables was based on the brief of the study, the<br />
availability of data, as well as the criteria identified by the literature study discussed in the<br />
previous chapter. <strong>The</strong> intention was to measure the required criteria/dimensions of urban<br />
growth potential and human needs as comprehensively as possible. In line with the NSDP the<br />
variables were grouped into two major indicator dimensions representing (i) urban<br />
development/growth potential; and (ii) human development needs. <strong>The</strong> first major dimension,<br />
development potential, was divided into three representative sub-themes. <strong>The</strong>se sub-themes<br />
were further subdivided into eight functional groups of indicators (see Table 3.2).<br />
26
Table 3.2: Summary of indicator groupings for towns and municipalities<br />
Natural Resources (11)∗<br />
Human Resources (3) Composite Resource Potential<br />
Index (14)<br />
Transportation and<br />
Composite Infrastructure<br />
Communications (4)<br />
Institutional Services (8)<br />
Economic Sectors (5)<br />
Index (12)<br />
Composite <strong>Development</strong><br />
Potential Index (40)<br />
Commercial Services (3) Composite Economic<br />
Market and Accessibility (4)<br />
Property Market (2)<br />
Activities Index (14)<br />
Human <strong>Development</strong><br />
Composite Needs<br />
Needs (19) Composite Needs Index (19) Index (19)<br />
∗This number refers to the number of variables in each indicator group (See Table 3.4)<br />
Although the main focus of this study is to identify those towns in the province that have<br />
inherent positive growth and development potential, it is also incumbent upon the analysis to<br />
provide guidelines that will allow formulation of nuanced policies for handling places with<br />
low growth potential, but where human needs are high. To this end another set of variables<br />
measuring a fourth dimension on human development needs was derived. <strong>The</strong>se themes and<br />
sub-themes not only comply with the requirements set out in the NSDP and <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
PGDS policy documents, but also with the guidelines distilled from the international<br />
literature.<br />
Apart from giving a cross-sectional perspective on the status quo in the 115 urban places, the<br />
study also endeavours to add a regional and contextual element to the analysis by computing<br />
and mapping the same set of indices ∗ for the 32 local municipalities, principally based on<br />
2007 data.<br />
Change analysis at local municipality level is done by comparing 2001 data with 2007 data.<br />
Unfortunately not all variables included in the analysis for towns were available to measure<br />
changes at the municipal level between 2001 and 2007. Some variables are not meaningful at<br />
a municipal level for comparative purposes, such as the presence of a municipal seat, whilst<br />
others don’t change over time. <strong>The</strong> 27 variables in Table 3.3 were used for the measurement<br />
of change at municipal level.<br />
∗ In the case of municipalities, two variables (municipal seat and urban functional index) were not significant and<br />
omitted – thus leaving 57 variables for the measurements at municipal level and 59 at town level.<br />
27
Table 3.3: Summary of indicator groupings for change at municipality level.<br />
Human Resources (3)<br />
Composite <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
Economic Sectors (5)<br />
Index (10)<br />
Market Potential (2)<br />
Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs (17) Composite Needs Index (17)<br />
A detailed explanation of how the values for different variables in the data matrix were<br />
derived will now be provided. Combined quantitative indicators indexing each of the urban<br />
development dimensions were devised by standardizing the selected individual variables and<br />
summing the standardized z-scores to derive compound indices. Standardized z-scores are<br />
computed by the formula:<br />
z = ( x − x ) / sd<br />
ik<br />
Where:<br />
ik<br />
k<br />
k<br />
x ik = Raw value of variable k for town i<br />
x k = Mean value of variable k for all towns in the province<br />
sdk = Standard deviation of variable k.<br />
<strong>The</strong> z-score of variable k has an average value of zero and a standard deviation of 1.0. This<br />
means that towns that have values above the provincial average for a particular variable have<br />
positive z-scores, whereas towns that have negative z-scores have values below the provincial<br />
average. Those towns with values close to the average have small deviations from zero,<br />
whereas those that have large positive or negative z-scores are substantially above or below<br />
the mean for the province. As z-scores for different variables are comparable, these were<br />
aggregated to create the various indices. <strong>The</strong> index values represent the mean of the z-scores.<br />
See Table 3.4 for details regarding the specific variables used to create the compound indices<br />
for each of the levels of analysis. <strong>The</strong> table provides a brief explanation of the data sources<br />
and statistical procedures used to generate each of the variables for respectively the 115 towns<br />
and the 32 municipalities. Each of the indices and their derivation is discussed in the<br />
following section.<br />
3.3 Indices for present status of towns and municipalities<br />
Firstly the indicators for the “present” cross-sectional profiles of the towns and municipalities<br />
will be explained.<br />
28
Natural Resources index: <strong>The</strong> indicators of natural resource potential were derived from<br />
eleven variables (Table 3.4). <strong>The</strong>se indicators assess the availability of water, agricultural,<br />
mineral and tourism potential as well as the environmental sensitivity of the municipal area to<br />
tourism and other economic activities. Natural resources are measured by the mean annual<br />
precipitation, proximity to perennial rivers, groundwater potential, presence of commercial<br />
crops, grazing capacity of the veld and presence of mineral deposits. Tourism potential is<br />
measured by the SA Terrain Index, number of cultural and heritage sites, conservation areas<br />
and a bio-sensitivity index.<br />
Human Resources index: <strong>The</strong> human resource potential indicators were measured by three<br />
variables (Table 3.4). <strong>The</strong> indicator assesses the size and quality of the labour force, defined<br />
as the size of the labour force between 15 and 65 years of age with education levels equal to<br />
or better than Grade 12, as percentage of the total labour force. <strong>The</strong> quality of the labour force<br />
is expressed as the number of white collar workers as percentage of the economically active<br />
population.<br />
Transportation and Communications index: Transportation and communication infrastructure<br />
are measured by four variables (Table 3.4). <strong>The</strong> variables assess the availability and<br />
accessibility of transport and communication infrastructure. <strong>The</strong>se are measured by the<br />
presence and distance to national or main roads, airports and commercial harbours, as well as<br />
access to cell phone coverage.<br />
Institutional Services index: <strong>The</strong> provision level of public institutional services is measured<br />
by eight variables (Table 3.4). <strong>The</strong> indicators measure the types, strength and capacity of<br />
public service delivery to the communities. <strong>The</strong>se are measured by the presence of municipal<br />
offices, as well as the provision of a variety of institutional services such as educational and<br />
medical facilities, postal, social security and police services. Local democratic involvement<br />
of the community is assessed by voter turnout in municipal elections. Additional to the<br />
number of police stations, police service effectively is also measured by crime rates (2009-<br />
2010).<br />
Economic Sectors index: <strong>The</strong> strength and size of the economic sectors are measured by five<br />
variables (Table 3.4). <strong>The</strong> indicators assess the strength of the local economy in terms of the<br />
size and composition of the labour force in the key sectors of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> economy for<br />
29
generating jobs and income such as agriculture, fishing, mining and financial services. It also<br />
considers the diversity of the local economy and it is postulated that greater diversity is<br />
beneficial to shield against economic fluctuations so detrimental to undiversified mono-<br />
focussed economies, for example mining towns. <strong>The</strong> size of the regions economy is measured<br />
by the Gross Value Added Product of the local municipality in which the town is located.<br />
Commercial Services index: This index is devised to express the size of private commercial,<br />
financial and professional service functions offered by the towns in the study (Table 3.4). In<br />
the absence of data on the number and types of commercial activities the Urban Functional<br />
Index of towns in South Africa was used as a proxy. Size is measured by the total annual<br />
value of retail sales.<br />
Market and Accessibility index: <strong>The</strong> strength and size of a town’s market potential was<br />
measured by four variables (Table 3.4). <strong>The</strong> index combines measures of population size in<br />
towns with the total gross personal income of their inhabitants and the total household<br />
potential income. Accessibility to the markets is calculated as the sum of the weighted<br />
distance to the five major metropolitan centres in South Africa.<br />
Property Market index: <strong>The</strong> vitality of the property market in the respective towns and<br />
municipalities is measured by the annual number of property transactions as well as their<br />
average value (Table 3.4). It is assumed that a lively property market with high average values<br />
is indicative of thriving towns.<br />
Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs index: All the variables (nineteen) included in this index measure<br />
some aspect of vulnerability or development need (Table 3.4). Consequently, the size of<br />
those groups in society more often in need of some form of assistance is used to profile the<br />
towns. <strong>The</strong> proportion black and coloured population groups (generally considered apartheid<br />
victims), children and aged, female household heads, educationally deprived, lower income<br />
groups, the unemployed, unskilled, and recent in-migrants are typical indicators. Places with<br />
low Matriculation pass rates, high proportions under the mean level of living index, high rates<br />
of HIV/AIDS and high percentages receiving social grants are indications of high need. Other<br />
measures relate to housing conditions and access to domestic services such as water,<br />
sanitation and electricity.<br />
30
Table 3.4: Variables for towns and municipal indices<br />
URBAN GROWTH POTENTIAL<br />
Natural resources Nr Derivation methods and data sources Mun.<br />
Availability of water 1 Mean annual precipitation (mm) (SA Weather<br />
Bureau polygon shapefile) assigned to town<br />
Yes<br />
2 Towns: Proximity ( 4). (GIS analysis) (Mun: Length per<br />
100sq km)<br />
Yes<br />
3 Groundwater potential (in million cubic metres)<br />
per annum assigned to town by intersection of<br />
towns with groundwater potential polygon<br />
shapefile obtained from DWA. (Mun:<br />
Groundwater potential (in million cubic metres)<br />
per annum per sq km)<br />
Yes<br />
Agricultural potential 4 Perennial and annual commercial crops, National<br />
Land cover (2000). (Towns closer than 10 km<br />
from cultivated areas > 10 sq km). (Mun: Area of<br />
perennial & annual commercial crops as % of<br />
municipal area) (GIS analysis).<br />
Yes<br />
5 Weighted average grazing capacity (Large Stock<br />
Units) (LSU) in closest area (Within Thiessen<br />
polygon).(Dept. Agriculture)<br />
Mining potential 6 Status of mineral deposits (Number of working<br />
mines closer than 20 km (Mun: Status of mineral<br />
deposits as number of working mines per 100 sq<br />
km) (Council for Geoscience).<br />
7 Size of unexplored minerals (Average rank size of<br />
deposits closer than 20 km). (Council for<br />
Geoscience)<br />
Tourism Potential 8 Mean weighted SA Terrain Index (SATI) in<br />
closest area derived from ENPAT (2002 )<br />
9 Number of cultural and heritage sites (excluding<br />
graves & burial sites) closer than 20 km derived<br />
from ENPAT (2002). (Mun: Number of cultural<br />
and heritage sites per 100 sq km)<br />
Environmental sensitivity 10 % Conservation/Protected areas in closest area<br />
(Thiessen polygon). (GIS analysis)<br />
11 Weighted mean bio-sensitivity index per town<br />
derived from ENPAT (2002)<br />
Human resources Nr Derivation methods and data sources Mun.<br />
Size of labour force 1 Total size (number) of the labour force<br />
(Population census 2001). (Mun: 2007<br />
Community Survey)<br />
Yes<br />
Quality of labour force 2 Labour force > 15 < 65 years with education levels<br />
equal to or better than Grade 12 as percentage of<br />
total labour force. (Population census 2001).<br />
(Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
No<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
31
Transportation and<br />
communications<br />
Accessibility to transport<br />
infrastructure<br />
3 White collar workers as percentage of<br />
economically active population. (Population<br />
census 2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Yes<br />
Nr Derivation methods and data sources Mun.<br />
1 Inverse of distance to nearest national or main<br />
road (km) x 100. (Mun: Average inverse of<br />
distance to nearest national or main road (km) x<br />
100. Calculated from all towns in the municipality<br />
(GIS analysis).<br />
2 Inverse of distance to nearest commercial harbour<br />
(km) x 1000. Average inverse of distance to<br />
nearest commercial harbour (km) x 100.<br />
Calculated from all towns in the municipality (GIS<br />
analysis).<br />
3 Inverse of distance to nearest scheduled airport<br />
(km) 100. Average inverse of distance to nearest<br />
scheduled airport (km) x 100. Calculated from all<br />
towns in the municipality (GIS analysis).<br />
4 Cell phone coverage (2010) (Number of networks<br />
present: MTN, Vodacom, CellC. (Mun: % of<br />
municipality covered)<br />
Institutional services Nr Derivation methods Mun.<br />
Municipal seat 1 Presence of seat No<br />
Public institutions<br />
represented<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
2 Number of secondary educational institutions.<br />
(National Dept. Education)<br />
Yes<br />
3 Number of post offices. (SA Postal Service) Yes<br />
4 Number of hospitals and clinics. (National Dept.<br />
of Health)<br />
Yes<br />
5 Number of police stations. (SA Police Service) Yes<br />
Social service organizations 6 Number of social grants pay points. (SA Security<br />
Agency)<br />
Safety and security 7 Crime: All occurrences per 100 people (2009-<br />
2010). Towns with no police stations get nearest<br />
town's stats. Pop totals based on 2004 Thiessen<br />
Polygons. (Mun: Aggregated per municipality<br />
from town data) (SA Police Services).<br />
Democratic status 8 Voter turnout (2009). (Demarcation Board) Yes<br />
Economic sectors Nr Derivation methods and data sources Mun.<br />
Diversity of economy 1 Concentration/diversity index based on labour<br />
distribution in economic sectors. (Population<br />
census 2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
32
Strength of primary and<br />
tertiary economic sectors<br />
2 Workforce in primary sectors (agriculture, forestry<br />
and fisheries) is calculated as percentage of<br />
economically active population. (Population<br />
census 2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
3 Workforce in mining activities as percentage of<br />
economically active population. (Population<br />
census 2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
4 Workforce in financial services as percentage of<br />
economically active population. (Population<br />
census 2001)<br />
Size of the economy 5 Total Gross Value Added product (GVA) (2004).<br />
(CSIR GAP)<br />
Commercial services Nr Derivation methods<br />
Presence of commercial and<br />
financial establishments<br />
1 Total annual value of retail sales (2010). (Global<br />
Insight)<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
2 Number of banks & ATMs (GIS data) Yes<br />
3 Urban Functional Index. (UFI). Number of<br />
commercial establishments as percentage of city in<br />
South Africa with highest tally) (CSIR GAP).<br />
Market potential and<br />
Accessibility<br />
Nr Derivation methods and data sources Mun.<br />
Size of local population 1 Number of people per town. (Population census<br />
2001). (Mun: Number of people per municipality;<br />
2007 Community Survey)<br />
Yes<br />
Size of local personal income 2 Total rand value of personal monthly income per<br />
town. (Population census 2001). (Mun: total<br />
income per municipality; 2007 Community<br />
Household income potential<br />
index<br />
Access to primary<br />
metropolitan markets<br />
Survey)<br />
3 Market Potential Index computed by applying<br />
Population Potential Index Method to total<br />
household income values rather than population<br />
numbers. (GIS analysis)<br />
4 Weighted distance to major metropolitan areas<br />
(Sum of metro populations divided by the distance<br />
to the metros). (GIS analysis)<br />
Property Market Nr Derivation methods and data sources<br />
Size of property market 1 Number of property transactions (2008-2010) per<br />
100 km sq. (Knowledge Factory)<br />
2 Average value of property transactions (2008-<br />
2010). (Knowledge Factory)<br />
No<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEEDS<br />
Nr Derivation methods and data sources Mun.<br />
33
Racial composition<br />
(Empowerment eligibility)<br />
1 % Black and coloured population.(Population<br />
census 2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Family stability 2 % Female household heads. (Population census<br />
2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Age (Dependency) 3 % < 10 years old. (Population census 2001).<br />
(Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
4 % > 60 years old. (Population census 2001).<br />
(Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Education (Employability) 5 % > 20 years old with primary education only.<br />
(Population census 2001). (Mun: 2007<br />
Community Survey)<br />
6 % Matric pass rate (2010). (National Dept.<br />
Education)<br />
Income (Welfare) 7 Average per capita personal income (Rand).<br />
(Population census 2001). (Mun: 2007<br />
Community Survey)<br />
8 % Population living below national Mean Level of<br />
Living (MLL) in 2004. (CSIR GAP)<br />
9 % Population receiving social grants (2010)<br />
(Towns with none get closest town's value)<br />
(Thiessen Pop 2004). (SA Security Agency)<br />
Occupation (Employability) 10 % Unskilled workers. (Population census 2001).<br />
(Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Dependency ratios 11 % Unemployed as proportion of Labour force.<br />
(Population census 2001). (Mun: 2007<br />
Community Survey)<br />
Labour dependency ratios 12 Total number of persons supported by every<br />
person in the labour force, excluding him or<br />
herself. (Population census 2001). (Mun: 2007<br />
Community Survey)<br />
Health status 13 % Population with HIV/AIDS (2007). (Global<br />
Insight)<br />
Migration rates 14 % In-migrants past 5 years. (Population census<br />
2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Housing 15 % Population living in informal housing units.<br />
(Population census 2001). (Mun: 2007<br />
Community Survey)<br />
Access to domestic services 16 % Population with electricity in home. (Population<br />
census 2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
17 % Population with running water in home.<br />
(Population census 2001). (Mun: 2007<br />
Community Survey)<br />
18 % Population with toilets in home. (Population<br />
census 2001). (Mun: 2007 Community Survey)<br />
Human <strong>Development</strong> Index 19 HDI is based on measuring of life expectancy,<br />
literacy levels and income (2010). (Global Insight)<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
34
3.4 Change Indices for Municipalities<br />
As mentioned previously, it was not possible to compute temporal change indices for the full<br />
complement of indicators. Consequently, change is measured on 27 variables, combined to<br />
four indicators, namely Human Resources, Economic Sectors, Market Size and Human<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs. <strong>The</strong> Human Resources, Economic Sectors and Market Potential is<br />
combined to obtain a composite <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index, representing the counterpart<br />
for the Human Needs Index. In most cases variables measure change between 2001 and 2007.<br />
Table 3.5 contains details regarding the specific variables used to create the change indices for<br />
the municipalities. <strong>The</strong> table provides a brief explanation of the data sources and statistical<br />
procedures used to generate each of the 27 variables.<br />
Human Resources Change: This index consists of three variables measuring change between<br />
2001 and 2007 in the total size and quality of the labour force. <strong>The</strong>se change variables are<br />
computed from the variables used for the cross-sectional profiles of municipalities in 2001<br />
and 2007.<br />
Economic Sector Change: Five variables were used to compute this index. Four of these<br />
(Sector Diversity, Primary and Tertiary workforces) are similar to those used for the 2007<br />
municipal profiles. Temporal data for Gross Value Added values were not available. This<br />
variable is replaced by change in the value of total annual retail sales between 2000 and 2007.<br />
Market Potential Change: <strong>The</strong> size of markets was measured by two variables. <strong>The</strong>se are<br />
measures of population size and total gross personal income of the inhabitants of local<br />
municipalities between 2001 and 2007. <strong>The</strong> accessibility measures are not incorporated as<br />
physical distances to metropolitan markets are invariant over time.<br />
Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs Change: Seventeen of the original nineteen variables used in the<br />
measurement for towns were used to measure change in the human needs levels of<br />
municipalities between 2001 and 2007. <strong>The</strong> two variables not included are the Matriculation<br />
pass rate and the Minimum Level of Living index. Apart from these all the change variables<br />
are based on the data from the 2001 and 2007 census and community surveys.<br />
35
Table 3.5: Variables for Municipal Change Indices (2001 – 2007)<br />
URBAN GROWTH POTENTIAL<br />
Human resources change Nr Derivation methods and data sources<br />
Change in size of labour 1 % Change in total size of the labour force (2001-2007)<br />
force<br />
Change in quality of labour 2 % Point change in labour force (Population >15 < 65 years with<br />
force<br />
education levels equal or better than Grade 12 as percentage of<br />
total labour force (2001-2007)<br />
3 % Point change in white collar workers (2001–2007)<br />
Economic sectoral change Nr Derivation methods and data sources<br />
Change in strength of<br />
1 % Change in Diversity/Concentration Index (2001 - 2007)<br />
primary and tertiary<br />
economic sectors<br />
2 % Point change of workforce in Primary activities (2001-2007)<br />
3 % Point change of workforce in Mining activities (2001-2007)<br />
36<br />
4 % Point change of workforce in Financial services (2001-2007)<br />
5 % Change in per capita total annual value of Retail Sales (2000-<br />
2007)<br />
Market potential change Nr Derivation methods and data sources<br />
Size of local population 1 Change in number of people per municipality (2001-2007)<br />
Size of local personal income 2 % Change in average Rand value of personal monthly income<br />
(2001-2007)<br />
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEEDS<br />
Nr Derivation methods and data sources<br />
Racial composition<br />
1 % Point change in black and coloured population (2001-2007)<br />
(Empowerment eligibility)<br />
Family stability 2 % Point change in female household heads (2001-2007)<br />
Age (Dependency) 3 % Point change in < 10 years old (2001-2007)<br />
4 % Point change > 60 years old (2001-2007)<br />
Education (Employability) 5 % Point change > 20 years old with primary education only<br />
(2001-2007)<br />
Income (Welfare) 6 % Point change in average per capita personal income (Rand)<br />
(2001-2007)<br />
7 % Point change in population receiving social grants (2007-<br />
2010)<br />
Occupation (Employability) 8 % Point change in unskilled workers (2001-2007)<br />
Dependency ratios 9 % Point change in unemployed (as proportion of labour force)<br />
(2001-2007)<br />
Labour dependency ratios 10 % Point change in total number of persons supported by every<br />
person in the labour force, excluding him or himself.(2001-2007)
Health status 11 % Point change in HIV/AIDS rates (2001-2007)<br />
Migration rates 12 % Point change in in-migrants past 5 years (2001-2007)<br />
Housing 13 % Point change in population living in informal housing units<br />
(2001-2007)<br />
Access to domestic services 14 % Point change in population with electricity in home (2001-<br />
2007)<br />
15 % Point change in population with running water in home (2001-<br />
2007)<br />
16 % Point change in population with toilets in home (2001-2007)<br />
Human <strong>Development</strong> Index 17 % Change in HDI (2001-2007)<br />
3.5 Composite Indices<br />
For the cross-sectional analyses of towns and municipalities the indices described in the<br />
previous sections were in turn combined to produce the following three composite indices in<br />
accordance with the NSDP stipulations. <strong>The</strong>se composite indices aggregate the major urban<br />
developmental dimensions to enable the higher-level generalization required to classify the<br />
115 towns and 32 municipalities into useful typologies (see Table 3.2):<br />
1. Composite Resource Index: Natural Resources + Human Resources<br />
2. Composite Infrastructure Index: Transportation and Communication + Institutional<br />
Services.<br />
3. Composite Economic Index: Economic Sectors + Commercial services + Market and<br />
Accessibility Potential + Property Market<br />
At an even higher level of aggregation and generalization all the growth indicators were<br />
combined to create a single grand Index of <strong>Development</strong> Potential: Resource Index +<br />
Infrastructure Index + Economic Index. It was not necessary to further create a compound<br />
index of Human Needs as no sub-themes were distinguished within this dimension (Table<br />
3.2).<br />
By integrating the <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index with the Human Needs Index, towns and<br />
municipalities were classified into a Typology for Investment to provide a clearer insight into<br />
the development potential and the development needs of the various towns and local<br />
municipalities, as well as the investment policies required to manage urban growth and<br />
development in the province in future. Apart from the town indicators, indices computed for<br />
municipalities (cross-sectional and temporal) are used as contextual information for providing<br />
further investment guidelines to the various spheres of government on the type and locations<br />
for stimulating economic growth and social advancement.<br />
37
3.6 Presenting the quantitative profiles<br />
Addendum 1 presents a full inventory of the original quantitative data profiles of all 115 towns<br />
and 32 municipalities on all the indicators included in the GIS data matrix (9473 data cells).<br />
From this data input various output products were created to evaluate and classify the growth<br />
potential of the various towns and municipalities.<br />
3.6.1 Cross-sectional profiles of towns<br />
• From the variety of tabulation options for the 59 indicators, the ranking of the 115 towns<br />
according to the five composite indices (Table 3.6) were highlighted as the basic<br />
framework for the evaluation process in Chapter 4. <strong>The</strong> eight individual dimension indices<br />
and the full spectrum of each town in a comparable way are displayed in the tables of<br />
Addendum 3.1 and 3.2 respectively. <strong>The</strong> full spectrum of all 115 quantitative town<br />
profiles is furthermore presented in histogram format (Addendum 2. 1).<br />
• Furthermore, the spatial differentiation of the <strong>Development</strong> Potential and Human Needs<br />
scores of the individual towns were displayed in Figures 3.3 and 3.4. <strong>The</strong> three combined<br />
indices (Figures 3.5 – 3.7) and eight individual indices (Addendum 2.1 – 7.8) on which<br />
the <strong>Development</strong> Potential and Human Needs indices were based are presented in a<br />
further series of maps. On each map towns were classified into five development<br />
typologies according to the statistical procedures for map interval categorisation based on<br />
the attribute mean and a standard deviation of town values. <strong>The</strong> following five categories<br />
of development potential indices provide a framework to assign the individual<br />
development components and the towns’ attainable prospects for future growth or decline:<br />
(i) “Very Low” and “Low” growth potential: <strong>The</strong>se towns possess limited economic and<br />
human resources, devoid of the potential to stimulate the urban economy in a significant way.<br />
<strong>The</strong> difference between ‘Low’ and ‘Very Low’ is only a degree variation.<br />
(ii) “Medium” growth potential: <strong>The</strong>se towns’ development indices are roughly in line with<br />
the average value of the provinces’ aggregate on the 115 towns. Consistent and moderate<br />
growth prevails in these towns and certain sectors of the economy show signs of growth, or<br />
have the potential for it;<br />
(iii) “High” and “Very High” growth potential: <strong>The</strong>se towns experience sustainable growth<br />
on the positive side of the provincial average. <strong>The</strong>y already have an established and proven<br />
track record to operate as ‘growth engines’ at a certain level. <strong>The</strong>y have the potential to grow<br />
38
at a sustainable and powerful rate in line with the capacity of their resources and to operate as<br />
service providers to a relatively extensive hinterland. <strong>The</strong> difference between ‘High’ and<br />
‘Very High’ status only lies in the diversity and intensity of the town dynamics. <strong>The</strong> meaning<br />
of “High” on the <strong>Development</strong> Potential scale and on the Human Needs scale respectively<br />
should be interpreted in a reciprocal way.<br />
<strong>The</strong> final integration of the towns’ ‘development potential’ and ‘human needs’ indices in<br />
investment groups are presented in Figure 3.8 and 3.9. On the first diagram the <strong>Development</strong><br />
Potential and Human Needs scores were superimposed and plotted on a scatter diagram and<br />
the five typologies mapped spatially in Figure 3.9. This exercise led to a fivefold typology of<br />
the towns according to the integrated development and needs performance in the four<br />
quadrants and central grey base of the diagram. An investment type could be coupled with<br />
each town, applied to the quadrant that would best stimulate Infrastructure Capital and Social<br />
Capital investment. This is in line with the National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Perspective (NSDP)<br />
and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS guidelines in this regard. Table 3.7 summarise the results of the<br />
individual towns statistically. <strong>The</strong>se visuals integrate the needs and development<br />
performances in a combined image by presenting it in both diagrammatic and map formats.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se investment typologies represent the climax of the quantitative analysis.<br />
Table 3.6: Ranks and map classes of composite indices of towns<br />
Town Ranks (Best to Worst)<br />
Human Needs <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
Rank Town Class Town Class<br />
1 Koingnaas 1 Kimberley 1<br />
2 Kleinzee 1 Upington 1<br />
3 Alexander Bay 1 Kuruman 2<br />
4 Kathu 1 Springbok 2<br />
5 Aggeneys 1 Hartswater 2<br />
6 Lime Acres 1 Kathu 2<br />
7 Groblershoop 1 Ritchie 2<br />
8 Orania 1 Colesberg 2<br />
9 Blackrock 1 De Aar 2<br />
10 Hondeklip Bay 1 Jan Kempdorp 2<br />
11 Springbok 2 Pampierstad 2<br />
12 Ulco 2 Calvinia 2<br />
13 Carolusberg 2 Orania 2<br />
14 Port Nolloth 2 Douglas 2<br />
15 Hotazel 2 Hopetown 2<br />
16 Okiep 2 Noupoort 2<br />
17 Vanderkloof 2 Groblershoop 2<br />
18 Sanddrif 2 Barkly West 3<br />
19 Nababeep 2 Warrenton 3<br />
20 Danielskuil 2 Kleinzee 3<br />
39
21 Kimberley 2 Victoria West 3<br />
22 Kamieskroon 2 Keimoes 3<br />
23 Upington 2 Fraserburg 3<br />
24 Postmasburg 2 Lime Acres 3<br />
25 Garies 2 Sutherland 3<br />
26 De Aar 2 Nieuwoudtville 3<br />
27 Calvinia 2 Kakamas 3<br />
28 Concordia 2 Hanover 3<br />
29 Williston 2 Williston 3<br />
30 Dingleton 3 Petrusville 3<br />
31 Fraserburg 3 Postmasburg 3<br />
32 Steinkopf 3 Alexander Bay 3<br />
33 Kakamas 3 Richmond 3<br />
34 Sutherland 3 Carnarvon 3<br />
35 Pofadder 3 Olifantshoek 3<br />
36 Nieuwoudtville 3 Port Nolloth 3<br />
37 Komaggas 3 Prieska 3<br />
38 Vosburg 3 Dingleton 3<br />
39 Prieska 3 Loeriesfontein 3<br />
40 Carnarvon 3 Phillipstown 3<br />
41 Hartswater 3 Griekwastad 3<br />
42 Loeriesfontein 3 Okiep 3<br />
43 Groot Mier 3 Kamieskroon 3<br />
44 Keimoes 3 Nababeep 3<br />
45 Victoria West 3 Steinkopf 3<br />
46 Karkams 3 Vanderkloof 3<br />
47 Richmond 3 Garies 3<br />
48 Goedgedacht 3 Britstown 3<br />
49 Eksteenfontein 3 Carolusberg 3<br />
50 Raaswater 3 Karos 3<br />
51 Brandvlei 3 Delportshoop 3<br />
52 Hopetown 3 Norvalspont 3<br />
53 Olifantshoek 3 Loxton 3<br />
54 Niekerkshoop 3 Pofadder 3<br />
55 Douglas 3 Campbell 3<br />
56 Augrabies 3 Klippunt 3<br />
57 Karos 3 Kenhardt 3<br />
58 Griekwastad 3 Danielskuil 3<br />
59 Rietfontein 3 Louisvale 3<br />
60 Van Zylsrus 3 Brandvlei 3<br />
61 Khubus 3 Strydenburg 3<br />
62 Loxton 3 Ulco 3<br />
63 Petrusville 3 Van Wyksvlei 3<br />
64 Van Wyksvlei 3 Swartkop 3<br />
65 Britstown 3 Raaswater 3<br />
66 Gannaput 3 Vosburg 3<br />
67 Noupoort 3 Concordia 3<br />
68 Warrenton 3 Windsorton 3<br />
69 Loxtonberg 3 Holpan 3<br />
70 Ritchie 3 Leerkrans 3<br />
71 Buffelsrivier 3 Dibeng 3<br />
72 Dibeng 3 Koingnaas 3<br />
73 Kuruman 3 Hondeklip Bay 3<br />
74 Lekkersing 3 Sanddrif 3<br />
75 Lutzburg 3 Lambrechtsdrif 3<br />
76 Boegoeberg 3 Pella 3<br />
77 Jan Kempdorp 3 Niekerkshoop 3<br />
78 Vioolsdrif 3 Karkams 3<br />
40
79 Pampierstad 4 Vioolsdrif 3<br />
80 Phillipstown 4 Kheis 3<br />
81 Strydenburg 4 Marydale 3<br />
82 Hanover 4 Aggeneys 4<br />
83 Kenhardt 4 Hotazel 4<br />
84 Klippunt 4 Buffelsrivier 4<br />
85 Barkly West 4 Lutzburg 4<br />
86 Schmidtsdrift 4 Schmidtsdrift 4<br />
87 Stutterheim 4 Groenwater 4<br />
88 Delportshoop 4 Stutterheim 4<br />
89 Pella 4 Leliefontein 4<br />
90 Colesberg 4 Loxtonberg 4<br />
91 Klipfontein 4 Augrabies 4<br />
92 Campbell 4 Rietfontein 4<br />
93 Cillie 4 Van Zylsrus 4<br />
94 Leliefontein 4 Lennetsville 4<br />
95 Marydale 4 Grootdrink 4<br />
96 Onseepkans 4 Blackrock 4<br />
97 Lambrechtsdrif 4 Khubus 4<br />
98 Marchand 4 Komaggas 4<br />
99 Alheit 4 Alheit 4<br />
100 Lennetsville 4 Wegdraai 4<br />
101 Swartkop 4 Cillie 4<br />
102 Louisvale 4 Marchand 4<br />
103 Windsorton 4 Onseepkans 4<br />
104 Leerkrans 4 Goedgedacht 4<br />
105 Grootdrink 4 Paulshoek 4<br />
106 Wegdraai 4 Eksteenfontein 4<br />
107 Philandersbron 4 Gannaput 4<br />
108 Riemvasmaak 4 Groot Mier 4<br />
109 Norvalspont 4 Boegoeberg 4<br />
110 Spoegrivier 4 Nourivier 4<br />
111 Paulshoek 4 Lekkersing 4<br />
112 Holpan 5 Klipfontein 4<br />
113 Kheis 5 Philandersbron 4<br />
114 Nourivier 5 Riemvasmaak 4<br />
115 Groenwater 5 Spoegrivier 4<br />
Town Ranks (Best to Worst)<br />
Composite Resource<br />
Index<br />
Composite<br />
Infrastructure Index<br />
Composite<br />
Economic Activity<br />
Index<br />
Rank Town Class Town Class Town Class<br />
1 Kimberley 1 Kimberley 1 Kimberley 1<br />
2 Pampierstad 1 Upington 1 Upington 1<br />
3 Kathu 1 Calvinia 1 Ritchie 1<br />
4 Upington 1 Colesberg 1 Hartswater 1<br />
5 Groblershoop 1 De Aar 2 Jan Kempdorp 2<br />
6 Orania 1 Loeriesfontein 2 Kathu 2<br />
7 Springbok 1 Nieuwoudtville 2 Kuruman 2<br />
8 Kuruman 1 Springbok 2 Pampierstad 2<br />
9 Lime Acres 1 Victoria West 2 Douglas 2<br />
10 Kamieskroon 1 Carnarvon 2 De Aar 2<br />
11 Kleinzee 2 Williston 2 Hopetown 2<br />
12 Alexander Bay 2 Kuruman 2 Karos 2<br />
13 Sanddrif 2 Fraserburg 2 Springbok 2<br />
41
14 Nababeep 2 Noupoort 2 Colesberg 3<br />
15 Leliefontein 2 Pofadder 2 Orania 3<br />
16 Hartswater 2 Prieska 2 Warrenton 3<br />
17 Vanderkloof 2 Brandvlei 2 Strydenburg 3<br />
18 Postmasburg 2 Port Nolloth 2 Dingleton 3<br />
19 Ulco 2 Hopetown 2 Richmond 3<br />
20 Noupoort 2 Sutherland 2 Kakamas 3<br />
21 Okiep 2 Jan Kempdorp 2 Olifantshoek 3<br />
22 Carolusberg 2 Britstown 2 Postmasburg 3<br />
23 Barkly West 2 Richmond 2 Calvinia 3<br />
24 Koingnaas 2 Kakamas 2 Victoria West 3<br />
25 Garies 2 Olifantshoek 2 Louisvale 3<br />
26 Colesberg 2 Douglas 2 Lambrechtsdrif 3<br />
27 Keimoes 2 Phillipstown 2 Swartkop 3<br />
28 Warrenton 2 Keimoes 2 Klippunt 3<br />
29 Nourivier 2 Steinkopf 2 Raaswater 3<br />
30 Hanover 3 Kenhardt 2 Leerkrans 3<br />
31 De Aar 3 Barkly West 3 Griekwastad 3<br />
32 Dingleton 3 Garies 3 Lime Acres 3<br />
33 Karkams 3 Petrusville 3 Campbell 3<br />
34 Concordia 3 Griekwastad 3 Barkly West 3<br />
35 Calvinia 3 Hanover 3 Petrusville 3<br />
36 Douglas 3 Klippunt 3 Dibeng 3<br />
37 Pella 3 Hartswater 3 Fraserburg 3<br />
38 Petrusville 3 Delportshoop 3 Sutherland 3<br />
39 Jan Kempdorp 3 Van Wyksvlei 3 Carnarvon 3<br />
40 Port Nolloth 3 Norvalspont 3 Vanderkloof 3<br />
41 Steinkopf 3 Louisvale 3 Prieska 3<br />
42 Ritchie 3 Swartkop 3 Holpan 3<br />
43 Kheis 3 Warrenton 3 Williston 3<br />
44 Nieuwoudtville 3 Loxton 3 Danielskuil 3<br />
45 Sutherland 3 Niekerkshoop 3 Loxton 3<br />
46 Holpan 3 Raaswater 3 Phillipstown 3<br />
47 Paulshoek 3 Kleinzee 3 Keimoes 3<br />
48 Hopetown 3 Vosburg 3 Hanover 3<br />
49 Aggeneys 3 Strydenburg 3 Noupoort 3<br />
50 Hotazel 3 Groblershoop 3 Groblershoop 3<br />
51 Fraserburg 3 Campbell 3 Norvalspont 3<br />
52 Phillipstown 3 Okiep 3 Nababeep 3<br />
53 Hondeklip Bay 3 Leerkrans 3 Delportshoop 3<br />
54 Lekkersing 3 Danielskuil 3 Kenhardt 3<br />
55 Delportshoop 3 Dibeng 3 Britstown 3<br />
56 Windsorton 3 Kamieskroon 3 Windsorton 3<br />
57 Norvalspont 3 Alexander Bay 3 Schmidtsdrift 3<br />
58 Buffelsrivier 3 Kathu 3 Port Nolloth 3<br />
59 Loxton 3 Karos 3 Vosburg 3<br />
60 Williston 3 Orania 3 Van Wyksvlei 3<br />
61 Loeriesfontein 3 Carolusberg 3 Okiep 3<br />
62 Kakamas 3 Marydale 3 Groenwater 3<br />
63 Prieska 3 Lambrechtsdrif 3 Steinkopf 3<br />
64 Griekwastad 3 Lennetsville 3 Kleinzee 3<br />
65 Danielskuil 3 Dingleton 3 Stutterheim 3<br />
66 Victoria West 3 Ritchie 3 Brandvlei 3<br />
67 Eksteenfontein 3 Kheis 3 Ulco 3<br />
68 Britstown 3 Hondeklip Bay 3 Carolusberg 3<br />
69 Groot Mier 3 Postmasburg 3 Alexander Bay 3<br />
70 Blackrock 3 Windsorton 3 Nieuwoudtville 3<br />
71 Khubus 3 Lutzburg 3 Komaggas 3<br />
42
72 Olifantshoek 3 Loxtonberg 3 Vioolsdrif 3<br />
73 Richmond 3 Pella 3 Hotazel 3<br />
74 Pofadder 3 Stutterheim 3 Augrabies 3<br />
75 Komaggas 3 Groenwater 3 Loeriesfontein 3<br />
76 Vioolsdrif 3 Alheit 3 Lennetsville 3<br />
77 Campbell 3 Karkams 3 Lutzburg 3<br />
78 Carnarvon 3 Rietfontein 3 Marchand 3<br />
79 Rietfontein 3 Concordia 3 Cillie 3<br />
80 Klipfontein 3 Nababeep 3 Buffelsrivier 3<br />
81 Marydale 4 Vanderkloof 3 Boegoeberg 3<br />
82 Van Wyksvlei 4 Vioolsdrif 3 Grootdrink 3<br />
83 Vosburg 4 Van Zylsrus 3 Concordia 3<br />
84 Onseepkans 4 Grootdrink 4 Blackrock 3<br />
85 Spoegrivier 4 Wegdraai 4 Wegdraai 3<br />
86 Kenhardt 4 Lime Acres 4 Goedgedacht 3<br />
87 Karos 4 Augrabies 4 Paulshoek 3<br />
88 Schmidtsdrift 4 Koingnaas 4 Alheit 3<br />
89 Van Zylsrus 4 Gannaput 4 Pofadder 3<br />
90 Augrabies 4 Pampierstad 4 Niekerkshoop 3<br />
91 Brandvlei 4 Schmidtsdrift 4 Sanddrif 3<br />
92 Goedgedacht 4 Ulco 4 Loxtonberg 3<br />
93 Lutzburg 4 Aggeneys 4 Hondeklip Bay 3<br />
94 Loxtonberg 4 Holpan 4 Gannaput 3<br />
95 Klippunt 4 Cillie 4 Khubus 3<br />
96 Louisvale 4 Onseepkans 4 Aggeneys 4<br />
97 Niekerkshoop 4 Marchand 4 Van Zylsrus 4<br />
98 Strydenburg 4 Buffelsrivier 4 Marydale 4<br />
99 Grootdrink 4 Philandersbron 4 Eksteenfontein 4<br />
100 Raaswater 4 Goedgedacht 4 Garies 4<br />
101 Marchand 4 Boegoeberg 4 Riemvasmaak 4<br />
102 Philandersbron 4 Hotazel 4 Koingnaas 4<br />
103 Swartkop 4 Khubus 4 Kamieskroon 4<br />
104 Cillie 4 Blackrock 4 Pella 4<br />
105 Stutterheim 4 Groot Mier 4 Onseepkans 4<br />
106 Groenwater 4 Riemvasmaak 4 Lekkersing 4<br />
107 Dibeng 4 Komaggas 4 Spoegrivier 4<br />
108 Leerkrans 4 Klipfontein 4 Rietfontein 4<br />
109 Riemvasmaak 4 Eksteenfontein 4 Leliefontein 4<br />
110 Alheit 4 Leliefontein 5 Groot Mier 4<br />
111 Wegdraai 4 Spoegrivier 5 Philandersbron 4<br />
112 Boegoeberg 4 Sanddrif 5 Karkams 4<br />
113 Lambrechtsdrif 4 Lekkersing 5 Kheis 4<br />
114 Lennetsville 4 Paulshoek 5 Nourivier 4<br />
115 Gannaput 4 Nourivier 5 Klipfontein 4<br />
Table 3.7: Investment classification of towns based on development potential and human<br />
needs typology<br />
(a) SORTED BY TYPOLOGY<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs <strong>Development</strong> Investment<br />
Town Name<br />
Class Class and Needs Typology<br />
Barkly West 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Colesberg 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Delportshoop 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Douglas 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Hanover 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
43
Hopetown 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Jan Kempdorp 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Kuruman 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Norvalspont 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Pampierstad 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Ritchie 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Alexander Bay 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Calvinia 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Carolusberg 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
De Aar 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Garies 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Groblershoop 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Hartswater 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Kamieskroon 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Kathu 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Kimberley 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Kleinzee 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Lime Acres 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Nababeep 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Okiep 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Orania 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Port Nolloth 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Postmasburg 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Springbok 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Upington 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Vanderkloof 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Alheit 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Augrabies 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Boegoeberg 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Campbell 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Cillie 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Eksteenfontein 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Gannaput 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Goedgedacht 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Groenwater 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Grootdrink 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Holpan 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Kenhardt 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Kheis 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Khubus 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Klipfontein 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Klippunt 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Lambrechtsdrif 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Leerkrans 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Lekkersing 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Leliefontein 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Lennetsville 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Louisvale 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Loxtonberg 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Marchand 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Marydale 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Nourivier 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Onseepkans 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
44
Paulshoek 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Pella 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Philandersbron 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Riemvasmaak 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Rietfontein 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Schmidtsdrift 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Spoegrivier 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Stutterheim 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Swartkop 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Van Zylsrus 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Wegdraai 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Windsorton 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Aggeneys 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Blackrock 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Concordia 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Danielskuil 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Groot Mier 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Hondeklip Bay 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Hotazel 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Koingnaas 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Komaggas 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Sanddrif 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Ulco 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Brandvlei 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Britstown 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Buffelsrivier 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Carnarvon 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Dibeng 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Dingleton 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Fraserburg 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Griekwastad 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Kakamas 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Karkams 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Karos 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Keimoes 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Loeriesfontein 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Loxton 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Lutzburg 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Niekerkshoop 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Nieuwoudtville 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Noupoort 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Olifantshoek 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Petrusville 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Phillipstown 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Pofadder 2 2 4 Transitional<br />
Prieska 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Raaswater 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Richmond 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Steinkopf 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Strydenburg 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Sutherland 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Van Wyksvlei 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Victoria West 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
45
Vioolsdrif 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Vosburg 2 2 4 Transitional<br />
Warrenton 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Williston 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
46
(b) SORTED ALPHABETICCALY<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs <strong>Development</strong> Investment<br />
Town Name<br />
Class Class and Needs Typology<br />
Aggeneys 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Alexander Bay 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Alheit 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Augrabies 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Barkly West 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Blackrock 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Boegoeberg 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Brandvlei 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Britstown 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Buffelsrivier 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Calvinia 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Campbell 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Carnarvon 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Carolusberg 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Cillie 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Colesberg 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Concordia 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Danielskuil 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
De Aar 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Delportshoop 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Dibeng 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Dingleton 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Douglas 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Eksteenfontein 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Fraserburg 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Gannaput 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Garies 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Goedgedacht 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Griekwastad 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Groblershoop 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Groenwater 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Groot Mier 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Grootdrink 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Hanover 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Hartswater 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Holpan 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Hondeklip Bay 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Hopetown 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Hotazel 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Jan Kempdorp 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Kakamas 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Kamieskroon 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Karkams 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Karos 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Kathu 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Keimoes 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Kenhardt 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Kheis 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Khubus 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
47
Kimberley 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Kleinzee 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Klipfontein 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Klippunt 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Koingnaas 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Komaggas 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Kuruman 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Lambrechtsdrif 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Leerkrans 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Lekkersing 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Leliefontein 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Lennetsville 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Lime Acres 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Loeriesfontein 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Louisvale 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Loxton 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Loxtonberg 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Lutzburg 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Marchand 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Marydale 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Nababeep 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Niekerkshoop 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Nieuwoudtville 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Norvalspont 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Noupoort 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Nourivier 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Okiep 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Olifantshoek 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Onseepkans 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Orania 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Pampierstad 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Paulshoek 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Pella 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Petrusville 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Philandersbron 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Phillipstown 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Pofadder 2 2 4 Transitional<br />
Port Nolloth 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Postmasburg 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Prieska 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Raaswater 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Richmond 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Riemvasmaak 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Rietfontein 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Ritchie 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Sanddrif 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Schmidtsdrift 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Spoegrivier 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Springbok 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Steinkopf 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Strydenburg 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Stutterheim 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Sutherland 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
48
Swartkop 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Ulco 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Upington 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Van Wyksvlei 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Van Zylsrus 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Vanderkloof 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Victoria West 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Vioolsdrif 2 1 3 Transitional<br />
Vosburg 2 2 4 Transitional<br />
Warrenton 1 1 1 Transitional<br />
Wegdraai 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Williston 1 2 2 Transitional<br />
Windsorton 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
49
Figure 3.3: <strong>Development</strong> potential index of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
50
Figure 3.4: Human development needs index of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
51
Figure 3.5: Composite resources index of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
52
Figure 3.6: Composite infrastructure index of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
53
Figure 3.7: Composite economic activities of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
54
Growth Potential Index<br />
0.8<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0.0<br />
-0.2<br />
-0.4<br />
High <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
High Human Need<br />
Groenwater<br />
GROWTH POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS<br />
Kuruman<br />
Colesberg<br />
Ritchie<br />
Jan Pampierstad<br />
Kempdorp<br />
Hartswater<br />
De Aar<br />
Calvinia<br />
Kimberley<br />
Upington<br />
Springbok<br />
Orania<br />
Douglas<br />
Hopetown<br />
Noupoort<br />
Groblershoop<br />
Barkly West<br />
Warrenton<br />
Victoria Keimoes<br />
West<br />
Fraserburg<br />
Kleinzee<br />
Lime Acres<br />
Hanover Petrusville<br />
Nieuwoudtville<br />
Sutherland<br />
Kakamas<br />
Alexander Bay<br />
Olifantshoek<br />
Richmond Williston Postmasburg<br />
Alexander Bay<br />
Olifantshoek<br />
Richmond Williston Postmasburg<br />
Carnarvon<br />
Phillipstown<br />
Loeriesfontein<br />
Carnarvon Prieska<br />
Dingleton<br />
Port Nolloth<br />
Phillipstown Griekwastad<br />
Steinkopf<br />
Garies<br />
Kamieskroon<br />
Nababeep<br />
Vanderkloof<br />
Okiep<br />
Britstown<br />
Carolusberg<br />
Norvalspont<br />
Delportshoop<br />
Loxton<br />
Karos<br />
Campbell<br />
Pofadder<br />
Kenhardt Klippunt<br />
Louisvale<br />
Kenhardt Klippunt<br />
Louisvale Strydenburg<br />
Brandvlei<br />
Danielskuil<br />
Ulco<br />
Swartkop<br />
Van Wyksvlei Brandvlei<br />
Danielskuil<br />
Swartkop<br />
Van Wyksvlei<br />
Ulco<br />
Raaswater<br />
Vosburg<br />
Holpan Windsorton<br />
Vosburg Concordia<br />
Leerkrans<br />
Dibeng<br />
Hondeklip Bay<br />
Koingnaas<br />
Lambrechtsdrif<br />
Pella<br />
Sanddrif<br />
Kheis<br />
Marydale<br />
Vioolsdrif Niekerkshoop<br />
Karkams<br />
Aggeneys<br />
Schmidtsdrift<br />
Buffelsrivier<br />
Lutzburg<br />
Hotazel<br />
Leliefontein<br />
Stutterheim<br />
Loxtonberg<br />
Augrabies<br />
Grootdrink<br />
Lennetsville Van Rietfontein Augrabies<br />
Grootdrink<br />
Lennetsville Van Rietfontein Zylsrus<br />
Khubus<br />
Blackrock<br />
Alheit<br />
Komaggas<br />
Wegdraai<br />
Paulshoek<br />
Onseepkans<br />
Marchand<br />
Cillie<br />
Eksteenfontein<br />
Goedgedacht<br />
Gannaput<br />
Boegoeberg<br />
Groot Mier<br />
Nourivier<br />
Lekkersing<br />
Philandersbron<br />
Klipfontein<br />
Spoegrivier<br />
Philandersbron<br />
Riemvasmaak<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs Index<br />
High <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
Low Human Need<br />
Low <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
Low <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
High Human Needs<br />
Low Human Need<br />
-0.6<br />
-1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6<br />
Figure 3.8: Scatter diagram of development potential and human needs typology of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
Kathu<br />
55
Figure 3.9: Investment typology of towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
3.6.2 Cross-sectional profiles of municipalities<br />
<strong>The</strong> same procedures and outputs as described in the case of the towns (Section 3.6.1) were<br />
used to produce Table 3.8 and five composite maps (Figures 3.10 – 3.14). Further tables,<br />
maps and histograms for the 32 municipalities are presented in Addendum 2.9 – 2.16,<br />
Addendum 3.3 and Addendum 4.2. <strong>The</strong> final integration of the municipalities in specific<br />
development potential and human needs groups for investment purposes are presented in<br />
Figures 3.15 and 3.16, while Table 3.9 summarises the results statistically. As in the case of<br />
the towns, the 32 municipalities were classified into five development typologies.<br />
A combination of the towns’ and the municipalities’ <strong>Development</strong> Potential and Needs Level<br />
categories were superimposed in Figures 3.17 and 3.18 respectively. In the same way the<br />
56
investment typology for towns and municipality were integrated in Figure 3.19. <strong>The</strong>se maps<br />
provide an overall view of an integrated regional landscape.<br />
Table 3.8: Ranks and map classes of local municipalities<br />
Municipality Ranks (Best to Worst)<br />
Human Needs <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
Rank Municipality Class Municipality Class<br />
1 Kgalagadi 1 Sol Plaatje 1<br />
2 Kgatelopele 2 //Khara Hais 2<br />
3 Richtersveld 2 Moshaweng 2<br />
4 Gamagara 2 Phokwane 2<br />
5 Namakwa 2 Nama Khoi 2<br />
6 Khai-Ma 2 Ga-Segonyana 2<br />
7 Sol Plaatje 2 Gamagara 3<br />
8 Nama Khoi 2 Richtersveld 3<br />
9 Siyanda 2 Kai !Garib 3<br />
10 Pixley ka Seme 2 Karoo Hoogland 3<br />
11 Hantam 2 Siyancuma 3<br />
12 Emthanjeni 2 Umsobomvu 3<br />
13 //Khara Hais 2 Kgalagadi 3<br />
14 Kamiesberg 3 Kgatelopele 3<br />
15 Tsantsabane 3 Emthanjeni 3<br />
16 Karoo Hoogland 3 Dikgatlong 3<br />
17 Siyathemba 3 Hantam 3<br />
18 Kai !Garib 3 Magareng 3<br />
19 <strong>The</strong>mbelihle 3 Kamiesberg 3<br />
20 Siyancuma 3 Tsantsabane 3<br />
21 Kareeberg 3 <strong>The</strong>mbelihle 3<br />
22 Ubuntu 4 Ubuntu 3<br />
23 Phokwane 4 Khai-Ma 4<br />
24 Frances Baard 4 Renosterberg 4<br />
25 Umsobomvu 4 !Kheis 4<br />
26 Dikgatlong 4 Pixley ka Seme 4<br />
27 Renosterberg 4 Siyanda 4<br />
28 Magareng 4 Siyathemba 4<br />
29 !Kheis 4 Frances Baard 4<br />
30 Mier 4 Mier 4<br />
31 Ga-Segonyana 4 Kareeberg 4<br />
32 Moshaweng 5 Namakwa 4<br />
Municipality Ranks (Best to Worst)<br />
Composite Resource Composite<br />
Composite Economic<br />
Index<br />
Infrastructure Index Activity Index<br />
Rank Municipality Class Municipality Class Municipality Class<br />
1 Sol Plaatje 1 Sol Plaatje 1 Sol Plaatje 1<br />
2 //Khara Hais 2 Moshaweng 1 //Khara Hais 2<br />
3 Richtersveld 2 //Khara Hais 2 Phokwane 2<br />
4 Nama Khoi 2 Kai !Garib 2 Kgalagadi 2<br />
5 Ga-Segonyana 2 Nama Khoi 2 Gamagara 3<br />
6 Phokwane 2 Karoo Hoogland 2 Moshaweng 3<br />
7 Magareng 2 Siyancuma 2 Nama Khoi 3<br />
57
8 Umsobomvu 2 Emthanjeni 2 Kai !Garib 3<br />
9 Kgatelopele 2 Richtersveld 2 Karoo Hoogland 3<br />
10 Gamagara 2 Ga-Segonyana 2 Ga-Segonyana 3<br />
11 Dikgatlong 3 Phokwane 3 Siyanda 3<br />
12 Siyancuma 3 Umsobomvu 3 Siyancuma 3<br />
13 Moshaweng 3 Dikgatlong 3 Kgatelopele 3<br />
14 Hantam 3 Gamagara 3 Richtersveld 3<br />
15 Kamiesberg 3 Mier 3 Pixley ka Seme 3<br />
16 Emthanjeni 3 Renosterberg 3 Tsantsabane 3<br />
17 <strong>The</strong>mbelihle 3 Ubuntu 3 Kamiesberg 3<br />
18 Tsantsabane 3 Kgatelopele 3 Hantam 3<br />
19 Kgalagadi 3 Hantam 3 Ubuntu 3<br />
20 Khai-Ma 3 !Kheis 3 Umsobomvu 3<br />
21 Kai !Garib 4 Tsantsabane 3 !Kheis 3<br />
22 Karoo Hoogland 4 Siyathemba 3 Emthanjeni 3<br />
23 Renosterberg 4 Magareng 3 Dikgatlong 3<br />
24 Siyathemba 4 Kamiesberg 4 Frances Baard 3<br />
25 Ubuntu 4 Khai-Ma 4 <strong>The</strong>mbelihle 3<br />
26 !Kheis 4 <strong>The</strong>mbelihle 4 Khai-Ma 4<br />
27 Pixley ka Seme 4 Kgalagadi 4 Renosterberg 4<br />
28 Frances Baard 4 Kareeberg 4 Magareng 4<br />
29 Siyanda 4 Frances Baard 4 Kareeberg 4<br />
30 Mier 4 Pixley ka Seme 4 Siyathemba 4<br />
31 Namakwa 4 Siyanda 5 Mier 4<br />
32 Kareeberg 4 Namakwa 5 Namakwa 4<br />
Table 3.9: Investment classification of municipalities based on development potential and<br />
human needs typology<br />
(a) SORTED BY TYPOLOGY<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs <strong>Development</strong> Investment<br />
Municipality<br />
Class Class and Needs Typology<br />
Umsobomvu 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Phokwane 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Moshaweng 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Ga-Segonyana 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Richtersveld 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Nama Khoi 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
//Khara Hais 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Sol Plaatje 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Gamagara 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Kgalagadi 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Ubuntu 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Kareeberg 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Renosterberg 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Siyathemba 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Mier 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
!Kheis 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Dikgatlong 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Magareng 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Frances Baard 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Hantam 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
58
Khai-Ma 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Emthanjeni 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Kgatelopele 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Namakwa 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Pixley ka Seme 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Siyanda 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle 2 1 5 Transitional<br />
Siyancuma 1 1 5 Transitional<br />
Kai !Garib 1 1 5 Transitional<br />
Kamiesberg 2 2 5 Transitional<br />
Karoo Hoogland 1 2 5 Transitional<br />
Tsantsabane 2 2 5 Transitional<br />
(b) SORTED ALPHABETICALLY<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs <strong>Development</strong> Investment<br />
Municipality<br />
Class Class and Needs Typology<br />
!Kheis 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
//Khara Hais 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Dikgatlong 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Emthanjeni 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Frances Baard 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Gamagara 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Ga-Segonyana 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Hantam 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Kai !Garib 1 1 5 Transitional<br />
Kamiesberg 2 2 5 Transitional<br />
Kareeberg 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Karoo Hoogland 1 2 5 Transitional<br />
Kgalagadi 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Kgatelopele 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Khai-Ma 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Magareng 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Mier 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Moshaweng 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Nama Khoi 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Namakwa 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Phokwane 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
Pixley ka Seme 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Renosterberg 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Richtersveld 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
Siyancuma 1 1 5 Transitional<br />
Siyanda 2 2 4 Low Dev/Low Need<br />
Siyathemba 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Sol Plaatje 1 2 2 High Dev/Low Need<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle 2 1 5 Transitional<br />
Tsantsabane 2 2 5 Transitional<br />
Ubuntu 2 1 3 Low Dev/High Need<br />
Umsobomvu 1 1 1 High Dev/High Need<br />
59
Figure 3.10: <strong>Development</strong> potential index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
60
Figure 3.11: Human development needs index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
61
Figure 3.12: Composite resource index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
62
Figure 3.13: Composite infrastructure index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
63
Figure 3.14: Composite economic index of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
64
<strong>Development</strong> Potential Index<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS<br />
High <strong>Development</strong><br />
High Needs<br />
Moshaweng<br />
Phokwane<br />
Mier<br />
Ubuntu Ubuntu<strong>The</strong>mbelihle<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle<br />
!Kheis<br />
Renosterberg<br />
Kareeberg<br />
Siyathemba<br />
//Khara Hais<br />
Kamiesberg Hantam<br />
Ga-Segonyana<br />
0.2<br />
0.0<br />
Kai !Garib<br />
SiyancumaKaroo<br />
Hoogland<br />
Umsobomvu<br />
Dikgatlong<br />
Emthanjeni<br />
Magareng<br />
Tsantsabane Kamiesberg Hantam<br />
Ga-Segonyana<br />
Kai !Garib<br />
SiyancumaKaroo<br />
Hoogland<br />
Umsobomvu<br />
Dikgatlong<br />
Emthanjeni<br />
Magareng<br />
Tsantsabane<br />
-0.2<br />
-0.4<br />
-0.6<br />
Frances Baard<br />
Low <strong>Development</strong><br />
High Needs<br />
Figure 3.15: Scatter diagram of development potential and human needs typology of<br />
municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
Nama Khoi<br />
Khai-Ma<br />
Pixley ka Seme<br />
Siyanda<br />
Gamagara<br />
Richtersveld<br />
Kgatelopele<br />
Kgalagadi<br />
Namakwa<br />
Low <strong>Development</strong><br />
Low Needs<br />
-0.8<br />
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs Index<br />
Sol Plaatje<br />
High <strong>Development</strong><br />
Low Needs<br />
65
Figure 3.16: Investment typology of local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
66
Figure 3.17: <strong>Development</strong> potential index of towns and local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province<br />
67
Figure 3.18: Human needs index of towns and local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
68
Figure 3.19: Investment typology of towns and local municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
69
3.6.3 Temporal profiles of municipalities<br />
<strong>The</strong> same procedures and outputs (with minor adjustments as indicated in Section 3.4) as<br />
described in the previous sections on the cross-sectional profiles of the towns and<br />
municipalities, were implemented to measure the changes that took place in the development<br />
potential and human needs levels of municipalities between 2001 and 2007. Several tables<br />
(Table 3.10 and Addendum 3.4), and maps (Figures 3.20 – 3.22) were constructed to represent<br />
the “change” dimension in the 32 municipalities. <strong>The</strong> investment groups, based on the changeindicators,<br />
are listed in Table 3.11.<br />
<strong>The</strong> above-mentioned set of tables, maps and histograms will provide the scene from which<br />
the interpretation of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> development landscape will take place.<br />
Table 3.10: Ranks and map classes of change between 2001 and 2007 for local<br />
municipalities<br />
Municipality Ranks (Best to Worst)<br />
Human Needs <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
Rank Municipality Class Municipality Class<br />
1 !Kheis 1 Ga-Segonyana 1<br />
2 <strong>The</strong>mbelihle 1 Namakwa 1<br />
3 Siyathemba 2 Umsobomvu 2<br />
4 Pixley ka Seme 2 Sol Plaatje 2<br />
5 Emthanjeni 2 Kgatelopele 2<br />
6 Khâi-Ma 2 //Khara Hais 2<br />
7 Kamiesberg 2 Kgalagadi 2<br />
8 Dikgatlong 2 Khâi-Ma 2<br />
9 Kai !Garib 2 Tsantsabane 3<br />
10 Sol Plaatje 2 Emthanjeni 3<br />
11 Magareng 2 Hantam 3<br />
12 Siyancuma 3 Siyancuma 3<br />
13 //Khara Hais 3 Gamagara 3<br />
14 Umsobomvu 3 Magareng 3<br />
15 Tsantsabane 3 Richtersveld 3<br />
16 Nama Khoi 3 Nama Khoi 3<br />
17 Richtersveld 3 Dikgatlong 3<br />
18 Hantam 3 <strong>The</strong>mbelihle 3<br />
19 Kgalagadi 3 Mier 3<br />
20 Phokwane 3 !Kheis 3<br />
21 Mier 3 Kamiesberg 3<br />
22 Gamagara 4 Siyanda 3<br />
23 Ga-Segonyana 4 Kai !Garib 3<br />
24 Siyanda 4 Phokwane 3<br />
25 Renosterberg 4 Moshaweng 4<br />
26 Karoo Hoogland 4 Renosterberg 4<br />
27 Kareeberg 4 Siyathemba 4<br />
70
28 Namakwa 4 Kareeberg 4<br />
29 Frances Baard 4 Ubuntu 4<br />
30 Moshaweng 4 Karoo Hoogland 4<br />
31 Ubuntu 5 Pixley ka Seme 4<br />
32 Kgatelopele 5 Frances Baard 5<br />
Table 3.11: Typology of municipalities based on development potential and human needs<br />
typology<br />
(a) SORTED BY TYPOLOGY<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs Devlopment and<br />
Municipality<br />
Class Class Needs<br />
Khâi-Ma 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Umsobomvu 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Emthanjeni 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Siyancuma 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
//Khara Hais 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Tsantsabane 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Sol Plaatje 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Dikgatlong 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Magareng 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Richtersveld 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Hantam 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Kgatelopele 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Ga-Segonyana 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Gamagara 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Namakwa 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Kgalagadi 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Kamiesberg 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Siyathemba 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Kai !Garib 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
!Kheis 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Pixley ka Seme 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Karoo Hoogland 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Ubuntu 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Kareeberg 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Renosterberg 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Mier 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Phokwane 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Moshaweng 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Siyanda 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Frances Baard 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Nama Khoi 1 1 Transitional<br />
71
(b) SORTED ALPHABETICALLY<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Needs <strong>Development</strong> and<br />
Municipality<br />
Class Class Needs<br />
!Kheis 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
//Khara Hais 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Dikgatlong 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Emthanjeni 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Frances Baard 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Gamagara 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Ga-Segonyana 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Hantam 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Kai !Garib 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Kamiesberg 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Kareeberg 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Karoo Hoogland 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Kgalagadi 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Kgatelopele 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Khâi-Ma 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Magareng 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Mier 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Moshaweng 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Nama Khoi 1 1 Transitional<br />
Namakwa 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Phokwane 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Pixley ka Seme 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Renosterberg 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Richtersveld 1 1 Pos Dev/Neg Need<br />
Siyancuma 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Siyanda 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Siyathemba 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Sol Plaatje 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle 2 2 Neg Dev/Pos Need<br />
Tsantsabane 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
Ubuntu 2 1 Neg Dev/Neg Need<br />
Umsobomvu 1 2 Pos Dev/Pos Need<br />
72
Figure 3.20: <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index change between 2001 and 2007 of local municipalities<br />
in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (2007 boundaries)<br />
73
Figure 3.21: <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index change between 2001 and 2007 of local municipalities<br />
in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province (2011 boundaries)<br />
74
Figure 3.22: Human <strong>Development</strong> Needs Change Index between 2001 and 2007 of local<br />
municipalities in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
75
3.7 Qualitative evaluation<br />
In the methodology for any study on the growth potential of urban areas, the qualitative selfevaluation<br />
is instrumental in determining a comprehensive town profile, complementary to<br />
the quantitative profiles. In such a qualitative analysis the subjective perceptions of the town’s<br />
role-players are acknowledged. <strong>The</strong> main objective of such a self-evaluation process is to<br />
obtain the opinions of the local communities regarding the growth potential and sense of place<br />
of their towns. This implies that data had to be collected in a manner that would highlight the<br />
perceptions and general qualitative impressions of urban growth potential in what are<br />
generally referred to as “soft” indicators. <strong>The</strong>se indicators represent local perceptions of what<br />
makes a town unique, its basis for existence (raison d'être), the sense of place that makes<br />
people “feel at home” and the “vibe” that generates or restricts economic activity. A<br />
questionnaire was therefore structured according to a participatory research approach to solicit<br />
the opinions of local inhabitants. <strong>The</strong> focus was on local input from the respective leaders in<br />
each of the 32 municipalities. <strong>The</strong> questionnaire and covering letter/guidelines are included as<br />
Addendum 5. It was distributed to all 32 Municipal Managers who had to ensure that the<br />
relevant stake-holders were involved.<br />
<strong>The</strong> general level of response was, with a few exceptions, of a low standard. After several<br />
reminders and follow-up actions, only 26 of the 32 municipal questionnaires were returned –<br />
from these only a small minority were completed in full. As a result of this poor response, the<br />
results only offered a minimal opportunity to be incorporated in the evaluating process. In<br />
follow-up stages of this study, the self-evaluation questionnaires should be combined with on<br />
site visits and personal interviews at each municipality. As it is now, most municipalities<br />
missed the opportunity to evaluate themselves and to highlight their town’s strong points for<br />
future development. In this way they can be exposed to the stark realities of economic growth<br />
and human development needs that exist in their urban environments.<br />
76
CHAPTER 4<br />
RESULTS: MESSAGE FROM THE TOWN PROFILES<br />
A town profile can potentially convey multiple messages at different levels and scales to<br />
inform the socio-political and economic decision-making process. <strong>The</strong> scope and complexity<br />
of the analytical profiles focus primarily on the dominant trends of the town and municipality<br />
profiles as it is disclosed in the composite indices and the related investment scenarios. <strong>The</strong><br />
factual version of the findings will at this stage, therefore, highlight only the general trends<br />
from the statistical tables, maps and diagrams at a regional level and not so much at a detailed<br />
level of the individual towns. <strong>The</strong> latter analysis would be possible from these results, but<br />
requires a separate micro-scale internal town focus. (In this regard see the case study in<br />
Section 4.4)<br />
4.1 Integrating town development indicators<br />
As a point of departure the 115 towns were integrated in terms of their critical development<br />
characteristics in Table 4.1. This first-level integration of the town profiles (in alphabetical<br />
order) provides a comprehensive overview of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> town landscape.<br />
Table 4.1: Integrated Town Profiles<br />
Population<br />
<strong>Development</strong> and<br />
Name<br />
Size Economic Base Need <strong>Development</strong> Need Investment Type<br />
Aggeneys Medium Mining Very Low Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Alexander Bay Small Mining Very Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Alheit Small Agriculture High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Augrabies Medium Agriculture Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Barkly West Large Mining High Medium High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Blackrock Small Mining Very Low Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Boegoeberg Small Agriculture Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Brandvlei Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Social*<br />
Britstown Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Buffelsrivier Small Residential Medium Low Transition Social*<br />
Calvinia Large Service Centre Low High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Campbell Medium Mining High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Carnarvon Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Carolusberg Small Mining Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Cillie Small Agriculture High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Colesberg Large Service Centre High High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Concordia Medium Mining Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Danielskuil Large Mining Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
De Aar Large Transportation Low High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Delportshoop Large Mining High Medium High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Dibeng Medium Residential Medium Medium Transition Social*<br />
Dingleton Medium Mining Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Douglas Large Agriculture Medium High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Eksteenfontein Very Small Residential Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Fraserburg Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
77
Gannaput Small Agriculture Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Garies Medium Service Centre Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Goedgedacht Very Small Residential Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Griekwastad Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Groblershoop Very Small Service Centre Very Low High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Groenwater Very Small Mining Very High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Groot Mier Very Small Residential Medium Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Grootdrink Medium Agriculture High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Hanover Medium Service Centre High Medium High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Hartswater Medium Agriculture Medium High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Holpan Very Small Agriculture Very High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Hondeklip Bay Very Small Fishing Very Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Hopetown Large Service Centre Medium High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Hotazel Small Mining Low Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Jan Kempdorp Large Agriculture Medium High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Kakamas Large Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Kamieskroon Small Residential Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Karkams Small Residential Medium Medium Transition Social*<br />
Karos Small Agriculture Medium Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Kathu Large Mining Very Low High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Keimoes Large Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Kenhardt Medium Service Centre High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Kheis Very Small Residential Very High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Khubus Small Residential Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Kimberley Very Large Regional Centre Low Very High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Kleinzee Medium Mining Very Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Klipfontein Very Small Residential High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Klippunt Medium Agriculture High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Koingnaas Small Mining Very Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Komaggas Medium Mining Medium Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Kuruman Large Regional Centre Medium High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Lambrechtsdrif Very Small Agriculture High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Leerkrans Small Agriculture High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Lekkersing Very Small Residential Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Leliefontein Small Residential High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Lennetsville Small Agriculture High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Lime Acres Medium Mining Very Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Loeriesfontein Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Louisvale Small Agriculture High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Loxton Small Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Loxtonberg Small Agriculture Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Lutzburg Small Agriculture Medium Low Transition Social*<br />
Marchand Medium Agriculture High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Marydale Medium Service Centre High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Nababeep Medium Mining Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Niekerkshoop Medium Agriculture Medium Medium Transition Social*<br />
Nieuwoudtville Small Recreation Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Norvalspont Small Recreation High Medium High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Noupoort Medium Service Centre Medium High Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Nourivier Very Small Residential Very High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Okiep Medium Mining Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Olifantshoek Large Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Onseepkans Small Agriculture High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
78
Orania Very Small Residential Very Low High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Pampierstad Large Residential High High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Paulshoek Very Small Residential High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Pella Small Residential High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Petrusville Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Philandersbron Small Residential High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Phillipstown Medium Service Centre High Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Pofadder Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Basic*<br />
Port Nolloth Medium Transportation Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Postmasburg Large Mining Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Prieska Large Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Raaswater Medium Agriculture Medium Medium Transition Social*<br />
Richmond Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Riemvasmaak Small Residential High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Rietfontein Medium Residential Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Ritchie Large Agriculture Medium High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Sanddrif Small Mining Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Schmidtsdrift Medium Residential High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Spoegrivier Very Small Residential High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Springbok Large Regional Centre Low High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Steinkopf Large Residential Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Strydenburg Medium Service Centre High Medium Transition Social*<br />
Stutterheim Medium Agriculture High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Sutherland Medium Recreation Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Swartkop Small Agriculture High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Ulco Small Mining Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Upington Very Large Regional Centre Low Very High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Van Wyksvlei Small Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Social*<br />
Van Zylsrus Small Service Centre Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Vanderkloof Small Recreation Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Victoria West Medium Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Vioolsdrif Very Small Transportation Medium Medium Transition Social*<br />
Vosburg Small Service Centre Medium Medium Transition Basic*<br />
Warrenton Large Agriculture Medium Medium Transition Infra and Social*<br />
Wegdraai Small Agriculture High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Williston Medium Service Centre Low Medium Transition Infra and Basic*<br />
Windsorton Medium Agriculture High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
∗ Towns in the transition zone (See Figure 3.8)<br />
<strong>The</strong> various population sizes of the urban settlements were categorised in five classes for<br />
comparison of the 115 towns as listed in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.1.<br />
A fundamental element of the individual town profiles was to expose the dominant economic<br />
base of each town to better understand and appreciate the towns’ development and socio-<br />
cultural potential. ∗ By evaluating each town’s rationale for existence, the individual<br />
∗ <strong>The</strong> important concept of ‘place identity’ (sense of place) is part of a qualitative initiative in a follow-up phase.<br />
It may happen that, although a specific town’s economic potential does not warrant government investment, its<br />
unique sense of place merits cultural preserving and enhancement as a specific asset.<br />
79
settlements were qualitatively categorised according to the following economic base<br />
categories. Although towns usually have more than one economic base function, in these<br />
cases only the predominant function is highlighted:<br />
• Service centre: Traditional central place towns serving the daily needs of a surrounding<br />
farming community, e.g. providing educational, religious, shopping and professional<br />
services.<br />
• Agriculture centre: Related to traditional service centres are those towns with a substantial<br />
component of agriculture activities within the town structure.<br />
• Residential centre: A dormitory town where people live permanently, but work elsewhere,<br />
or are jobless.<br />
• Recreational centre: Leisure activities undertaken by residents and tourists to exploit local<br />
natural and cultural recreation opportunities.<br />
• Mining centre: Towns where mining activities provide the resource base for economic<br />
development.<br />
• Transportation centre: Towns where road, rail, air or water activities play a dominant role<br />
in their economic functioning.<br />
• Regional centre: Towns serving several lower-order settlements with higher-order<br />
services and goods over a relatively extensive spatial sphere of influence.<br />
• Diverse centre: Towns with a well established and balanced economic base, incorporating<br />
a diversified amalgam of economic functions – such towns do not rely on only one or two<br />
sectors as their economic base.<br />
Table 4.2: Frequencies of Town Population classes<br />
Category Size Range Count %<br />
Very Small 400 - 609 16 13.9<br />
Small 610 - 1629 35 30.4<br />
Medium 1630 - 6699 41 35.7<br />
Large 6700-3570 21 18.3<br />
Very Large > 35370 2 1.7<br />
Total 115 100.0<br />
Number of Towns<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
Small Very Small Medium Large Very Large<br />
80
Figure 4.1: Urban population distribution of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> towns (2001)<br />
Table 4.3 reveals several cross-tabulations of the five Population Size classes with<br />
alternatively the 115 towns’ Economic Base classes (Table 4.3a), Human Need classes (Table<br />
4.3b), <strong>Development</strong> Potential classes (Table 4.3c) and Investment Types (Table 4.3d).<br />
81
Table 4.3: Cross-tabulation of Town <strong>Development</strong> classes<br />
a) Population Size and Economic Base<br />
Population Size<br />
Economic Base Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Total % Total<br />
Service Centre 1 4 18 7 0 30 26.1<br />
Agriculture 2 13 9 4 0 28 24.3<br />
Mining 2 7 9 5 0 23 20.0<br />
Recreation 0 3 1 0 0 4 3.5<br />
Regional Centre 0 0 0 2 2 4 3.5<br />
Residential 10 8 3 2 0 23 20.0<br />
Transportation 1 0 1 1 0 3 2.6<br />
Total 16 35 41 21 2 115 100.0<br />
% Total 13.9 30.4 35.7 18.3 1.7 100.0<br />
b) Population Size and Human Need<br />
Population Size<br />
Human Needs Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Total % Total<br />
Very Low (Best) 3 3 3 1 0 10 8.7<br />
Low 0 6 6 5 2 19 16.5<br />
Medium 5 13 20 11 0 49 42.6<br />
High 4 13 12 4 0 33 28.7<br />
Very High (Worst) 4 0 0 0 0 4 3.5<br />
Total 16 35 41 21 2 115 100.0<br />
% Total 13.9 30.4 35.7 18.3 1.7 100.0<br />
<strong>Development</strong><br />
c) Population Size and <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
Population Size<br />
Potential Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Total % Total<br />
Low (Worst) 9 17 8 0 0 34 29.6<br />
Medium 5 18 31 10 0 64 55.7<br />
High 2 0 2 11 0 15 13.0<br />
Very High (Best) 0 0 0 0 2 2 1.7<br />
Total 16 35 41 21 2 115 100.0<br />
% Total 13.9 30.4 35.7 18.3 1.7 100.0<br />
d) Population Size and Investment Type<br />
Population Size<br />
Investment Type Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Total % Total<br />
Basic 2 5 3 1 0 11 9.6<br />
Basic* 0 1 1 0 0 2 1.7<br />
Social 11 17 11 0 0 39 33.9<br />
Social* 1 4 5 0 0 10 8.7<br />
Infra and Social 0 1 1 9 0 11 9.6<br />
Infra and Social* 0 2 6 2 0 10 8.7<br />
Infra and Basic 2 4 7 5 2 20 17.4<br />
Infra and Basic* 0 1 7 4 0 12 10.4<br />
Total 16 35 41 21 2 115 100.0<br />
% Total 13.9 30.4 35.7 18.3 1.7 100.0<br />
∗Towns in the transition zone (See Figure 3.8)<br />
82
4.2 Integrating municipality development indicators<br />
<strong>The</strong> same procedure and results as in the previous description of the town patterns were<br />
executed for the 32 municipalities. Table 4.4 integrates the municipal profiles on the critical<br />
development characteristics, while Table 4.5 categorises the population size classes. Table 4.6<br />
reveals the cross-tabulations of the five Population Size classes with respectively the 32<br />
municipalities’ Human Need classes (Table 4.6a), <strong>Development</strong> Potential classes (Table 4.6b)<br />
and Investment Types (Table 4.6c).<br />
Table 4.4: Integrated Municipal Profiles<br />
<strong>Development</strong> and Investment<br />
Name Population Need <strong>Development</strong><br />
Need<br />
Type<br />
!Kheis Medium High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
//Khara Hais Very Large Low High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Dikgatlong Large High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Emthanjeni Large Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Frances Baard Very Small High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Gamagara Large Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Ga-Segonyana Very Large High High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Hantam Medium Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Kai !Garib Large Medium Medium Transitional Infra and Social*<br />
Kamiesberg Small Medium Medium Transitional Basic*<br />
Kareeberg Very Small Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Karoo Hoogland Very Small Medium Medium Transitional Infra and Basic*<br />
Kgalagadi Very Small Very Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Kgatelopele Medium Low Medium Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
KhΓi-Ma Small Low Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Magareng Medium High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Mier Very Small High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Moshaweng Very Large Very High High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Nama Khoi Large Low High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Namakwa Very Small Low Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Phokwane Large High High High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
Pixey Ka Seme Very Small Low Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Renosterberg Very Small High Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Richtersveld Medium Low Medium High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
Siyancuma Large Medium Medium Transitional Infra and Social*<br />
Siyanda Very Small Low Low Low Dev/Low Need Basic<br />
Siyathemba Medium Medium Low Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Sol Plaatje Very Large Low Very High High Dev/Low Need Infra and Basic<br />
<strong>The</strong>mbelihle Small Medium Medium Transitional Social*<br />
Tsantsabane Large Medium Medium Transitional Basic*<br />
Ubuntu Medium High Medium Low Dev/High Need Social<br />
Umsobomvu Medium High Medium High Dev/High Need Infra and Social<br />
∗ Municipalities in the transition zone (See Figure 3.15)<br />
83
Table 4.5: Frequencies of Municipal Population classes<br />
Category Size Range Count %<br />
Very Small 68380 4 12.5<br />
Total 32 100.0<br />
Number of Municipalities<br />
10<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large<br />
Table 4.6: Cross-tabulation of Municipality <strong>Development</strong><br />
a) Population Size and Human Need<br />
Population Size<br />
Human Needs Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Total % Total<br />
Very Low (Best) 1 0 0 0 0 1 3.1<br />
Low 3 1 3 3 2 12 37.5<br />
Medium 2 2 1 3 0 8 25.0<br />
High 3 0 4 2 1 10 31.3<br />
Very High (Worst) 0 0 0 0 1 1 3.1<br />
Total 9 3 8 8 4 32 100.0<br />
% Total 28.1 9.4 25.0 25.0 12.5 100.0<br />
b) Population Size and <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
Population Size<br />
<strong>Development</strong><br />
Potential Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Total % Total<br />
Low (Worst) 7 1 2 0 0 10 31.3<br />
Medium 2 2 6 6 0 16 50.0<br />
High 0 0 0 2 3 5 15.6<br />
Very High (Best) 0 0 0 0 1 1 3.1<br />
Total 9 3 8 8 4 32 100.0<br />
% Total 28.1 9.4 25.0 25.0 12.5 100.0<br />
c) Population Size and Investment Type<br />
Population Size<br />
Investment Type Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Total % Total<br />
Basic 3 1 2 1 0 7 21.9<br />
Basic* 0 1 0 1 0 2 6.3<br />
Social 4 0 4 1 0 9 28.1<br />
Social* 0 1 0 0 0 1 3.1<br />
Infra and Social 0 0 1 1 2 4 12.5<br />
Infra and Social* 0 0 0 2 0 2 6.3<br />
Infra and Basic 1 0 1 2 2 6 18.8<br />
Infra and Basic* 1 0 0 0 0 1 3.1<br />
Total 9 3 8 8 4 32 100.0<br />
% Total 28.1 9.4 25.0 25.0 12.5 100.0<br />
∗ Municipalities in the transition zone (See Figure 3.15)<br />
84
4.3 Observations from the development profiles<br />
<strong>The</strong> following general observations can be derived from the results in the relevant tables and<br />
figures:<br />
(i) TOWNS<br />
• From Figure 3.3 and table 4.3c it is evident that the majority of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> towns<br />
have a predominantly medium (56%) or low (30%) development potential ∗ status. Only<br />
17 towns were classified with a High or Very High development potential. <strong>The</strong>se latter<br />
towns are the most likely engines to provide impetus to drive regional development for<br />
job creation, service provision and general quality of life in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> rural<br />
environment. Strategic thinking should therefore focus on this group of settlements in<br />
particular.<br />
• Regarding human need indices, 37 towns registered with High and Very High needs<br />
levels (Table 4.3b). <strong>The</strong>ir deficient quality of life situation deserves focussed attention in<br />
order to ascertain the nature and scope of the social capital investment requirements.<br />
• Within the context of the average population size, 80% of the 115 towns register a size of<br />
less than 6700 (Medium, Small and Very Small settlements). This reveals a very skewed<br />
town size distribution in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>, with an overwhelming small town landscape<br />
– only 20% of the settlements had more than 6700 inhabitants in 2001 (Table 4.2).<br />
• <strong>The</strong> spatial distribution of towns in this vast area developed unevenly with four distinctive<br />
population concentrations (Figures 4.2 and Table 4.7):<br />
(i) <strong>The</strong> North-Eastern Kimberley corridor from Ritchie to Hartswater, with a diverse<br />
economic urban structure of administrative, mining and agriculture functions.<br />
(ii) <strong>The</strong> North-Eastern mining area between Blackrock/Hotazel and Postmasburg, with<br />
the potential to link up with the former concentration in a U-shape corridor,<br />
(iii) <strong>The</strong> central Orange River agricultural corridor from Boegoeberg to Augrabies.<br />
(iv) <strong>The</strong> Western mining area around Springbok.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se four urban concentrations accommodate 49% of the province’s towns and 74% of the<br />
urban population. <strong>The</strong> Kimberley group of eleven towns on their own accommodate 40% of<br />
the provincial urban population. <strong>The</strong> rest of the towns (mostly Small and Very Small) are<br />
scattered with large distances in between (Figure 4.2). This unbalanced distribution pattern<br />
presents a huge challenge to the ability of the urban system to deliver services.<br />
∗ See Section 3.6 for a definition of the development classes. Negative z-scores in this context are values below<br />
the provincial average - therefore negative in relative terms and not necessarily in absolute terms.<br />
85
Table 4.7: Urban Concentration Groups (2001)<br />
Group<br />
Number of<br />
towns % Number Population % Population<br />
Kimberley (1) 11 9.6 287 387 40.3<br />
Kuruman (2) 12 10.4 92 699 13.0<br />
Upington (3) 23 20.0 104 522 14.7<br />
Springbok (4) 10 8.7 45 541 6.4<br />
Rest (5) 59 51.3 182 634 25.6<br />
Total 115 100.0 712 783 100.0<br />
Figure 4.2: <strong>Spatial</strong> town Consentrations in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province<br />
86
• <strong>The</strong> unbalanced character of the towns is rooted in their reason for existence (Table 4.3a).<br />
<strong>The</strong> most prevalent economic base functions amongst the province’s towns are the<br />
combination of Agricultural/Service centres (50%) and Mining (20%). <strong>The</strong>se functions are<br />
usually quite vulnerable to external economic forces and require special attention.<br />
• It is significant that the lower <strong>Development</strong> Potential categories correlate with smaller<br />
towns, while the larger towns demonstrate higher potential (Table 4.3c). In the case of<br />
Human Needs distribution, the pattern is not so marked although there is a tendency for<br />
the larger towns to be better off (Table 4.3b).<br />
• Regarding the proposed Investment Type (Table 4.3d) it is significant that 54% of the 115<br />
towns qualify for only Basic Service or Social Capital investment, as is suggested in the<br />
NSDP (See Section 2.2.1). Only 31 towns qualify for Infrastructural Capital investment.<br />
In Figure 3.8 they demonstrate clear signs of High <strong>Development</strong> Potential. Another 22<br />
towns also qualify for consideration in this category, but their position may change<br />
because of their ‘transitional status’ on the intersection point of the axes (Figure 3.8 and<br />
Table 3.7). Actually, there are 34 towns in flux in this grey area. <strong>The</strong>se towns have a<br />
possibility of moving to any of the four quadrants in the short term if significant changes<br />
in the towns’ profile should occur. <strong>The</strong>refore, the town profile results should be verified<br />
qualitatively and in consultation with local role players when investment decisions are<br />
necessary.<br />
(ii) MUNICIPALITIES<br />
• <strong>The</strong> 32 municipalities of the province provide the spatial and administrative structure<br />
within which the 115 towns operate at a regional scale.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> average population size of the municipalities is 33 000 inhabitants, with only four<br />
larger than 68 380 (Table 4.5). <strong>The</strong>se are //Khara Hais, Ga-Segonyana and Moshaweng,<br />
while Sol Plaatjie is the primary administrative seat.<br />
• 26 (81%) of the units register <strong>Development</strong> Potential levels at the lower end, within Low<br />
and Medium categories (Table 4.6b), while 11 (34%) of the municipalities are classified<br />
with alarmingly High and Very High Human Needs (Table 4.6a).<br />
• When all towns and rural areas in each municipality is evaluated for an appropriate<br />
Investment Type it is disturbing that 19 (60%) of the units do not reach the required level<br />
for Infrastructure Capital Investment (Table 4.6c), although certain towns within its<br />
boundaries do qualify. <strong>The</strong> 10 municipalities located in the outright High <strong>Development</strong><br />
Potential quadrants (Figure 3.15 and Table 4.4) are crucial for future provincial strategic<br />
87
decisions. <strong>The</strong>se are: //Khara Hais, Gamagara, Ga-Segonyana, Kgalagadi, Moshaweng,<br />
Nama Khoi, Phokwane’ Richtersveld, Sol Plaatje and Umsobomvu.<br />
• An important component for the measurement of development potential is related to the<br />
temporal change as this is an indication of past growth patterns. In Table 3.10 and Figure<br />
3.20 the following municipalities obtained the best <strong>Development</strong> Potential levels: Ga-<br />
Segonyana, Namakwa, Umsobomvu, Sol Plaatje, Kgatelopele. //Khara Hais, Kgalagadi,<br />
Khai-Ma.<br />
(iii) SPATIAL PATTERNS<br />
• <strong>The</strong> spatial location of various groups of settlements described in the previous sections are<br />
of vital importance for the <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework (PSDF) of the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
• Table 3.6 and Figure 3.3 identifies which towns has the best <strong>Development</strong> Potential<br />
(Kimberley, Upington, Kuruman and Springbok), whilst those with the best Human Needs<br />
levels are Koiingnas, Kleinzee, Alexanderbaai and Kathu (Figure 3.5). Table 3.6 also<br />
indicates the worst-off <strong>Development</strong> Potential towns (Klipfontein, Philanderbron,<br />
Riemvasmaak and Spoegrivier) and towns with the worst-off Human Needs levels<br />
(Holpan, Kheis, Nourivier and Groenwater).<br />
• <strong>The</strong> spatial distribution patterns of towns according to the <strong>Development</strong> Potential Index<br />
(Figure 3.3) and according to their Human Needs Index (Figure 3.4) suggest certain<br />
salient trends.<br />
(i) <strong>Development</strong> Potential: Towns with High and Very High potential are more<br />
prevalent in the more productive eastern part of the province. <strong>The</strong> western part is<br />
not well endowed with High Potential towns. On the other hand, Low<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Potential settlements are mainly concentrated along the West Coast<br />
and the interior Karoo, the Orange River valley and a few isolated towns in the far<br />
north..<br />
(ii) Human Needs: <strong>The</strong> neediest towns with the worst quality of life levels are also<br />
located in the eastern parts of the province, as well as along the Orange River<br />
valley and in southern Namaqualand.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> three Composite indices supporting the <strong>Development</strong> Potential structure of the towns<br />
are of great value to understand the individual profiles (Table 3.6 and Figures 3.5–3.7). It<br />
is mainly the western and north-eastern mining towns and the agricultural orientated<br />
towns in the Orange River valley that display the highest Resource Potential scores (i.e.<br />
88
Kimberley, Pampierstad, Kathu, Upington, Groblershoop, Orania and Springbok). In<br />
terms of the Infrastructure theme the larger established centres achieved the highest<br />
ratings (i.e. Kimberley, Upington, Calvinia, Colesberg and De Aar). With repect to<br />
Economic Activities, the same pattern is reflected in the larger centres, where a self-<br />
generating economy of scale is in operation (i.e. Kimberley, Upington, Kuruman,<br />
Pampierstad, De Aar and Springbok). In this regard it is significant that towns like<br />
Ritchie, Hartswater and Jan Kempdorp, with its irrigation-agricultural economic base,<br />
performed very competitively. ∗<br />
• At a generalised level Table 3.8 and Figures 3.10–3.14 present the municipalities with<br />
good and poor development performance and municipalities with high and low human<br />
needs. In Figure 3.10 and Table 4.6b only six municipalities are rated High and Very High<br />
on the <strong>Development</strong> Potential scale.<br />
• As expected, the latter municipalities usually also accommodate the better-off<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Potential towns. While eight of the towns with High and Very High<br />
development potential are located in municipalities with equal development potential<br />
ratings, 82 of the Medium and Low <strong>Development</strong> Potential towns are located in<br />
municipalities with the same lower order status (Table 4.8).<br />
• On the other hand, the co-incidence of towns and municipalities with the same Human<br />
Need level is not so clear cut, i.e. 16 towns with Medium/Low/Very Low ratings are<br />
situated in municipalities with High Needs levels (Table 4.9). Eleven municipalities<br />
display High and Very High Needs scores. From Figure 3.18 it appears that the location of<br />
better-off towns and municipalities do not co-incide very well – an indication that poverty<br />
showes up throughout the province. Naturally, there are many exceptions to this broad<br />
generalisation patterns which should be explained for individual cases.<br />
Table 4.8 Cross-tabulation of Town and Municipality <strong>Development</strong> classes<br />
Town<br />
<strong>Development</strong><br />
Municipality <strong>Development</strong> Class<br />
Class<br />
Low Medium High Very High Total<br />
Low 10 (45.4) 22 (31.9) 2 (9.1) 0 34 (29.6%)<br />
Medium 11 (50.0) 39 (56.5) 14 (63.6) 0 64 (55.7%)<br />
High 1 (4.6) 8 (11.6) 5 (22.7) 1 (50.0) 15 (13.0%)<br />
Very High 0 0 1 (4.6) 1 (50.0) 2 (1.7%)<br />
Total 22 (100.0%) 69 (100.0%) 22 (100.0%) 2 (100.0%) 115 (100.0%)<br />
∗ It should be pointed out that by using relative measures such as percentages and z-scores instead of absolute<br />
numbers as input for the calculation of indices, afforded smaller centres an equal opportunity to perform against<br />
the bigger centres.<br />
89
Table 4.9 Cross-tabulation of Town and Municipality Need classes<br />
Town Need<br />
Municipality Need Class<br />
Class Very Low Low Medium High Total<br />
Very Low 1 (33.3) 5 (11.6) 3 (7.3) 1 (3.6) 10 (8.7%)<br />
Low 1 (33.3) 12 (27.9) 4 (9.8) 2 (7.1) 19 (16.5%)<br />
Medium 1 (33.3) 18 (41.9) 17 (41.5) 13 (46.4) 49 (42.6%)<br />
High 0 8 (18.6) 14 (34.1) 11 (39.3) 33 (28.7%)<br />
Very High 0 0 3 (7.3) 1 (3.6) 4 (3.5%)<br />
Total 3 (100.0%) 43 (100.0%) 41 (100.0%) 28 (100.0%) 115 (100.0%)<br />
4.4 Internal focus on individual town profiles<br />
A local <strong>Development</strong> profile for each of the 115 towns and 32 municipalities, focussing on<br />
the results in the previous sections, creates the platform for a detailed diagnoses and future<br />
development strategy. By way of example a town profile and a corresponding municipality<br />
profile were selected (as indicated in Table 4.10) and displayed in the form of a set of<br />
histograms) Figures 4.3-4.7) for each of the development classes previously identified in<br />
Figure 3.3:<br />
Table 4.10: Selected Towns and Municipalities for histogram display<br />
Town <strong>Development</strong> Corresponding Figure nr<br />
Potential Municipality<br />
Upington Very High //Khara Hais 4.3<br />
Springbok High Nama Khoi 4.4<br />
Alexander Bay Upper-Medium Richtersveld 4.5<br />
Windsorton Lower-Medium Dikgatlong 4.6<br />
Riemvasmaak Low Kai !Garib 4.7<br />
90
Figure 4.3: Example of a town in a ‘Very High <strong>Development</strong>’ class and its municipality<br />
91
Figure 4.4: Example of a town in a ‘High <strong>Development</strong>’ class and its municipality<br />
92
Figure 4.5: Example of a town in an ‘Upper-Medium <strong>Development</strong>’ class and its<br />
municipality<br />
93
Figure 4.6: Example of a town in a ‘Lower-Medium <strong>Development</strong>’ class and its<br />
municipality<br />
94
Figure 4.7: Example of a town in a ‘Low <strong>Development</strong>’ class and its municipality<br />
95
4.5 Case study: <strong>Development</strong> profile of Springbok<br />
Springbok provides a case study on the methodology that could be executed on any other<br />
town or municipality in the province. <strong>The</strong> output in the form of tables, diagrams and maps for<br />
all 115 towns in the province could be subjected to the same methodology should the need<br />
arise. <strong>The</strong> town’s comprehensive development profile is presented for each of the nine<br />
Indicator groups, as well as the Composite Indicators (refer back to Table 3.2), and presented<br />
in a histogram (Figure 4.4). Each column represents the performance level a specific<br />
development component in relation to the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> provincial average (zero-line).<br />
<strong>The</strong>refore these columns are an indication of each component’s relative position amongst the<br />
115 towns in the province, and should not be interpreted in absolute terms.<br />
At rank 4 on the overarching <strong>Development</strong> Potential scale (where position 1 represent the<br />
best situation), Springbok is characterised by a High profile, well articulated for a favourable<br />
development niche as a regional urban centre in the Western part of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and<br />
Namaqualand. <strong>The</strong> main contributors to this general standing are Human Resources,<br />
Institutional Services and Commercial Services (Figure 4.4): <strong>The</strong> town, therefore, scores very<br />
good on Composite Resources, as well as Composite Infrastructure indices. Market Size and<br />
Property Market display the weakest components in the town’s development profile and<br />
should be investigated further in s follow-up study. (<strong>The</strong> definitions of the individual<br />
indicators in Table 3.4 put these findings in perspective.)<br />
<strong>The</strong> Human Needs index has a strong Low poverty level at rank 11 (rank 1 indicates the best<br />
situation), implying that the quality of life in Springbok compares relatively favourable in<br />
relation to the provincial average. When the town’s specific <strong>Development</strong> Potential index is<br />
integrated with its Human Needs index, Springbok is a strong candidate for Infrastructure<br />
Capital Investment, supplemented by Basic Services upliftment if needed.(as suggested by the<br />
NSDP, 2006). This is because of the towns’ position in the High development potential and<br />
Low human needs quadrant (Figure 3.8)<br />
<strong>The</strong> town and municipality experience political and managerial stability, which should<br />
enhance the endeavours of economic development and strengthen democracy through<br />
community participation in a co-operative governance system. Being the head office seat of<br />
the Namaqua District Municipality and the Nama Khoi Local Municipality, Springbok<br />
functions as an administrative and regional service centre for the extensive Namaqualand in<br />
96
the western part of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province. At the same time the town functions as a<br />
government sub-regional centre for several of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> departments,<br />
including a regional office for the Premier. Springbok is located in a strategic position not<br />
only in relation to its surrounding hinterland, but also with regard to the N7 and N14 transport<br />
routes. <strong>The</strong>se two national roads converge at the town, the N7 connecting the Western <strong>Cape</strong><br />
with Namibia, while the N14 links Springbok with Upington/Kimberley and further eastwards<br />
to other provinces of South Africa. Springbok performs a prominent role along the West<br />
Coast/N7 <strong>Development</strong> Corridor between <strong>Cape</strong> Town and Namibia as indicated in the<br />
Western <strong>Cape</strong> PSDF (2005) policy document..<br />
<strong>The</strong> town’s development profile in Figure 4.4 displays a reasonable diversified economic<br />
base, which is fundamental to the success of any regional urban center. This position points to<br />
a sound confidence level for sustained economic development outcomes, especially if the<br />
weaker components of the Composite Economic Activities indicator could be stimulated. For<br />
this purpose the already well established component of Human Resources, Institutional<br />
Services and Commercial Services should be further utilized. <strong>The</strong> regional development<br />
profile of the Nama Khoi municipality, in which the town is one of ten settlements, greatly<br />
reflects that of Springbok.<br />
<strong>The</strong> economic base of Springbok depends mainly on agriculture (stock framing), mining and<br />
tourism as the traditional anchor activities. It has a central market place character providing in<br />
the shopping, administrative, educational and other service requirements of the region. <strong>The</strong><br />
downscaling of mining activities in the surrounding settlements over the past years not only<br />
resulted in job losses which impact negatively on families, but emphasizes the need for further<br />
diversification of the economy. Springbok has a well-developed business and service sector to<br />
meet the needs of the farming and surrounding mining communities of Aggeneys, Okiep,<br />
Kleinzee, Port Nolloth, Garies, Steinkopf, etc. This puts the town in a very suitable position to<br />
supply a wide hinterland with higher-order shopping goods and regional services. <strong>The</strong> range<br />
of its services transcends provincial and even international boundaries. <strong>The</strong> town’s diversified<br />
economy includes a range of retail shops, offices, as well as business and community services.<br />
A good infrastructure system already supports town development, while there is ample land<br />
available for future spatial expansion of the urban area. <strong>The</strong> settlement also has sufficient<br />
good-quality water sources such as from the Orange River for urban expansion. A possible<br />
97
ailway line connection, as well as the upgrading of the air strip in Springbok and the nearby<br />
Port Nolloth harbour, could further enhance the connectivity and transportation infrastructure.<br />
If a larger proportion of “drive-through visitors” can be converted into “overnight visitors”,<br />
the tourist component and the town’s economic base could be strengthened. Facilities and<br />
marketing campaigns should be initiated to persuade visitors to remain longer in the town.<br />
This will lead to new economic vitality in the growing eco-tourism sector, utilising the unique<br />
sense of place of the serene Namaqualand/Richtersveld with its distinctive topography, flora<br />
and cultural attributes. <strong>The</strong> overall arid nature of the area resulted in large farms with a<br />
sparsely distributed population over an extenxive area. This semi-desert situation however<br />
also created one of the most significant biodiversity areas in the world, which can be<br />
positively exploited for tourism and scientific purposes.<br />
Taking all the evidence into account, Springbok has a very promising development potential.<br />
<strong>The</strong> prospects for sustained economic growth and social needs development appear very<br />
favourable. Most of the development factors support the town’s undisputed niche as a<br />
regional urban centre for Namaqualand.<br />
<strong>The</strong> vision of the Namakwa municipal district creates a positive framework for development:<br />
“<strong>The</strong> establishment of a development-orientated and economically viable region to ensure<br />
sustainable growth in order to establish, improve and promote committed strong local<br />
structures, within the Namakwa region” (IDP, 2006: p6). Some of the public policy<br />
instruments built in these initiatives are: Integrated economic development; Effective service<br />
provision; Eradicating poverty; Private sector investment; Opportunities for local and external<br />
entrepreneurs through partnerships; Black Economic Empowerment; Job creation and<br />
infrastructure through LED initiatives; a SMME focus; skills and capacity building; Integrated<br />
spatial development linking Springbok and Bergsig in a north-south corridor; etc. A<br />
Shopping/Business Centre in Springbok is also in the planning phase for future development.<br />
<strong>The</strong> following integrative summary provides a synoptic guide of the town’s development<br />
profile:<br />
• Municipality: Nama Khoi (Local) and Namakwa (District)<br />
• Population size of town: 10 300 (2001)<br />
• Population size of local municipality: 41 000 (2001)<br />
• Economic base of town: Regional service centre (based on Agricultural/Mining/Tourism)<br />
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• Place identity of town: Namaqualand’s serene natural and cultural heritage<br />
• <strong>Development</strong> Potential class (town): High (Rank 4 of 115 towns)<br />
• <strong>Development</strong> Potential class (local municipality): High (rank 5 of 32 units)<br />
• Change tendency of <strong>Development</strong> Potential (local municipality): Average to positive<br />
(Rank 16 of 32)<br />
• Human Needs class (town): Low (Rank 11 of 115 towns)<br />
• Human Needs class (local municipality): Low (Rank 8 of 32 units)<br />
• Change tendency of Human Needs (local municipality): Average to positive (rank 16 of<br />
32 units)<br />
• Suggested Investment Strategy (town): Infrastructure Capital, supplemented by Basic<br />
Services<br />
• Suggested Investment Strategy (local municipality): Infrastructure Capital, supplemented<br />
by Basic Services<br />
99
CHAPTER 5<br />
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
5.1 General investment typology<br />
• Table 5.1 summarises the proposed investment type for each of the 115 towns and 32<br />
municipalities according to the statistical prescriptions of the two respective scatter<br />
diagrams (Figures 3.8 and 3.9; 3.15 and 3.16). <strong>The</strong>re are 41 towns where the town and<br />
municipality investment classes are in agreement and thus represent a higher degree of<br />
certainty on the suggested investment class.<br />
• Furthermore, the 29 towns in bold lettering (Table 5.1) represent situations where both the<br />
town and municipality investment classes possess a component of “infrastructure capital<br />
investment”, i.e. settlements with a higher development potential.<br />
• This procedure gives effect to the guidelines in the National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Strategy<br />
(NSDP, 2006) and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy (PGDS, 2010).<br />
Table 5.2 match the respective categories in this regard.<br />
• Such a clinical exercise, however, does not take all the complex nuances into<br />
consideration that characterise the different towns and municipalities. <strong>The</strong>refore, this<br />
merely represents a ‘suggested model’ and point of departure for further discussion and<br />
negotiations with all the relevant role players.<br />
Table 5.1: Proposed investment strategy for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> towns<br />
Town Town Investment Municipality Municipal Investment<br />
Agreement<br />
between town<br />
and<br />
municipal<br />
investment<br />
classes<br />
Aggeneys Basic Khâi-Ma Basic Yes<br />
Alexander Bay Infra and Basic Richtersveld Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Alheit Social Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Augrabies Social Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Barkly West Infra and Social Dikgatlong Social No<br />
Blackrock Basic Kgalagadi Infra and Basic No<br />
Boegoeberg Social !Kheis Social Yes<br />
Brandvlei Social* Hantam Basic No<br />
Britstown Infra and Social* Emthanjeni Basic No<br />
100
Buffelsrivier Social* Nama Khoi Infra and Basic No<br />
Calvinia Infra and Basic Hantam Basic No<br />
Campbell Social Siyancuma Infra and Social* No<br />
Carnarvon Infra and Basic* Kareeberg Social No<br />
Carolusberg Infra and Basic Nama Khoi Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Cillie Social Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Colesberg Infra and Social Umsobomvu Infra and Social Yes<br />
Concordia Basic Nama Khoi Infra and Basic No<br />
Danielskuil Basic Kgatelopele Basic Yes<br />
De Aar Infra and Basic Emthanjeni Basic No<br />
Delportshoop Infra and Social Dikgatlong Social No<br />
Dibeng Social* Gamagara Infra and Basic No<br />
Dingleton Infra and Basic* Gamagara Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Douglas Infra and Social Siyancuma Infra and Social* Yes<br />
Eksteenfontein Social Richtersveld Infra and Basic No<br />
Fraserburg Infra and Basic* Karoo Hoogland Infra and Basic* Yes<br />
Gannaput Social !Kheis Social Yes<br />
Garies Infra and Basic Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Goedgedacht Social Tsantsabane Basic* No<br />
Griekwastad Infra and Social* Siyancuma Infra and Social* Yes<br />
Groblershoop Infra and Basic !Kheis Social No<br />
Groenwater Social Tsantsabane Basic* No<br />
Groot Mier Basic Mier Social No<br />
Grootdrink Social !Kheis Social Yes<br />
Hanover Infra and Social Emthanjeni Basic No<br />
Hartswater Infra and Basic Phokwane Infra and Social No<br />
Holpan Social Dikgatlong Social Yes<br />
Hondeklip Bay Basic Kamiesberg Basic* Yes<br />
Hopetown Infra and Social <strong>The</strong>mbelihle Social* No<br />
Hotazel Basic Kgalagadi Infra and Basic No<br />
Jan Kempdorp Infra and Social Phokwane Infra and Social Yes<br />
Kakamas Infra and Basic* Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Kamieskroon Infra and Basic Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Karkams Social* Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Karos Infra and Social* //Khara Hais Infra and Basic No<br />
Kathu Infra and Basic Gamagara Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Keimoes Infra and Basic* Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Kenhardt Social Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Kheis Social Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Khubus Social Richtersveld Infra and Basic No<br />
Kimberley Infra and Basic Sol Plaatje Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Kleinzee Infra and Basic Nama Khoi Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Klipfontein Social Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Klippunt Social //Khara Hais Infra and Basic No<br />
Koingnaas Basic Kamiesberg Basic* Yes<br />
Komaggas Basic Nama Khoi Infra and Basic No<br />
Kuruman Infra and Social Ga-Segonyana Infra and Social Yes<br />
Lambrechtsdrif Social //Khara Hais Infra and Basic No<br />
Leerkrans Social //Khara Hais Infra and Basic No<br />
Lekkersing Social Richtersveld Infra and Basic No<br />
Leliefontein Social Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Lennetsville Social Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Lime Acres Infra and Basic Kgatelopele Basic No<br />
Loeriesfontein Infra and Basic* Hantam Basic No<br />
Louisvale Social //Khara Hais Infra and Basic No<br />
Loxton Infra and Social* Ubuntu Social No<br />
Loxtonberg Social Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
101
Lutzburg Social* Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Marchand Social Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Marydale Social Siyathemba Social Yes<br />
Nababeep Infra and Basic Nama Khoi Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Niekerkshoop Social* Siyathemba Social Yes<br />
Nieuwoudtville Infra and Basic* Hantam Basic No<br />
Norvalspont Infra and Social Umsobomvu Infra and Social Yes<br />
Noupoort Infra and Social* Umsobomvu Infra and Social Yes<br />
Nourivier Social Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Okiep Infra and Basic Nama Khoi Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Olifantshoek Infra and Social* Gamagara Infra and Basic No<br />
Onseepkans Social Khâi-Ma Basic No<br />
Orania Infra and Basic <strong>The</strong>mbelihle Social* No<br />
Pampierstad Infra and Social Phokwane Infra and Social Yes<br />
Paulshoek Social Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Pella Social Khâi-Ma Basic No<br />
Petrusville Infra and Social* Renosterberg Social No<br />
Philandersbron Social Mier Social Yes<br />
Phillipstown Infra and Social* Renosterberg Social No<br />
Pofadder Basic* Khâi-Ma Basic Yes<br />
Port Nolloth Infra and Basic Richtersveld Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Postmasburg Infra and Basic Tsantsabane Basic* Yes<br />
Prieska Infra and Basic* Siyathemba Social No<br />
Raaswater Social* //Khara Hais Infra and Basic No<br />
Richmond Infra and Social* Ubuntu Social No<br />
Riemvasmaak Social Kai !Garib Infra and Social* No<br />
Rietfontein Social Mier Social Yes<br />
Ritchie Infra and Social Sol Plaatje Infra and Basic No<br />
Sanddrif Basic Richtersveld Infra and Basic No<br />
Schmidtsdrift Social Siyancuma Infra and Social* No<br />
Spoegrivier Social Kamiesberg Basic* No<br />
Springbok Infra and Basic Nama Khoi Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Steinkopf Infra and Basic* Nama Khoi Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Strydenburg Social* <strong>The</strong>mbelihle Social* No<br />
Stutterheim Social !Kheis Social Yes<br />
Sutherland Infra and Basic* Karoo Hoogland Infra and Basic* Yes<br />
Swartkop Social //Khara Hais Infra and Basic No<br />
Ulco Basic Dikgatlong Social No<br />
Upington Infra and Basic //Khara Hais Infra and Basic Yes<br />
Van Wyksvlei Social* Kareeberg Social Yes<br />
Van Zylsrus Social Kgalagadi Infra and Basic No<br />
Vanderkloof Infra and Basic Renosterberg Social No<br />
Victoria West Infra and Basic* Ubuntu Social No<br />
Vioolsdrif Social* Nama Khoi Infra and Basic No<br />
Vosburg Basic* Kareeberg Social No<br />
Warrenton Infra and Social* Magareng Social No<br />
Wegdraai Social !Kheis Social Yes<br />
Williston Infra and Basic* Karoo Hoogland Infra and Basic* Yes<br />
Windsorton Social Dikgatlong Social Yes<br />
∗ Towns and municipalities in the transition zone (see Figures 3.8 and 3.15)<br />
102
Table 5.2: Suggested Investment categories<br />
Category <strong>Development</strong> & Needs Classes of<br />
Number<br />
No. Towns<br />
Investment Emphasis of towns<br />
NSDP NCPGDS<br />
1 High <strong>Development</strong> Established • Basic Service<br />
Potential<br />
Low Human Needs<br />
Growth Centres • Infrastructure Capital 32<br />
2 High <strong>Development</strong> Emerging • Basic Services<br />
Potential<br />
Growth • Infrastructure Capital 49<br />
High Human Needs Centres • Social/Human Capital<br />
3 Low <strong>Development</strong> Stagnating • Social/Human Capital 21<br />
Potential<br />
High Human Needs<br />
Small Towns<br />
4 Low <strong>Development</strong> Special Case • Basic Services 13<br />
Potential<br />
Low Human Needs<br />
Towns<br />
5 - Transitional • Adaptable in regard to -<br />
Towns<br />
nrs 1-4<br />
6 - Traditional • Moshaweng requires<br />
Rural<br />
Settlements<br />
further investigation 154∗<br />
∗Number of settlements registered in the 2001 Population Census<br />
5.2 Proposed Leader Towns<br />
<strong>The</strong> centres that will serve as the main growth engines for regional and social development in<br />
the province are identified with reference to the findings of this study. Table 5.1, as well as all<br />
the previous tables, maps and histograms supplement such a complex evaluation and decision.<br />
<strong>The</strong> spatial location of the selected towns are also considered to mobilize optimal trickledown<br />
benefits for the surrounding lower order towns with only a marginal development<br />
potential and high community needs. <strong>The</strong> challenge to devise a more equitable spatial<br />
development strategy for the province could be tackled via rational choices for future town<br />
development and appropriate investment strategies. In this process the provision of services<br />
over the entire provincial space could be structured more efficiently.<br />
A starting point for a selection of towns for substantial Infrastructural Capital investment are<br />
the following six established growth centres: Kimberley, Upington, Kuruman, Springbok<br />
and Colesberg, while either Calvinia or De Aar could be added on account of their<br />
accessibility and centrality in the vast Karoo region. Other towns could also be considered and<br />
added in the same way depending on the special niche to be filled, but it is doubtful whether<br />
103
the population numbers and economic base of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province can support more<br />
than six leader towns.<br />
5.3 Salient research results<br />
In meeting the aims of the study in section 1.2, significant observations and results were<br />
recorded. Synoptically, the salient conclusions are:<br />
• <strong>The</strong> 115 individual town and 32 municipal profiles exhibit distinct spatial inequalities<br />
on the various <strong>Development</strong> Potential and Human Needs indices, as well as the<br />
Capital Investment categories (Figures 3.3 - 3.22).<br />
• 17 (15%) of the towns score positive (High/Very High) <strong>Development</strong> Potential values.<br />
Conversely, 34 (30%) of the towns register a negative (Low) value. <strong>The</strong> remaining 64<br />
Medium ranked towns hold an intermediate position in line with the provincial mean.<br />
• Significant for future development strategies, centres with a proven development<br />
record are of paramount importance as potential ‘growth engine’ nodes for their<br />
respective regions (Table 3.6 and Figure 3.3). <strong>The</strong>y should be priority targets for<br />
Infrastructural Capital Investment from government in order to enhance sustainable<br />
and balanced economic development throughout the province (Table 3.7, Figure 3.9<br />
and Table 5.1).<br />
• Relative to the provincial mean, the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> has 37 (32%) of its towns<br />
experiencing High or Very High Human Needs index levels (Table 3.7 and Figure<br />
3.4). <strong>The</strong>se towns should especially be targeted for Social Capital Investment from<br />
government (Table 3.7 and Figure 3.19).<br />
• Only 17 towns registered a substantial loss in absolute population numbers between<br />
the 1996 and 2001 census dates and even then some of these shifts may be due to<br />
urban boundary changes. But positive population growth is not necessarily an<br />
indicator of urban development. On the contrary, a large population (or high growth<br />
rate) may burden development resources and for that reason some smaller towns<br />
displayed a higher development potential than several larger towns.<br />
• Various reasons for the relatively slow/negative growth obtained in certain towns and<br />
municipalities - versus strong/positive growth experienced in others - can be<br />
advanced. <strong>The</strong>se causes, linked to the multi-dimensional set of growth criteria<br />
described in section 2.13, erode the towns’ economic bases. Each settlement<br />
demonstrates a unique town profile in accordance with the quantitative indicators<br />
(Addendum 1.1 and 1.2) on which they scored positive and negative values. From<br />
104
these profiles the following overarching causes for retarded town growth may be<br />
105<br />
deduced:<br />
- Technological transformation, linked to faster motorcars on better roads,<br />
railroad electrification and computer/internet networking that facilitate more<br />
efficient and rapid interaction with a multitude of urban places at an increasing<br />
global scale. Towns that do not adapt to these changes may suffer negative<br />
consequences.<br />
- Economic transformation includes a fundamental shift from primary economic<br />
activities (e.g. fishing, mining and agriculture) to higher order service<br />
industries (e.g. IT, financial and professional services), that eroded the original<br />
reason for the existence of many towns.<br />
- Human behavioural transformation amongst modern and post-modern urban<br />
dwellers redefines inter alia recreation preferences, retirement patterns and<br />
general lifestyle preferences. Residents continually develop new expectations<br />
and demands to which town structures must respond in order to survive and to<br />
continue occupying a niche function in the province’s urban system.<br />
- Management capacity and leadership reflected in the quantity and quality of<br />
local municipal and provincial staff contingents and other decision making role<br />
players in the communities. In the absence of clear development visions and<br />
concomitant management skills, local authorities are reluctant to launch robust<br />
initiatives to counter negative growth tendencies and to capitalize on their<br />
positive attributes.<br />
- Many towns fail to capitalize optimally on their inherent development<br />
potential. Certain settlements misinterpret their potential and embark on futile<br />
initiatives that are not aligned with their resource base and development profile.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y do not, therefore, maximise their real economic and resource assets.<br />
- Some towns simply lack sufficient resources to support inherent economic<br />
sustainability of the settlement. According to their town profiles and associated<br />
growth indicators, their future development prospects seem bleak and further<br />
external infrastructural investment in these towns should be minimized.<br />
• In some urban centres unrealistic expectations prevail regarding the role that tourism<br />
might fulfil as an economic growth mechanism for the town. Governments of developing<br />
countries often consider tourism a desirable route to accelerated economic development.<br />
However, the development of tourism in any given location requires that several key
elements combine to produce conditions conducive to growth. Usually they are: Natural<br />
106<br />
and cultural resources and attractions, infrastructure, investment, labour and strategic<br />
vision. Tourism is a resource based industry, dependent for its basic appeal upon nature’s<br />
endowment and society’s heritage. Although many towns in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> possess<br />
the resources and attractions to support tourism development, local and national<br />
competition as well as various competitive elements has to consider. Other prerequisites<br />
are still absent from some <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> towns, i.e. tourism infrastructure, marketing,<br />
potential investors and appropriately skilled labour.<br />
• A number of towns possess a unique place identity and should therefore be preserved to<br />
qualitatively enrich the province’s urban character. <strong>The</strong>se identities mainly relate to<br />
unique natural features, cultural heritage, and human and economic activities for which<br />
these settlements became renowned or that provided the inhabitants with a special sense of<br />
belonging and purpose. Although some of these towns lack a vibrant economic base, they<br />
may deserve government protection. Quite often the tourism function plays a role in such<br />
cases. In a follow-up study the qualitative evaluation of the province’s settlements should<br />
highlight this element.<br />
• In many towns segregation and disparities inherited from the apartheid era are still visible<br />
in various forms, especially in spatial and institutional structures, as well as in some<br />
residents’ perceptions and behaviour. Intentions and resolutions in this regard are<br />
generally well documented, but implementation is slow. This is probably one of the<br />
reasons for the persistence of high levels of human needs in many towns.<br />
5.4 Recommendations<br />
Although the results of the study expose various opportunities for significant intervention and<br />
galvanizing of development actions, the report suggests some salient actions for<br />
implementation. We recommend:<br />
• <strong>The</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Government of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> should stratify the province’s towns in a<br />
spatial development framework based on the classification of settlements in the respective<br />
<strong>Development</strong> and Needs categories (Table 3.6; Figure 3.3 and 3.4).<br />
• <strong>The</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Government should align its future urban investment strategy with the<br />
fivefold investment typology developed in Section 5.1 (Table 5.1 and 5.2; Figure 3.19).<br />
However, authorities are urged to implement such a scheme with appropriate caution not<br />
to jeopardize the unique context of specific places. This report merely presents the
empirical profiles as a point of departure for further deliberation between the affected<br />
parties.<br />
• Municipalities should use the town profiles presented in Chapter 4 and in Addendum 4 as<br />
a guideline for gauging future development initiatives on a local scale in their respective<br />
urban centres. In this process individual towns and municipalities may need further<br />
107<br />
investigation and interpretation to unpack the profiles in greater detail to expose specific<br />
local situations (see the case study of Springbok in Section 4.5).<br />
• <strong>The</strong> report, in conjunction with the relevant local policy and strategy documents, should<br />
be used to inform possible investors, entrepreneurs and developers, of the most<br />
appropriate locations and economic components that will best serve development and<br />
community needs in the province.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> information and results should be incorporated selectively as input to the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework (PSDF).<br />
• <strong>The</strong> results of this research and its possible implications should be conveyed very<br />
sensitively to relevant role players at various levels and locations, emphasizing the context<br />
of the scientific procedure applied in the study. In this regard the report serves as a<br />
discussion document for further deliberation and consultation before final decisionmaking<br />
and implementation.<br />
5.5 Future study and investigation<br />
• This study should be repeated after five years in order to monitor changes to the factual<br />
situation over time. Municipalities and other relevant role players should understand that<br />
the findings of this report are not necessarily cast in stone, but that new information could<br />
yield different results in certain cases.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> quantitative town profiling in this study should be supplemented and integrated with a<br />
thorough qualitative self-evaluation from the local role-players. This exercise should<br />
highlight the various centres’ strong points for future economic and social development.<br />
<strong>The</strong> process could be used by local decision-makers to rethink the role their towns play<br />
within a municipal, regional, provincial and national context. In this process the site visits<br />
and personal interviews at each municipality will enhance the identification of the ‘sense<br />
of place’ in each town.<br />
• Each municipality could benefit by a detailed analysis of their unique town profiles<br />
displayed in a general way in this report. In this way, role players can find out what they<br />
can do to improve the economic status of their towns.
<strong>The</strong> National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Perspective (NSDP) and <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong><br />
Strategy (PSDF) that required this study provides a unique enabling platform for spatial<br />
development at various scales in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province. <strong>The</strong> responsibility for either<br />
utilizing the designated potential or alternatively, coping with the lack of growth potential,<br />
rests equally on the shoulders of the local authorities, private entrepreneurship and on the<br />
provincial government. In doing so this report can contribute significantly to the fulfilment of<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> vision “to build a prosperous, sustainable and growing provincial<br />
economy, to reduce poverty and improve social development”.<br />
108
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Carter, H. 1981. <strong>The</strong> study of Urban Geography. London: Edward Arnold.<br />
Cheshire, P. 1990. Explaining the recent performance of the European Community’s major<br />
urban regions. Urban Studies 27: 311-33.<br />
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July 2011.<br />
Economic <strong>Development</strong> Agency. 2011. EDA Discussion Document. <strong>Provincial</strong> Government<br />
of the Western <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>Cape</strong> Town.<br />
Evans, H.E. 1992. A virtuous circle model of rural-urban development: Evidence from a<br />
Kenyan small town and its hinterland. Journal of <strong>Development</strong> 28: 640-667.<br />
Forum for the Future. 2005. <strong>The</strong> five capitals model (www.forumforthefuture.org.uk).<br />
Accessed on 29 July 2011.<br />
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development. Third World Planning Review 14: 131-148.<br />
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Washington, DC: Federal Housing Administration.<br />
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Krige, S., Schur, M. & Sippel, G. 1998. <strong>The</strong> identification of towns in the Free State for<br />
urban upgrading and development program: A proposed method for consideration.<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Southern Africa 15: 361-377.<br />
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Lloyd, N. & Horn, G. 2001. Local economic development in rural South African towns.<br />
Africa Insight 31:39-65.<br />
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New York City’s struggle to stay on top. International Journal of Urban and Regional<br />
Research 18: 168 -193.<br />
Moore, R.L. & Graefe, A.R. 1994. Attachments to recreation settings: the case of rail-trail<br />
users. Leisure Science 16: 17-31.<br />
National Urban <strong>Development</strong> Framework. 2009. Working draft prepared for Co-operative<br />
Governance and Traditional Affairs and the Presidency, in partnership with the Cities<br />
Network.<br />
Nel, E. 2005. Local Economic <strong>Development</strong> in South African small towns. In Nel E &<br />
Rogerson C.M. (eds): Local economic development in the developing world: the experience of<br />
Southern Africa, 253. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Rural <strong>Development</strong> Strategy Papers. 2010. Strategy Paper 3.<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy, 2004-2014 (Reviewed in<br />
2010).<br />
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Association of American Geographers 55: 539-48.<br />
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<strong>The</strong> Presidency. 2006. National <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Perspective (NSDP). Pretoria.<br />
Titus, M.J. & Hinderink, J. 1998. Town and hinterland in developing countries: perspectives<br />
on rural-urban interaction and regional development. Amsterdam: <strong>The</strong>la Publishers.<br />
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Van der Merwe, I.J. 1983. Die stad en sy omgewing. Stellenbosch: University Publishers..<br />
Van der Merwe, I.J., Ferreira, S. & Zietsman, H.L. 2005. An Investment strategy for effective<br />
town development in the Western <strong>Cape</strong>. Urban Forum 16: 295-312.<br />
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development. Habitat Debate 10, UN-Habitat.<br />
112
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK<br />
MINUTES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE REGARDING<br />
VOLUME 2<br />
1 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
1 INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>The</strong> Project Management Committee met on 1 November 2011 at the offices of the Department of<br />
Rural <strong>Development</strong> and Land Reform (DRD&LR) in Kimberley.<br />
<strong>The</strong> purpose of the meeting was to:<br />
a) Discuss Consultative Draft 1 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF and the comments received from the<br />
committee members prior to the meeting.<br />
b) Provide committee members and the service provider with an opportunity to address and<br />
clarify aspects of uncertainty.<br />
c) Reach concensus regarding the way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
d) Discuss the relationship between <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4 and the<br />
methodolgy and way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
<strong>The</strong> meeting was chaired by Mr Gerhard de Bruin of DRD&LR. <strong>The</strong> meeting was attended by the<br />
members listed in the table below.<br />
NAME ORGANISATION TEL CELL EMAIL<br />
G de Bruin DRDLR 0538325084 0828276264 GJdeBruin@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
SW vd Merwe DMP 0218870124 0823201741 sw@dmp.co.za<br />
S vd Merwe DMP 0218870124 0833240925 schalk@dmp.co.za<br />
H Marais DBSA 0720167849 henrim@dbsa.org<br />
S Benade DEDAT 0538394039 0827891653 sbenade@ncpg.gov.za<br />
S Grobbelaar COGHSTA 0538072836 0829270903 sgrobbelaar@ncpg.gov.za<br />
A Strachan Office of the<br />
Premier<br />
0734872664 astrachan@ncpg.gov.za<br />
A Kwayisi DRDLR 0123128766 0716865402 aakwayisi@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
K Moremi Office<br />
Premier<br />
of the 0538025107 0732147141 emoremi@ncpg.gov.za<br />
P Mangate DRDLR 0538325423 0762416651 psmangate@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
S Nollovu DRDLR 0538325423 0786299059 sjnollovu@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
G Bosman DEBAT 0538304800 0714103413 gbosman73@gmail.com<br />
17 Market St • P.O. Box 371 • Stellenbosch 7599 • SOUTH AFRICA<br />
Tel: +27 (0)21 887 0124 • Fax: +27 (0)21 886 5393 • email: info@dmp.co.za • website: www.dmp.co.za<br />
Dennis Moss Planners & Architects (Pty) Ltd. Reg. No. 2003/007711/07<br />
Directors: DF Moss, URP (SA) BA M (URP) M SAPI • GC de Klerk, URP (SA) B Econ M (URP) M SAPI • M Le Roux-Cloete, Pr Arch, BAS, B Arch (UCT), MIArch, CIA<br />
SW vd Merwe, Pr Sci Nat, NHD (Nature Conservation) SACNASP • JMH Lackay, Pr S Arch, T MIArch • PJ Niemann, Pr Arch, B Arch (UFS) MIArch, CIA
H Louw DEBAT 0538304800 0798830410 hlouwdiamond@iburst.co.za<br />
K Mouibidu DEBAT 0835425372 kmouibidu@ncpg@gov.za<br />
Apologies were received from Ms. L. Ahjum, Ms. R Jacobs, Ms. J. Meyer, Mr. Binase and Dr. J.<br />
Mostert.<br />
2 PRESENTATION<br />
<strong>The</strong> service provider made two short presentations respectively pertaining to (copy of each<br />
presentation appended under Annexure 1):<br />
a) Consultative Draft 1 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF.<br />
b) Way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
<strong>The</strong> service provider further submitted a report entitled Inventory of Completed Tasks and Way<br />
Forward (1 November 2011), the purpose of which is to serve as:<br />
(i) An inventory of the goals and objectives of the PSDF/PDRMP stipulated in the:<br />
• Terms of Reference in the Service Level Agreement.<br />
• Supplementary aspects listed in Annexure A of the Terms of Reference.<br />
• Objectives stated in the approved Inception Phase Report dated 24 February 2011.<br />
(ii) Summary of the status of the project as it relates to the tasks completed.<br />
(iii) Summary of the way forward as it relates addressing the aspects listed above.<br />
2.1 PRINCIPLES OF VOLUME 2<br />
As part of the presentation, the following principles were emphasised:<br />
a) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is an inventory of the key economic, social, infrastructural and environmental<br />
characteristics of the province to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4. <strong>The</strong> service provider is<br />
not required to undertake primary research, the information was drawn accordingly drawn<br />
from the data provided by the DRD&LR and the various sectors, the stakeholder<br />
consultation process undertaken, and additional sources explored by the service provider.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> written content, maps and figures presented in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 are, in general, direct quotes<br />
from the above information base and therefore do not necessarily represent the quality<br />
and format that will characterise the work of the service provider in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and 4 and in<br />
the final PSDF document.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> significance of perceived inaccuracies should be adjudicated in context of their<br />
potential to have a meaningful effect on the PSDF as a whole.<br />
d) Section H: Summary of Key Aspects is the primary component of <strong>Volume</strong> 2. Committee<br />
members need to ensure that all their sectoral interests have been listed in this section.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> process of preparing <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4 would involve ongoing information‐gathering. It<br />
would therefore not be practical and appropriate to, at this stage, consider <strong>Volume</strong> 2 as a<br />
final and complete product. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 should rather be seen as ‘work in progress’ to be<br />
completed together with <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
2
2.2 COMMENT SUBMITTED BY COMMITTEE MEMBERS PRIOR TO MEETING<br />
<strong>The</strong> comment submitted by committee members prior to the meeting and the response of the<br />
service provider are listed in the table below:<br />
COMMENT RESPONSE<br />
a) Chapters on environment too long. Extent of chapters essentially equates to the submissions<br />
made by the relevant sectors.<br />
b) Comparative nature of statistics is useful point<br />
of departure for service delivery.<br />
Noted<br />
c) Economic section not integrated with Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 1.<br />
d)<br />
settlement pattern.<br />
Ensure alignment of TOR + Annexure A, SLA, Refer to Annexure 2 of this document (Inventory of<br />
Inception Report.<br />
completed tasks and way forward)<br />
e) Illustrations relevant and generally well titled. Noted<br />
f) Include desired goal maps. To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
g) Infrastructure section to be expanded. DEDAT to provide info to include in Consultative Draft 2 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
h) ITC policy to serve schools and rural areas. Ditto<br />
i) LED data not supported. Ditto<br />
j) Map of protected areas to be rectified (Vaalbos<br />
National Park has been de‐proclaimed.<br />
To be rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
k) Map regarding land reform. To be included in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
l) Maps regarding mining and agriculture. DEDAT to provide info to include in Consultative Draft 2 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
m) Policy and strategy regarding export of mining<br />
produce versus local benefication.<br />
Ditto<br />
n) Policy on wind energy development. Ditto<br />
o) Quality, consistency and scale of maps. Maps and figures are, in general, direct quotes from the<br />
information base.<br />
p) Report addresses stated objective. Noted<br />
q) Sources of tables. To be rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
r) Strategy on alternative settlement expansion in<br />
line with economic potential of settlements<br />
Noted<br />
s) Strong statement regarding future of towns<br />
with diminishing economic base<br />
Noted<br />
t) Stronger correlation and statements regarding<br />
land reform, poverty alleviation in Pixley and<br />
Joe Morolong.<br />
DEDAT to provide info to include in Consultative Draft 2 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
u) SWOT analysis. To be undertaken as part of Phase 3 & 4.<br />
v) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 overlaps with <strong>Volume</strong> 1. Overlapping and duplication is required in places.<br />
w) Reports is well structured and comprehensive. Noted<br />
2.3 COMMENT SUBMITTED BY COMMITTEE MEMBERS DURING MEETING<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below lists the comments made during the meeting, the response of the service<br />
provider, and the rectification agreed upon.<br />
MEMBER /<br />
INSTITUTION<br />
A Kwayisi<br />
DRDLR<br />
A Strachan<br />
Office of the<br />
COMMENT RESPONSE<br />
Attendance register of public meetings to be<br />
loaded on website.<br />
Noted<br />
Tables must also be correctly referenced. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
3
Premier<br />
G de Bruin<br />
DRDLR<br />
H Louw<br />
DEDAT<br />
H Marais<br />
DBSA<br />
K Mouibidu<br />
DEDAT<br />
S Benade<br />
DEDAT<br />
Page 19: Gariep River should be Orange River. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Components of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 lacks mapping, for<br />
example agriculture and mining.<br />
Ditto<br />
Some of the maps included in the document Maps and figures are, in general, direct quotes<br />
are outdated, for example, the map depicting<br />
solar radiation is mapped using 2001 data.<br />
from the information base.<br />
Provision to meet for climate change. To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
Priorities and associated budgets: Should PSDF, per definition, indicates the spatial<br />
PSDF follow PGDS or make own proposals ? implications of the PGDS and provides strategies<br />
for the implementation of PGDS programs and<br />
projects.<br />
In terms of the Planning & <strong>Development</strong> Act Sectoral institutions prepare their own budgets.<br />
PSDF needs to be assign budgets.<br />
<strong>The</strong> PSDF provides an integrating framework for<br />
such process – it does not explicitely make<br />
provision for budgets.<br />
Ensure correct referencing. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
DMAs must be labeled correctly. Ditto<br />
Page 1: Preparation of a spatial vision. To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
Maps used are not well presented. Maps and figures are, in general, direct quotes<br />
from the information base.<br />
Page 40: Properties of mining companies<br />
extending into the ocean must also be<br />
depicted.<br />
Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
PSDF will inform PGDS. <strong>The</strong> PGDS is at state<br />
level whilst the PSDF is more detailed.<br />
Noted<br />
Department of Water Affairs must be To be arranged by DRDLR.<br />
represented in PMC.<br />
Occurrence of previous names in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is<br />
a result of source data used. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 being<br />
the inventory as it is, cannot change the<br />
referenced source data. Notes in the text may<br />
well refer to the change in names.<br />
Noted<br />
Regions in the map on page 10 are those<br />
provided by Tourism <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and are<br />
based on the unique characteristics of the<br />
various regions.<br />
Noted<br />
<strong>The</strong> section on infrastructure seems DEDAT to provide info to include in Consultative<br />
inadequate..<br />
Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Leading towns to be indicated. Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
No more DMAs exist. To be clarified.<br />
Page 2, prioritization of projects – not Sectoral institutions prepare their own budgets.<br />
specifically noted in <strong>Volume</strong> 2. Will the PSDF <strong>The</strong> PSDF provides an integrating framework for<br />
allocate a budget or funds to identified such process – it does not explicitely make<br />
projects?<br />
provision for budgets.<br />
Page 89: Conclusion on the demographics. Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Page 90: Population perimeter to show the<br />
brain drain out of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Railway initiatives to be indicated. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Reference to the Green Kalahari is outdated. Occurrence of previous names in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is a<br />
result of source data used. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 being the<br />
inventory as it is, cannot change the referenced<br />
source data. Notes in the text may well refer to<br />
the change in names.<br />
Rural nodes to be indicated. Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Names: Kgalagadi, John Toalo outdated, Occurrence of previous names in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is a<br />
Gariep must be Orange.<br />
result of source data used. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 being the<br />
4
S Grobbelaar<br />
COGHSTA<br />
Page 10, how will the bioregions connect with<br />
the economic regions? Which will take<br />
preference?<br />
Page 14: Agriculture could have provided<br />
more accurate data.<br />
Vioolsdrif Dam already planned and<br />
approved.<br />
Sections on page 37 and 38 overlaps with<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1.<br />
Page 19: Water availability – groundwater<br />
resource to be addressed.<br />
inventory as it is, cannot change the referenced<br />
source data. Notes in the text may well refer to<br />
the change in names.<br />
Latest names, figures, other data to be used in<br />
<strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
Data made available by sectoral institutions was<br />
used in preparation of <strong>Volume</strong> 1.<br />
DEDAT to submitted approval and relevant<br />
information.<br />
Noted<br />
Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Page 4: Extent of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong> quote figure is confirmed correct by Mr. S.<br />
Grobbelaar.<br />
Page 65: How were the environmental factors Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and the<br />
factored into settlement categorisation. Settlement Study (Annexure 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2).<br />
Page 84, population figure is outdated. Data made available by sectoral institutions was<br />
used in preparation of <strong>Volume</strong> 1. DEDAT to<br />
provide info to include in Consultative Draft 2 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Show the impact of the incorporation of To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
North West and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
Maps must to be correctly referenced. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Mineral map required? Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Page 10: Map of macro‐bioregions –<br />
boundaries not necessarily correct.<br />
Regions in the map on page 10 are those<br />
provided by Tourism <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and are<br />
based on the unique characteristics of the<br />
various regions.<br />
Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Page 44, first alluvial diamond was discovered<br />
in Barkley West.<br />
Page 6: Old municipal boundaries. Ditto<br />
Page 65: <strong>Development</strong> potential of towns Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and the<br />
questioned.<br />
Settlement Study (Annexure 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2).<br />
This question is to be addressed during meeting<br />
with authors of Settlement Study (meeting to be<br />
arranged).<br />
Some of the maps still refer to Mashaweng Occurrence of previous names in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is a<br />
and Kgalagadi. <strong>The</strong>se names have changed result of source data used. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 being the<br />
and may be confusing.<br />
inventory as it is, cannot change the referenced<br />
source data. Notes in the text may well refer to<br />
the change in names.<br />
Latest names, figures, other data to be used in<br />
<strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
DMP to meet with individual departments. Such meetings to be held during Phase 3 & 4 of<br />
the PSDF process.<br />
PSDF has to link to and infuence the PGDS. Noted<br />
5
3 KEY RESOLUTIONS AND ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN<br />
<strong>The</strong> key resolutions taken by the PMC and the actions to be taken with immediate effect are as<br />
follows:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> PSDF project is on schedule as per the Service Level Agreement.<br />
b) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is materially adequate for submission to the Project Steering Committee subject<br />
to the amendments to be made as summarised in the table above.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> amendments will be made and the amended document (entitled Consultative Draft 2<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 2) will be loaded onto the website by 24 November 2011.<br />
d) Subject to the amendments made the PMC recommends that the PSC approve<br />
Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 at the meeting to be held on 29 November 2011.<br />
e) Committee members are to submit any additional comment to the service provider by<br />
Friday 11 November 2011.<br />
f) <strong>The</strong> proposal of the service provider that <strong>Volume</strong> 2 should be seen as ‘work in progress’ to<br />
be completed together with <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4 is adopted.<br />
g) Proposals relating to the amendment of the SDF guidelines will be articulated and<br />
submitted to DRDLR on an ongoing basis.<br />
h) Service provider is to submit minutes and response on comments received to DRDLR by 24<br />
November 2011.<br />
i) Ms. S. Benade of DEDAT is to liaise with and submit outstanding information to the service<br />
provider in accordance with a schedule to be determined by the two parties.<br />
j) <strong>The</strong> settlement study needs to be studied and scrutinized on its own.<br />
k) A meeting is to be held with the Proffs Izak van der Merwe and Larry Zietsmann to discuss<br />
key aspects of the Settlement Study report. Mr. H. Louw will arrange and facilitate such<br />
meeting.<br />
l) Mr. Gerhard de Bruin will determine the date of the PSC and will make the necessary<br />
arrangements.<br />
DENNIS MOSS PARTNERSHIP<br />
6
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK<br />
INVENTORY OF COMPLETED TASKS AND WAY FORWARD<br />
1 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
A INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>The</strong> purpose if this document is to provide the following:<br />
1) An inventory of the goals and objectives of the PSDF/PDRMP stipulated in the:<br />
a) Terms of Reference in the Service Level Agreement.<br />
b) Supplementary aspects listed in Annexure A of the Terms of Reference.<br />
c) Objectives stated in the approved Inception Phase Report dated 24 February 2011.<br />
2) Summary of the status of the project as it relates to the tasks completed.<br />
3) Summary of the way forward as it relates addressing the aspects listed under (1)(a)‐(c)<br />
above.<br />
<strong>The</strong> aspects listed are to be read together with the Guidelines for Evaluation of <strong>Spatial</strong><br />
<strong>Development</strong> Frameworks (Department of Rural <strong>Development</strong> and Land Reform, 2011).<br />
<strong>The</strong> tables below list the aspects put forward in the documents referred to under (1) that are to<br />
inform the four phases/major components of the PDRMP/PSDF. <strong>The</strong> tables constitute the<br />
following:<br />
(i) Key aspects and terms of reference to be addressed.<br />
(ii) <strong>Volume</strong>s and relevant section(s)/chapter(s) where aspects have been addressed.<br />
(iii) <strong>Volume</strong>(s) within which spatial indices and strategies the various aspects are to be<br />
addressed during the subsequent phases of the project.<br />
B TERMS OF REFERENCE IN THE SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT<br />
In addition to complying with the statutory requirements in terms of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Planning<br />
and <strong>Development</strong> Act, 1998 (Act 7 of 1998) and responsibilities in terms of the <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth<br />
and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy together with the core components of an SDF as reflected in the<br />
Municipal Systems Act, 2000(Act 32 of 2000), the PDRMP/PSDF must achieve the following:<br />
17 Market St • P.O. Box 371 • Stellenbosch 7599 • SOUTH AFRICA<br />
Tel: +27 (0)21 887 0124 • Fax: +27 (0)21 886 5393 • email: info@dmp.co.za • website: www.dmp.co.za<br />
Dennis Moss Planners & Architects (Pty) Ltd. Reg. No. 2003/007711/07<br />
Directors: DF Moss, URP (SA) BA M (URP) M SAPI • GC de Klerk, URP (SA) B Econ M (URP) M SAPI • M Le Roux-Cloete, Pr Arch, BAS, B Arch (UCT), MIArch, CIA<br />
SW vd Merwe, Pr Sci Nat, NHD (Nature Conservation) SACNASP • JMH Lackay, Pr S Arch, T MIArch • PJ Niemann, Pr Arch, B Arch (UFS) MIArch, CIA
TERMS OF REFERENCE IN THE SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
a) Provide a spatial rationale for the development of the<br />
province while taking into consideration development<br />
potential in the adjacent provinces.<br />
b) Give spatial effect to the directive of the national sphere of<br />
government.<br />
c) Translate national socio‐economic development priorities into<br />
space.<br />
d) <strong>Spatial</strong>ly un‐pack the provisions of the PGDS and guide<br />
implementation of key anchor projects.<br />
Section C & E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
TO BE<br />
ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
Section C, D & E<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
Section C & E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
Section E, F & G<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
e) Provide direction for the CRDP roll‐out in the province. Section E,<br />
Chapter E.4 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
f) Provide pointers for the alignment of District SDFs and where Section D & E of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
disjuncture exists.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
g) Provide spatial mechanisms for harnessing and exposing the Section E, <strong>Volume</strong> 4<br />
competitive and comparative advantages of the province. Chapter 11.1 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
h) Provide guidance to public and private land / infrastructure Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
investment in the province, taking cognisance of the growth<br />
and development potential.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
i) Indicate desired or undesired planning practices in a Section D & E of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
particular area.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
j) <strong>Spatial</strong>ly co‐ordinate and direct the activities and resources of Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Government Departments.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
k) Identify issues deemed to be of provincial and regional Section E, F & G <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
significance together with strategic intervention proposals. of <strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
l) Sustainable bioregional planning. Section D of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
m) A Strategic Environmental Assessment ethic that underpins Section E, <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
the drafting of the PDRMP/PSDF and its proposals.<br />
Chapter 13 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1;<br />
section E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
n) Cognisance of the provincial and regional spatial implications Section E, F & G <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
of provincial sector plans and frameworks, e.g. the Disaster<br />
Management Plan, the Transportation Plan etc.<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
o) Informed proposals through existing geological information. Section E,<br />
Chapter 13 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1;<br />
section E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
2
C SUPPLEMENTARY ASPECTS LISTED IN ANNEXURE A OF THE TERMS OF REFERENCE<br />
C.1 INSTITUTIONAL<br />
ASPECT ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
TO BE<br />
ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
1. Highlight the vision and mission of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and its Section B of<br />
spatial implication.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
2. Confirm the interrelationship of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Section B of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
vision and that of the district’s and local municipality’s from a<br />
spatial manifestation point of view.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
3. Identify main relevant principles and strategies in the Section B, D & E <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and how it translate spatially.<br />
3 of <strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
4. Delineating the provincial, district and municipal boundaries Section E, <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
and its wards.<br />
Chapter 12 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
5. Existing legislation, policies, plans, resolutions pertaining to Section C of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
spatial planning. Are they supportive to what the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> wants to achieve, or whether they need to be revised,<br />
etc.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
6. Highlight spatial implication of applicable provincial and Section C of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
national plans, legislation, policies, strategies and directives. <strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
7. Juxtapose existing PDRMP/PSDFs of adjacent provinces and Section C of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
analyse trends and alignment.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
8. What are the main spatial provisions of the district, local Section E & G of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
municipalities and the <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth and <strong>Development</strong><br />
Strategy.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
9. <strong>The</strong> relationship between the spatial issues and the vision of Section B of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
the province. Is there a correlation or disjuncture.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
10. Determining the way forward in terms of how the province Section B of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
should be shaped from a spatial point of view.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
11. Point out areas needing urgent policy intervention. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
12. <strong>The</strong>re is a shared strategic vision for the spatial structure of Section B of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as a whole.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
13. Ensure that the development of the PDRMP/PSDF is Section E, F & G <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
consultative from the beginning until to the end of the<br />
process.<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
C.2 ECONOMIC<br />
ASPECT ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
TO BE<br />
ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3<br />
1. Map the areas where the main pressing needs and the Section E, F & G<br />
proposed multi‐sectoral projects are located.<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
2. <strong>Provincial</strong>‐wide spatial issues (in relation to the needs Section E, F & G <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
identified) and projects (including their locality).<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
3. <strong>The</strong> provincial investment and spending patterns. Is the Section E, F & G <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
provincial spending patterns in the interest of the NSDP &<br />
DFA, as an example?<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
4. Identification and analysis of existing nodal points. Are they Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
3
viable and sustainable for promoting economic growth?<br />
Should their development be enhanced, etc?<br />
5. Where the potential agricultural land are and land currently<br />
affected by land claims?<br />
6. Point out viable and functional nodal points, and identify<br />
potential nodes and how they should be developed. What are<br />
the nodes without development potential? Name or identify<br />
the nodes, avoiding lengthy sentences of defining what a<br />
node is;<br />
7. Identify the functional development corridors and how they<br />
should be developed to support the nodes.<br />
C.3 SOCIAL<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section F of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
ASPECT ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
1. Settlement spatial patterns and dysfunctionalities. Is there<br />
any sign of sprawl, integration or any other effects of<br />
Apartheid? Is the environment and its activities functioning<br />
efficiently as a system? Can the provisions of the IDPs be<br />
implemented, etc?<br />
2. Where the major sporting nodes or areas are and whether<br />
they are supported by the relevant infrastructure?<br />
3. Where is the low income houses located? Is it a viable<br />
location from an economic and access point of view? Are<br />
there supporting infrastructures (bulk)?<br />
C.4 SOCIO‐ECONOMIC<br />
Section D of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
ASPECT ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
1. Identification and analysis of strategic located vacant land and<br />
development potential land.<br />
2. Highlighting major structuring elements, urbanization trends<br />
and their spatial implication.<br />
3. Strategic roads and transportation networks (national,<br />
provincial and district roads). Are they systematically<br />
functional and supportive of each other? Is there a need for<br />
new roads and why or whether and which roads need to be<br />
upgraded and for what reason? Where are the roads leading<br />
to, and which ones will boost the economic growth of the<br />
province? Etc<br />
4. Location and trends of bulk services and infrastructure.<br />
Where does the province want the services and infrastructure<br />
to go? Is it congruent to where the relevant sectors want to<br />
implement their projects? If not what kind of engagement are<br />
necessary ?<br />
5. <strong>Spatial</strong> relationship between urban and rural areas. Does it<br />
exist? If not what prevents a harmonious interrelationship of<br />
the two?<br />
Section F of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section F of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section F of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D & E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
TO BE<br />
ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
TO BE<br />
ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
4
6. Objectives that will translate the space or the environment<br />
into the desired spatial form.<br />
7. <strong>Development</strong> of the conceptual framework to spatially map<br />
the desired spatial form. One may have a macro and/or a<br />
micro spatial plan depending on the amount of issues to<br />
include in the framework. Now the province should be<br />
portrayed as to how it will function sustainably as a system.<br />
8. Horizontal and vertical alignment of the conceptual diagram<br />
with other relevant plans.<br />
9. Recommend and point out strategic development areas and<br />
priority areas for investment. Avoid generalisation or vague<br />
statements. Illustrations or maps are recommended.<br />
10. Recommend viable land for housing development and<br />
supporting infrastructure.<br />
11. Delineate functional and integrating municipal<br />
/district/provincial roads and public passenger transportation<br />
network. Make proposals for upgrading of or new roads<br />
where necessary.<br />
12. Delineate proposed major bulk infrastructure for the whole<br />
province. Where appropriate recommend for new bulk<br />
infrastructure and the relevant services.<br />
13. Point out and delineate areas with high agricultural potential<br />
and areas affected by claims which the province needs the<br />
most for developmental purposes.<br />
C.5 ENVIRONMENTAL<br />
Section B of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section E,<br />
Chapter 13 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section D of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D & F of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D & F of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
ASPECT ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
1. Where the environmental conservation and sensitive areas<br />
are and what impact will development have on the<br />
environment? Which areas should not be developed at all?<br />
Which are the areas where some kind of development<br />
through strict management should be allowed? Inter regional<br />
connectivity;<br />
2. Point out and delineate environmental conservation and<br />
sensitive areas, major sporting nodes as well as areas with<br />
tourism potential.<br />
C.6 ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONAL<br />
Section C of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section C of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
ASPECT ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are strategies and processes in place to involve the relevant<br />
decision makers and stakeholders.<br />
Section E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
TO BE<br />
ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
TO BE<br />
ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
5
D OBJECTIVES STATED IN THE APPROVED INCEPTION PHASE REPORT DATED 24 FEBRUARY<br />
2011<br />
TERMS OF REFERENCE IN THE SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
a) Indicate the spatial implications of the core development<br />
objectives of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS.<br />
b) Serve as a spatial plan that will facilitate Local Economic<br />
<strong>Development</strong> (LED).<br />
c) Lay down strategies, proposals and guidelines for the future<br />
spatial development of the Province. This includes, without<br />
being limited to, development objectives, proposals for land<br />
reform, urban renewal, reconstruction, integration,<br />
d)<br />
environmental planning, transport planning, infrastructure<br />
planning, and urban design so that the general well‐being of<br />
the particular community and order in the area are promoted<br />
in the most efficient manner.<br />
Promote the utilisation and unlocking the latent value of<br />
vacant government land through an innovative partnership<br />
approach to property development with the aim to support<br />
LED in a lasting and meaningful manner.<br />
e) Enhance the quality of development throughout the Province<br />
in accordance with the principles of ‘critical regionalism’.<br />
f) Promote the broadening of the economic base as an<br />
important principle underlying economic development. Apart<br />
from a general higher level of output, this also implies the<br />
following:<br />
‐ Introducing new activities, which are not currently<br />
operational in the Province. This means an extension of<br />
the production capacity in terms of new products and<br />
services.<br />
‐ Application of new technologies that is not being applied<br />
in production processes. This should make the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> Province more competitive.<br />
‐ <strong>Development</strong> of small, medium and micro‐enterprises<br />
(SMMEs) to have a broader representation based on the<br />
size of establishments. Size can be expressed in terms of<br />
either employment or production.<br />
‐ Broadening of ownership to include all members of the<br />
community.<br />
‐ Protecting and enhancing the interest of all property<br />
owners in the Province.<br />
g) Facilitating the preparation of provincial development plans<br />
and action plans to which financial budgets can be linked.<br />
Section E & G of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section E,<br />
Chapters 10 &<br />
11 of <strong>Volume</strong> 1;<br />
Section F & G of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1;<br />
Section F & G of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section E,<br />
Chapters 10 &<br />
11 of <strong>Volume</strong> 1;<br />
TO BE<br />
ADDRESSED IN<br />
VOLUME<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
Section E, <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
Chapters 15 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section E, <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
Chapters 10 &<br />
11 of <strong>Volume</strong> 1;<br />
Section F & G of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Ditto Ditto<br />
Ditto Ditto<br />
Ditto Ditto<br />
Ditto Ditto<br />
Ditto Ditto<br />
Section E,<br />
Chapters 10 &<br />
11 of <strong>Volume</strong> 1;<br />
Section F & G of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
6
h) Providing a framework for undertaking performance<br />
i)<br />
management in terms of a set of measurable criteria, as such,<br />
promoting continual improvement of provincial and municipal<br />
functioning at all levels.<br />
Supporting the district and local municipalities in the<br />
preparation of their IDPs and, in particular, their SDFs<br />
prepared in terms of the Local Government Municipal<br />
Systems Act 32 of 2000.<br />
j) Providing a standard format for the implementation of<br />
bioregional planning with the aim to facilitate sustainable<br />
development throughout the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
k) Facilitating the land‐use classification of the entire land<br />
surface of the Province in a standard format in accordance<br />
with defined <strong>Spatial</strong> Planning Categories (SPCs), which are<br />
based on a broad spectrum of environmental parameters and<br />
a system of values and ethics.<br />
l) Providing a framework that would inform any future<br />
municipal demarcation with the aim to reconcile future<br />
municipal boundaries with defined bioregional parameters.<br />
m) Providing a credible context for public investments in the<br />
coming years and promoting the development of areas that<br />
have lagged behind.<br />
n) Replacing inappropriate existing policy frameworks with a<br />
more ambitious forward‐moving, integrated approach to<br />
planning that will lead to the realisation of common goals of<br />
the Province.<br />
o) Providing clarity to guide decision‐makers in respect of<br />
development applications within the Province.<br />
p) Describing the existing and desired future spatial patterns<br />
that provide for integrated, efficient and sustainable<br />
settlements throughout the Province.<br />
q) Providing certainty to all stakeholders regarding spatial and<br />
socio‐economic implications of future development in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
r) Providing a basis for co‐ordinated decision‐making and policy‐<br />
formulation regarding future land‐use.<br />
s) Facilitating cross‐boundary co‐operation and co‐ordination<br />
between district and local municipalities, adjoining provinces,<br />
and bordering countries in respect of issues that are of<br />
mutual interest for their respective areas of jurisdiction (refer<br />
to inter alia issues pertaining to land‐use, biodiversity<br />
conservation, and resource utilisation).<br />
DENNIS MOSS PARTNERSHIP<br />
STELLENBOSCH<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D & E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section D & E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section E,<br />
Chapter 13 & 15<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section E,<br />
Chapter 12 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section D of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section D & E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section B‐E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section E,<br />
Chapters 10 &<br />
11 of <strong>Volume</strong> 1;<br />
Section F & G of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
Section B‐E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section B‐E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
Section B‐E of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
7
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
FRAMEWORK / DEVELOPMENT & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT<br />
AGENDA FOR PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING<br />
29 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
09:00 Welcoming & Introduction<br />
Purpose of meeting & recommendations by Project Management<br />
Committee<br />
09:15‐10:00 Session 1: Presentation regarding <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF<br />
10:00‐10:30 Session 1 Discussion<br />
10:30‐11:00 Tea<br />
11:00‐11:45 Session 2: Presentation regarding <strong>Development</strong> Potential of<br />
Urban Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
11:45‐12:15 Session 2 Discussion<br />
12:15‐12:30 Presentation on Way Forward as it relates to Phase 3 & Phase 4<br />
12:30‐13:00 Concluding Discussion & Resolutions
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
FRAMEWORK / DEVELOPMENT & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN<br />
VOLUME 2<br />
PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING<br />
29 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
1
SUPPORTING MEETING DOCUMENTATION<br />
AGENDA<br />
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
FRAMEWORK / DEVELOPMENT & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT<br />
AGENDA FOR PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING<br />
29 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
09:00 Welcoming & Introduction<br />
Purpose of meeting & recommendations by Project Management<br />
Committee<br />
09:15‐10:00 Session 1: Presentation regarding <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF<br />
10:00‐10:30 Session 1 Discussion<br />
10:30‐11:00 Tea<br />
11:00‐11:45 Session 2: Presentation regarding <strong>Development</strong> Potential of<br />
Urban Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
11:45‐12:15 Session 2 Discussion<br />
12:15‐12:30 Presentation on Way Forward as it relates to Phase 3 & Phase 4<br />
12:30‐13:00 Concluding Discussion & Resolutions<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
2
FOCUS OF THE MEETING<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION<br />
DOCUMENTS<br />
1. <strong>Volume</strong> 1 & 2 on Website<br />
2. PSDF Pamphlet<br />
3. PSDF Executive Summary DVD<br />
4. <strong>Volume</strong>2onCD<br />
5. Annexure 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2. i.e. Study report entitled: <strong>Development</strong><br />
Potential of Urban Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. Van der Merwe,<br />
I.J., and Zietsman, H.L. 2011<br />
6. Record of Public Participation<br />
7. Minutes of Project Management Committee Regarding <strong>Volume</strong> 2<br />
8. Inventory of Completed Tasks and Way Forward<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
4
PRINCIPLES FOR CONSIDERATION<br />
1. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is an inventory of aspects to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
2. Information drawn drawn from data provided by the DRD&LR, sectors,<br />
stakeholder consultation and additional sources explored by service provider.<br />
3. Content of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is, in general, direct quotes from information base and<br />
therefore do not necessarily represent the quality and format of the service<br />
provider.<br />
4. Significance of possible inaccuracies should be adjudicated in context of their<br />
potential to have a meaningful effect on PSDF as a whole.<br />
5. Section H: Summary of Key Aspects is the primary component of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Committee members need to ensure that all sectoral interests have been listed in<br />
this section.<br />
6. Phases 3 & 4 will involve ongoing information-gathering. <strong>The</strong>refore not practical<br />
to, at this stage, consider <strong>Volume</strong> 2 as a final and complete product. Rather to be<br />
seen as ‘work in progress’ to be completed together with <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
A provincial policy document that:<br />
RECAP: WHAT IS THE PSDF ?<br />
• Gives effect to the overarching intent of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> <strong>Provincial</strong> Growth<br />
and <strong>Development</strong> Strategy (PGDS) to ‘build a prosperous, sustainable and<br />
growing provincial economy to eradicate poverty and improves social<br />
development’.<br />
• Promotes a ‘developmental state’ in accordance with national and provincial<br />
legislation and international protocols and agreements pertaining to<br />
sustainability..<br />
PSDF, on its own, will not have any influence –it depends on inter alia committed<br />
leadership, good governance, integration of sectoral interests, full involvement of<br />
stakeholders<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
6
RECAP: TERMS OF REFERENCE<br />
Prepare a <strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework / <strong>Development</strong> and Resources Management Plan<br />
that is aligned with the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Planning and <strong>Development</strong> Act , the PGDS and other applicable<br />
legislation and policy, and which (b) gives effect to the following:<br />
a) Coherent land‐use/resource management in terms of bioregional planning principles which<br />
recognise the unique characteristics of the province.<br />
b) A spatial rationale for sustainable development in the province which implies the enhancement of<br />
human well‐being and environmental integrity through efficient use of the inherent resources<br />
(capital) of the province.<br />
c) Giving spatial effect to the directives of the national government as expressed in the National<br />
<strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Perspective (NSDP).<br />
d) Giving spatial effect to the provisions of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> PGDS and guide implementation of<br />
anchor projects.<br />
e) Providing direction for the Comprehensive Rural <strong>Development</strong> Program (CRDP) roll‐out in the<br />
province.<br />
f) Serving as a manual and directive for the preparation and alignment of municipal SDFs.<br />
g) Providing spatial mechanisms for the utilisation and enhancement of the competitive and<br />
comparative advantages of the province.<br />
h) Providing guidance to public and private infrastructure investment in the province, taking<br />
cognisance of the growth and development potential.<br />
i) <strong>Spatial</strong>ly co‐ordinating and directing the activities and resources of the provincial government<br />
departments.<br />
j) Identifying issues deemed to be of provincial and regional significance together with strategic<br />
intervention proposals.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
7
RECAP: PSDF VOLUMES & THEIR FUNCTIONS<br />
VOLUME 1<br />
Context, policy and principle framework,<br />
procedural guidance for the preparation<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong>s 2, 3 & 4.<br />
VOLUME 3<br />
‘Package’ of plans that serve as spatial<br />
directives regarding land‐use within the<br />
province and in defined areas outside its<br />
boundaries. Based upon a spatial vision.<br />
COLLATED INTO A PSDF<br />
DOCUMENT<br />
VOLUME 2<br />
Key environmental, cultural, heritage,<br />
economic, social, demographic,<br />
institutional and infrastructural aspects<br />
to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
VOLUME 4<br />
‘Non‐spatial key issues collated and<br />
addressed under sectoral programs for<br />
which detailed policy and<br />
implementation strategies are provided.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SECTION B:<br />
CONTEXT<br />
SECTION C:<br />
ENVIRONMENT<br />
SECTION D:<br />
SETTLEMENT<br />
SECTION E:<br />
SOCIAL & HUMAN<br />
SECTION F:<br />
ECONOMY<br />
STRUCTURE & CONTENT OF VOLUME 2<br />
Location<br />
Location<br />
& Administrative<br />
Administrative<br />
Biophysical<br />
Biodiversity<br />
Cultural<br />
Pattern & Status<br />
Demography<br />
Status<br />
Sectors<br />
Corridors<br />
Infrastructure<br />
SECTION G:<br />
PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
SECTION H:<br />
KEY ASPECTS INVENTORY<br />
Premise for preparation of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
Section B includes the following:<br />
SECTION B: CONTEXTUAL<br />
S ISSUE<br />
1. Locational & contextual aspects of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> Province.<br />
2. International and national significance of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in terms of its<br />
primary comparative advantages.<br />
3. Administrative context with specific reference to the component<br />
municipalities and settlements.<br />
4. Component macro‐regional areas and their idiosyncrasies.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
LOCATION<br />
CONTEXT
INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
MUNICIPALITIES<br />
SETT LEMENTS
MACRO<br />
REGIONS TH IR E CHARACTERIST<br />
ICS
BOX 1<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY CONTEXTUAL ASPECTS<br />
a) Align PSDF with development directives and objectives of adjoining countries and provinces.<br />
b) Consider traditional parameters as a key criterion in the demarcation of municipal boundaries.<br />
c) Enhance management of Kgalagadi and Richtersveld Transfrontier Conservation Areas.<br />
d) Include municipalities in formulation and establishment of cross-border agreements (currently<br />
primarily the function of national government).<br />
e) Interrogate boundaries of John Gaetsewe District Municipality against inter alia traditional<br />
domain parameters.<br />
f) Interrogate efficiency of cross-border arrangements with Namibia with specific reference to<br />
the Noord-Oewer / Vioolsdrift irrigation scheme, cross-frontier conservation schemes, and<br />
cross-frontier economic schemes such as the proposed film industry.<br />
g) Interrogate the delineation of the provincial, district, municipal and ward boundaries.<br />
h) Provide appropriate spatial context and orientation for the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> in terms of<br />
international agreements, protocols and conventions.<br />
i) Strengthen historical binds between the Karas Region of Namibia and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Province - aspects identified for further action are (i) the education and training sector, with<br />
the focus on ensuring that best practice is shared in skills development for economic growth,<br />
(ii) further development of the Nama language and culture, (iii) exchange of learners’ support<br />
material and teacher development programs.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SECTION C: ENVIRONMENT<br />
Key aspects of the natural and cultural environment of the province in terms of the<br />
holistic definition of the ‘environment’ as put forward by the National Environmental<br />
Management Act (NEMA) 107 of 1998, namely the aggregate of all external conditions<br />
and influences affecting the life of an organism.<br />
In particular, ‘environment’ refers to the surroundings within which humans exist and that<br />
are made up of:<br />
a) the land, water and atmosphere of the earth;<br />
b) micro‐organisms, plant and animal life;<br />
c) any part or combination of (a) and (b) and the interrelationships among and between<br />
them; and<br />
d) the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the<br />
foregoing that influence human health and well‐being.<br />
NOTE: <strong>The</strong>re is a gap in information relating to the biodiversity resources of the Province<br />
and the associated environmental services.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
BIO PHYSI<br />
CAL<br />
CHARACTERIST<br />
ICS
RADIATION CHARACTERISTIC<br />
S
WATE R – TH E PRIMARY RESOURC E
BIODIVERSIT Y – IMPERATIVE<br />
FOR SUSTAINA ILITY<br />
B
THE<br />
CO<br />
AST – A KEY RESOU RCE
BOX 2<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS<br />
a) Consider designation of agricultural reserves in areas of high-potential agricultural soils with adequate<br />
irrigation water.<br />
b) Create appropriate ecological linkages between conservation areas.<br />
c) Designate coastal zone as a core conservation area.<br />
d) Institute standard development approach along the Orange River by all relevant municipalities. //Khara Hais<br />
SDF is to serve as a model in this regard.<br />
e) Enhance sustainable use of formal conservation areas and their resources.<br />
f) Enhance viability and sustainability of the Richtersveld Botanical and Landscape World Heritage Site which<br />
is the core of the Succulent Karoo Biodiversity Hotspot.<br />
g) Explore desirability of implementing strategies such as Protected Nature Areas and Special Management<br />
Areas in collaboration with organised agriculture and the Department of the Environment.<br />
h) Indicate mining areas with a dedicated SPC.<br />
i) Land-use along the coastline must be addressed in a similar manner by all relevant municipalities and<br />
stakeholders.<br />
j) Preparation and implementation of an efficient Water Demand Conservation Strategy must be mandatory<br />
on all municipalities.<br />
k) Promote cross-border conservation initiatives – explore the merit and desirability of UNESCO biosphere<br />
reserves.<br />
l) Promote history and archaeology as primary tourism resources.<br />
m) Protect high-potential agricultural land through appropriate land-use designation.<br />
n) Provide for biodiversity conservation in terms of SANBI’s ‘critical biodiversity area’ (CBA) indicators.<br />
o) Provide guidelines for the re-use and/or the more sustainable use of resources.<br />
p) Provide innovative strategies to help conserve conservation-worthy habitats on private land.<br />
q) Provide land-use plan as a basis for integration of mining activities with conservation.<br />
r) Provide strategy to off-set loss of conservation-worthy habitat through mining through ex-situ conservation<br />
projects.<br />
s) Standardise land-use planning and management by municipalities and other stakeholders.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SECTION D: SETTLEMEN T PATTE<br />
RN<br />
Based upon research study:<br />
<strong>Development</strong> Potential of Urban Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong><br />
Van der Merwe, I.J., and Zietsman, H.L. 2011<br />
Objective is to provide a premise for formulation of guidelines for the following:<br />
1. Determining and assessing the status of the settlements of the province with<br />
specific reference to their development potential and human needs .<br />
2. Prioritise government spending and LED to best benefit of province as a whole.<br />
3. Guide preparation of IDPs.<br />
4. Indicate what type of development and investment is required and how the<br />
municipal budget should be allocated to eradicate backlog or weaknesses.<br />
5. Measuring the change that occurred in local municipalities and settlements over<br />
a defined period in order to create a basis for future performance assessment<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
COMPONENTS OF SETTLEMENT STUDY<br />
1 COMPOSITE INDICES<br />
2 DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL<br />
3 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEED<br />
4 INVESTMENT TYPE REQUIRED<br />
5 CHANGE ASSESSMENT<br />
6 INTEGRATED MUNICIPAL & TOWN<br />
PROFILES<br />
PERFORMANCE<br />
ASSESSMENT<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
COMPOSITE<br />
RESOURC ES
COMPOSITE<br />
INFRASTRUCTU RE
COMPOSIT<br />
E ECONOMY
BOX 3<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY SETTLEMENT ASPECTS<br />
a) District and local SDFs should incorporate place-specific guidelines for architecture and<br />
landscaping premised upon historic design precedents and vernacular.<br />
b) Formulate guidelines for the preparation of a provincial climate-neutrality strategy in terms of<br />
international best practice.<br />
c) Indicate actions to be taken by municipalities to enhance the status of settlements as it<br />
relates to development potential and human needs.<br />
d) Indicate investment typologies required by the various municipalities and settlements.<br />
e) Planning and design of industrial and mining infrastructure have to be undertaken in<br />
accordance with dedicated design criteria.<br />
f) Provide a spatial plan for bulk services and infrastructure for settlement priorities.<br />
g) Provide a spatial plan for settlement development priorities.<br />
h) Provide a spatial premise and rationale for decision-making as it relates to the appropriation<br />
of government funds.<br />
i) Provide a spatial premise and rationale for decision-making as it relates to the private sector<br />
investment in development.<br />
j) Provide broad guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing –municipalities must adopt<br />
such guidelines in their SDFs. <strong>The</strong>se guidelines must be mandatory.<br />
k) Provide framework for performance management of municipalities and settlements.<br />
l) Provide spatial structuring elements to facilitate sustainable urban development.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SECTION E: SOCIAL<br />
HUMAN<br />
Key aspects related to the Human Capital and the Social Capital i.e.:<br />
a) Human Capital refers to people’s health, education, training, knowledge, skills,<br />
spirituality and motivation, which are needed for a flourishing economy,<br />
productive work, poverty reduction and capacity for human relationships.<br />
b) Social Capital concernsinvestmentsbyinstitutionsthathelpusmaintainand<br />
develop human capital e.g. families, communities, municipalities, trade unions,<br />
hospitals and schools. This means access to varied and supportive<br />
opportunities for work, health, living conditions, etc.<br />
Also an inventory of other forms of capital required to ensure the well‐being and<br />
ongoing development of the above forms of capital, i.e. Manufactured<br />
(Infrastructure) Capital. <strong>The</strong> main components include buildings and infrastructure<br />
such as roads, communications, waste disposal, water systems, etc.<br />
NOTE: <strong>The</strong>re are discrepancies between the estimates provided by the LED<br />
Strategy and the PGDS.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
ASPECTS ADDRESSED IN SECTION E<br />
HUMAN CAPITAL<br />
Demographic profile<br />
Demographic aspects that can influence future development<br />
Discrepancies between data sets<br />
Migration pattern<br />
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS<br />
Poverty<br />
Poverty alleviation focus area<br />
Income levels in the northern cape<br />
Social grants received<br />
Labour and employment<br />
Education<br />
Literacy and education levels<br />
Skill levels<br />
GENERAL SOCIO‐ECONOMIC INFORMATION<br />
Services standards: Housing; sewage removal; water reticulation; water needs on formal and informal<br />
stands; telecommunications; roads and streets; mode of transport; refuse removal; electricity and<br />
energy; health<br />
COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
LAND REFORM<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
POPULATION<br />
DISTRIBUTIO N
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT<br />
NE EDS
DEVELOPMENT<br />
POTENTIAL<br />
OF SETTLEME NTS
INVESTMEN T TYPE<br />
REQUIRED
KEY ASP T EC<br />
LAND REFORM
BOX 4<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY SOCIAL & HUMAN ASPECTS<br />
a) Create incentives and opportunities for commercial banks to extend their input into LED and<br />
to unlock benefits associated with banking charters more efficiently.<br />
b) Develop an empirical spatial premise and rational for the provision of basic household<br />
services, training and education facilities, health services, etc. throughout the province.<br />
c) Ensure access to affordable energy services. Distribute information on costs associated with<br />
different energy sources and the best options for different uses, e.g. heating, cooking and<br />
lighting.<br />
d) Ensure that new mines adopt a strategy that would ensure ongoing socio-economic<br />
development and environmental rehabilitation.<br />
e) Eradicate gaps (lack of co-operation and communication) between the different sectors active<br />
in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as well as between the communities.<br />
f) Explore models for public-private partnerships (e.g. the Karsten Women Trust).<br />
g) Facilitate education to eradicate the notion of living from hand to mouth.<br />
h) Formulate a strategy for promotion of entrepreneurship and associated development<br />
opportunities.<br />
i) Legislative processes that stifle sustainable development should be identified and reviewed.<br />
j) Promote job creation in the green jobs industries (e.g. manufacturing of solar water heaters,<br />
maintenance of wind generators and solar energy infrastructure).<br />
k) Proved guidelines for formulation of strategies to sustain socio-economic development after<br />
the life-span of projects.<br />
l) Provide a spatial rationale for the restoration of traditional parameters of settlements as a<br />
basis for community revitalisation.<br />
m) Provide broad guidelines for improvement of subsidised housing – district and local<br />
municipalities must adopt such guidelines in their SDFs. <strong>The</strong>se must be mandatory.<br />
n) Provide strategies for the enhancement of entrepreneurship and associated development<br />
opportunities.<br />
o) Provide strategies to ensure that communities benefit meaningfully from larger-scale physical<br />
development (e.g. the Sustainable <strong>Development</strong> Initiative {SDI} model).<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SECTION F: ECONOMY<br />
Key aspects of the economy with specific reference to:<br />
a) Economic sectors that are the drivers of the economy and the generator of the<br />
Financial (Monetary) Capital.<br />
a) Key issues to be addressed in order to ensure the ongoing growth and<br />
sustainability of the various economic sectors and the economy as a whole.<br />
NOTE: <strong>The</strong>re are discrepancies between the estimates provided by the LED<br />
Strategy and the PGDS.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
ECONOMIC SECTORS<br />
MINING SECTOR<br />
ASPECTS ADDRESSED IN SECTION F<br />
AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-PROCESSING SECTOR<br />
FISHING AND MARICULTURE SECTOR<br />
ENERGY SECTOR<br />
TOURISM<br />
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
Southern African Large Telescope (Salt)<br />
Square Kilometre Array (SKA)<br />
Karoo Array Telescope<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
MINING A KEY ECONOMIC<br />
DRIVER
RICH MINING RESOURCES<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
AGRICULTUR E A KEY ECONOMIC<br />
DRIVER<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
TOURISM<br />
A KEY ECONOMIC<br />
DRIVER<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
FISHING MARICULTUR E A KEY ECONOMIC<br />
DRIVER<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
PROPOSED<br />
ASTRONOMY ESERVE<br />
R
DEVELOPMENT<br />
CORRIDORS
KEY REQUIREMENT ADEQUAT E TRANSPORT<br />
NETWO RK
KEY REQUIREMENT EFFICIENT WATE R DISTRI BUTIO N
BOX 5<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY ECONOMIC ASPECTS<br />
a) Consider proposed nuclear power installation at Hondeklipbaai.<br />
b) Consideration enlargement of Boegoeberg dam and Prieska dam.<br />
c) Create opportunities for communities to become involved in operation of tourism facilities, providing services to the<br />
industry and acting as suppliers to the industry.<br />
d) Ensure that new development is subject to the availability of resources, with specific reference to water and bulk<br />
services infrastructure.<br />
e) Establishing stronger backward and forward linkages between sectors to ensure stronger multipliers.<br />
f) Explore need and desirability of a safe deep-water harbour at Port Nolloth.<br />
g) Facilitate preparation of holistic strategy for promotion of the Port Nolloth Fishing Node.<br />
h) Facilitate joint venture business arrangements between fishing companies to create a ‘critical mass’ of fish that would<br />
make fishing and fish processing more economically viable in the Port Nolloth area.<br />
i) Facilitate support for development of a small-scale experimental factory at Port Nolloth or Hondeklipbaai.<br />
j) Increase awareness, branding and marketing initiatives in the tourism industry to attract more tourists locally and<br />
internationally.<br />
k) Increase spectrum of tourist attractions and activities in focus areas to induce tourists to stay longer and encourage<br />
returns.<br />
l) Prepare long-term tourism plans and strategies, including precautionary measures and guidelines to reduce negative<br />
impact of development, with specific reference to visual impact in resource areas.<br />
m) Prioritise construction and upgrading of Hotazel-McCarthy’s Rest road and Hotazel-Vanzulsrus road that link <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> with Botswana (crucial for enhancing the tourism sector of the province and the country).<br />
n) Prioritise construction of Vioolsdrif dam.<br />
o) Promote development of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as dimension stone.<br />
p) Provide a plan for supporting bulk services and infrastructure, including roads, electricity, water and telecommunication.<br />
q) Provide a spatial framework that indicates appropriate development regions and corridors based on the comparative<br />
economic advantages of the subject areas.<br />
r) Provide strategy to ensure that infrastructure spending has a long-term focus which is not subject to short-term political<br />
cycles and IDP budgets only.<br />
s) Reflect critical shortages and focal areas for bulk infrastructure provision.<br />
t) Reflect the importance of the envisaged solar power industry.<br />
u) Revisit study on desirability of development of cargo facilities and chartered cargo air services out of Alexander Bay,<br />
Upington and Kimberley airports (previous work was not conclusive).<br />
v) Stipulate off-sets for detrimental impacts of mining on agriculture with specific reference to water pollution, dust,<br />
deterioration of roads, etc.<br />
w) Unlock potential of tourism markets, especially in rural areas where new product opportunities for cultural, adventure<br />
and ecotourism exist.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SECTION G: PROPOSED<br />
PGDS INTERVENTIO NS<br />
Summary of the interventions listed in the PGDS that have to be provided for in<br />
the PSDF.<br />
Many of the proposed interventions do not have any spatial implications.<br />
However, they all have a bearing on the key imperatives for sustainable<br />
development, namely human well‐being, environmental integrity and economic<br />
efficiency.<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 4 of the PSDF will therefore address such non‐spatial issues and<br />
interventions such as many of those listed in the PGDS.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
BOX 6<br />
SUMMARY OF KEY PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
a) Create a transformed and vibrant agricultural sector with an increasing contribution to the provincial economic<br />
growth, job creation and food security.<br />
b) Create work opportunities through innovative use of resources and sustainable development.<br />
c) Develop an efficient and effective transport system.<br />
d) Develop vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities.<br />
e) Enhance quality and quantity of water resources.<br />
f) Ensure on-going and sustainable environmental management.<br />
g) Establish, develop and support SMMEs and cooperatives, and community initiatives.<br />
h) Promote and develop the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> as a globally competitive tourism resource and destination.<br />
i) Promote economic growth through sustainable minerals exploitation and development.<br />
j) Promote innovative and sustainable Local Economic <strong>Development</strong>.<br />
k) Promote the use of alternative energy in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
l) Protect biodiversity as an imperative for environmental sustainability.<br />
m) Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, climate change impact and improve air/atmospheric quality.<br />
n) Reduce the transport infrastructure backlog for economic growth and development by 2014.<br />
o) Strengthen environmental legislation compliance and enforcement.<br />
p) Support coherent implementation of the Comprehensive Rural <strong>Development</strong> Program (CRDP).<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SECTION H: SUMMARY OF KEY ASPECTS<br />
1. CONTEXT<br />
2. ENVIRONMENT<br />
3. SETTLEMENT<br />
4. SOCIAL & HUMAN<br />
5. ECONOMY<br />
6. PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
7. GENERAL ASPECTS<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
CLOSURE OF SESSI ON 1<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
FRAMEWORK / DEVELOPMENT & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN<br />
PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING<br />
VOLUME 2<br />
SESSION 3: WAY FORWARD<br />
29 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan<br />
1
PSDF VOLUMES & THEIR FUNCTIONS<br />
VOLUME 1<br />
Context, policy and principle<br />
framework, procedural guidance<br />
for the preparation of <strong>Volume</strong>s 2,<br />
3 & 4.<br />
VOLUME 3<br />
‘Package’ of plans that serve as<br />
spatial directives regarding landuse<br />
within the province and in<br />
defined areas outside its<br />
boundaries. Based upon a spatial<br />
vision.<br />
COLLATED INTO A PSDF<br />
DOCUMENT<br />
VOLUME 2<br />
Key environmental, cultural,<br />
heritage, economic, social,<br />
demographic, institutional and<br />
infrastructural aspects to be<br />
addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
VOLUME 4<br />
‘Non-spatial key issues collated<br />
and addressed under sectoral<br />
programs for which detailed<br />
policy and implementation<br />
strategies are provided.<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
STRUCTURE & CONTENT OF VOLUME 1<br />
SECTION A:<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
SECTION B:<br />
GUIDING STATEMENTS<br />
SECTION C:<br />
PLANNING CONTEXT<br />
SECTION D:<br />
PLANNING APPROACH<br />
SECTION E:<br />
POLICY & PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SECTION B:<br />
CONTEXT<br />
SECTION C:<br />
ENVIRONMENT<br />
SECTION D:<br />
SETTLEMENT<br />
SECTION E:<br />
SOCIAL & HUMAN<br />
SECTION F:<br />
ECONOMY<br />
STRUCTURE & CONTENT OF VOLUME 2<br />
Location<br />
Location<br />
& Administrative<br />
Administrative<br />
Biophysical<br />
Biodiversity<br />
Cultural<br />
Pattern & Status<br />
Demography<br />
Status<br />
Sectors<br />
Corridors<br />
Infrastructure<br />
SECTION G:<br />
PGDS INTERVENTIONS<br />
SECTION H:<br />
KEY ASPECTS INVENTORY<br />
Premise for preparation of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
STEPS TOWARDS PREPARATION OF VOLUME 3 & 4<br />
Step 1: Collation & Interpretation of Info from Vol 1 & 2<br />
Step 2: Swot Analysis to determine Priority Issues<br />
Step 3: Determine <strong>Spatial</strong> Vision that addresses Priority Issues<br />
Step 4: Based upon <strong>Spatial</strong> Vision & through on‐going Stakeholder<br />
Consultation, prepare the following:<br />
VOLUME 3:<br />
‘Package of Plans’ which serve as<br />
spatial directives<br />
NORTHERN CAPE<br />
PSDF<br />
VOLUME 4:<br />
‘Non‐spatial’ policy & strategies<br />
under sectoral programs<br />
1. Priority Matrix<br />
2. <strong>Spatial</strong> Structuring<br />
Elements<br />
3. <strong>Spatial</strong> Planning<br />
Categories<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
SUPPLEMENTARY ACTIONS<br />
1. Further consultation with:<br />
a) Departments & sectoral institutions<br />
b) Municipalities regarding area-specific goals, objectives & implementation<br />
strategies<br />
c) Public & other general stakeholders<br />
2. Further interrogation of:<br />
a) Sectoral strategies & action plans<br />
b) IDPs & SDFs of district and local municipalities<br />
3. Investigate key themes & aspects identified in context of :<br />
a) Terms of Reference in the Service Level Agreement.<br />
b) Supplementary aspects listed in Annexure A of the Terms of Reference.<br />
c) Objectives stated in the approved Inception Phase Report dated 24 February<br />
2011.<br />
4 Prepare ‘package of plans’ & ‘policies & strategies’ in a standard format<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
CLOSURE OF SESSI ON 3<br />
<strong>Provincial</strong> <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Framework/<strong>Development</strong> & Resources Management Plan
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK<br />
MINUTES OF PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE REGARDING VOLUME 2<br />
29 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
1 INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>The</strong> Project Steering Committee (PSC) met on 29 November 2011 at the Flamingo Casino in<br />
Kimberley.<br />
<strong>The</strong> purpose of the meeting was to:<br />
a) Discuss Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF and the comments received from the<br />
committee members prior to the meeting.<br />
b) Provide committee members and the service provider with an opportunity to address and<br />
clarify aspects of uncertainty.<br />
c) Reach concensus regarding the way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
d) Discuss the relationship between <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4 and the<br />
methodolgy and way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
e) Consider the approval of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 in accordance with the recommendation of the Project<br />
Steering Committee.<br />
<strong>The</strong> meeting was chaired by Ms Jakoba Meyer of the Office of the Premier. <strong>The</strong> meeting was<br />
attended by representatives of (also refer to Annexure 1) COGHSTA, Rural <strong>Development</strong> and Land<br />
Reform, <strong>Development</strong> Bank of South Africa, Department Economic <strong>Development</strong> and Tourism<br />
(DEDaT), Office of the Premier, Department of Agriculture and Land Reform, Department of Social<br />
<strong>Development</strong>, Frances Baard District Municipality, Kgatelopele Local Municipality, <strong>Provincial</strong><br />
Treasury, Department of Education, Department of Transport Safety and Liaison, Department of<br />
Water Affairs, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Department of Energy, Department of<br />
Environment and Nature Conservation, SALGA, Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Department of<br />
Mineral Resources and Dennis Moss Partnership.<br />
Apologies were received from F. Phatedi, G. Present, N. Rsvhugoni, T. Maseko, N. Swarts, L.<br />
Lekgetho, L. Brand, A Oliphant, J.T Loubser, R.K Williams, M Mlatha, G. Makgopa, B. Mahlangeni,<br />
M. Thibana, Z. Damana, Y. de Jager, R. Boysen, G. Munnik, S. Crouch, S. Benade, J Mostert, J.<br />
Burger, S. Diokpala, I. Viesa, R. Nel, M. Gama, N. Chimburuka, M. Jacobs.<br />
17 Market St • P.O. Box 371 • Stellenbosch 7599 • SOUTH AFRICA<br />
Tel: +27 (0)21 887 0124 • Fax: +27 (0)21 886 5393 • email: info@dmp.co.za • website: www.dmp.co.za<br />
Dennis Moss Planners & Architects (Pty) Ltd. Reg. No. 2003/007711/07<br />
Directors: DF Moss, URP (SA) BA M (URP) M SAPI • GC de Klerk, URP (SA) B Econ M (URP) M SAPI • M Le Roux-Cloete, Pr Arch, BAS, B Arch (UCT), MIArch, CIA<br />
SW vd Merwe, Pr Sci Nat, NHD (Nature Conservation) SACNASP • JMH Lackay, Pr S Arch, T MIArch • PJ Niemann, Pr Arch, B Arch (UFS) MIArch, CIA
2 PRESENTATIONS AND SUBMISSIONS<br />
2.1 SERVICE PROVIDER<br />
<strong>The</strong> service provider made two presentations pertaining to (copy of each presentation appended<br />
as Annexure 5.1 and Annexure 5.2 respectively):<br />
Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF.<br />
Way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
<strong>The</strong> service provider further submitted the following:<br />
a) Minutes of the Project Management Committee of 1 November 2011. <strong>The</strong>se minutes were<br />
accepted by the PSC as a true reflection of the content and proceedings of the said<br />
meeting.<br />
b) Report entitled Inventory of Completed Tasks and Way Forward (1 November 2011), the<br />
purpose of which is to serve as:<br />
(i) An inventory of the goals and objectives of the PSDF/PDRMP stipulated in the:<br />
• Terms of Reference in the Service Level Agreement.<br />
• Supplementary aspects listed in Annexure A of the Terms of Reference.<br />
• Objectives stated in the approved Inception Phase Report dated 24 February<br />
2011.<br />
(ii) Summary of the status of the project as it relates to the tasks completed.<br />
(iii) Summary of the way forward as it relates addressing the aspects listed above.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se records were accepted by the PSC as a true reflection of the actions taken and<br />
completed to date.<br />
2.2 SUB‐CONSULTANTS<br />
Prof. I van der Merwe and Prof. L Zietsman made a presentation regarding the study report<br />
entitled <strong>Development</strong> Potential of Urban Settlements in the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong> research study<br />
was commissioned by the service provider and served as basis for the preparation of, in particular,<br />
Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
<strong>The</strong> presentation was arranged by the service provider with the aim to provide the PSC with a<br />
comprehensive description of the study methodology and content and to address uncertainties<br />
regarding the report. <strong>The</strong> presentation was supplemented with further discussions held the<br />
afternoon of the 29th of November 2011. <strong>The</strong> costs for the presentation and additional<br />
discussions were carried by the service provider.<br />
3 PRINCIPLES OF VOLUME 2<br />
As part of the presentation, the following principles were emphasised:<br />
a) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is an inventory of the key economic, social, infrastructural and environmental<br />
characteristics of the province to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4. <strong>The</strong> information was<br />
drawn drawn from the data provided by the DRD&LR and the various sectors, the<br />
stakeholder consultation process undertaken, and additional sources explored by the<br />
service provider.<br />
b) Section H: Summary of Key Aspects is the primary component of <strong>Volume</strong> 2. Committee<br />
members need to ensure that all their sectoral interests have been listed in this section.<br />
2
c) <strong>The</strong> process of preparing <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4 would involve ongoing information‐gathering. It<br />
would therefore not be practical and appropriate to, at this stage, consider <strong>Volume</strong> 2 as a<br />
final and complete product. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 should rather be seen as ‘work in progress’ to be<br />
completed together with <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
4 COMMENT SUBMITTED BY COMMITTEE MEMBERS DURING MEETING<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below lists the comments made during the meeting, the response of the service<br />
provider, and the rectification agreed upon (the notes taken by the DRD&LR are appended under<br />
Annexure 2).<br />
SESSION 1 COMMENT RESPONSE<br />
a) Gariep River to be changed to Orange River.<br />
b) District management areas no longer in use.<br />
c) Kgalagadi to be changed to John Taolo<br />
Gaetsewe and kgalagadi local / Moshaweng to<br />
be Joe Morolong.<br />
d) Clarity on what is meant by agricultural<br />
reserve and its application.<br />
e) Agricultural land in many instances includes<br />
habitats of high conservation importance.<br />
f) Alluvial vegetation must be afforded<br />
appropriate protection.<br />
g) Box 2, Aspect (g) – Implementation of<br />
protected area network to be undertaken in<br />
collaboration with, in particular, Department<br />
of Minerals.<br />
h) <strong>The</strong> statistics 2001 data used is old, but is the<br />
only available data since the resent stats data<br />
will only be available in a year or two.<br />
i) Distinction to be made on maps between<br />
completed and proposed water pipelines,<br />
using different colours.<br />
j) A statement on Blue drop status has to be<br />
reviewed.<br />
k) Review demarcation of water use areas along<br />
Free State border.<br />
l) Provision has to be made for the <strong>Northern</strong><br />
<strong>Cape</strong> Conservation plan that is under<br />
development.<br />
m) Status of the PGDS is that it has been reviewed<br />
by executive council and circulated to<br />
stakeholders.<br />
n) Mines in Kuruman envisage to increase their<br />
production therefore pressure will be<br />
experienced on roads and development in the<br />
area.<br />
o) Economic problems in Kuruman need to be<br />
solved as people are still poor, right strategies<br />
a) Rectified throughout document.<br />
b) Ditto<br />
c) Ditto<br />
d) Clarified by service provider during<br />
meeting.<br />
e) Noted<br />
f) To be provided for in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
g) Noted<br />
h) Rectified.<br />
i) Rectified in accordance with DWA’s<br />
input.<br />
j) Ditto<br />
k) To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
l) Noted<br />
m) To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
n) To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
o) To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
3
have to be applied. <strong>The</strong>refore balance<br />
between human wellbeing, environmental<br />
integrity and economic efficiency should be<br />
achieved.<br />
p) Migration pattern in Kuruman has to be<br />
looked at as some schools are closing up while<br />
others experience influx of learners.<br />
q) Page 6 – Kamieskroon must be change to<br />
Kamiesberg<br />
r) Page 7 – Revise names of district and local<br />
municipalities.<br />
s) Insert Ganspan under Phokwane.<br />
t) Page 16 – insert Smartt Syndrate Irrigation<br />
Board near Britstown/Vaalharts WUA.<br />
u) Revise WUA and WB boundaries in accordance<br />
with latest data.<br />
v) Page 23 – Insert Vaalharts Weir.<br />
w) Page 97 – Insert 3.2.1 Green Drop Status<br />
under Section 3.2: Sewage removal<br />
x) Frances Baard DM received a Blue Drop for<br />
their Koopmansfontein System – 95%.<br />
y) Kgatelopele received a Blue Drop for their<br />
Danielskuil System ‐ 95%.<br />
z) Page 143 –Map F.5. Include Pelladrift‐,<br />
Namakwa‐, Alexander bay to Port Nolloth‐,<br />
Riemvasmaak Pipelines.<br />
aa) <strong>The</strong> Vaal, Orange, Harts, Modder and a small<br />
section of the Riet River within NC are the only<br />
perennial rivers.<br />
bb) Ongers River is a seasonal/non‐perennial river.<br />
cc) Change all maps that indicate rivers accept<br />
Map C.4 on page 19.<br />
d) Inter‐regional planning should be included, in<br />
terms of the relationship between NC and<br />
surrounding towns<br />
e) How do we marry politics with what PSDF is<br />
trying to achieve.<br />
p) Rectified<br />
q) Rectified<br />
r) Rectified<br />
s) Rectified<br />
t) Rectified in accordance with DWA’s<br />
input.<br />
u) Rectified.<br />
v) Rectified.<br />
w) Noted<br />
x) Rectified.<br />
y) Rectified.<br />
z) Rectified in accordance with DWA’s<br />
input.<br />
aa) Noted<br />
bb) Noted<br />
cc) Rectified<br />
SESSION 1 COMMENT RESPONSE<br />
a) Investment categories and development<br />
potential to be define clearly.<br />
a) Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
b) In the presentation of development potential<br />
towns it should be clarified how Orania is<br />
classified as a potential town.<br />
b) Refer to the study report.<br />
c) Rural industrialisation has to be tested. c) To be addressed during detailed<br />
planning of district and local<br />
d)<br />
municipalities.<br />
Noted<br />
e) PSDF will present strategies<br />
premised upon the applicable<br />
legislation, policy and the principles<br />
of sustainability.<br />
4
f) <strong>The</strong> study must speak to rural declining towns<br />
and shows how the towns will be revitalized.<br />
g) What happen to areas with high agricultural<br />
potential and low developmental potential?<br />
h) What will be the impact of mining on the<br />
development potential of small towns?<br />
i) Clarify on the intension of the investment to<br />
develop the towns or to capacitate the people<br />
and have them moved to more developed<br />
towns?<br />
5 COMMITTEE RESOLUTIONS AND CONCLUSION<br />
f) Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and<br />
<strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
g) Ditto<br />
h) Ditto<br />
i) Ditto<br />
<strong>The</strong> resolutions taken by the PSC are as follows:<br />
a) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is approved subject to the amendments listed in the table above.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> PSDF process may continue on the basis of <strong>Volume</strong>s 1 and <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and the Service<br />
Level Agreement.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> PSDF project is on schedule as per the Service Level Agreement.<br />
d) <strong>The</strong> service provider will meet with the relevant sectoral departments and functionaries<br />
during the week of 5‐9 December 2011 as part of Phase 3 and Phase 4.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> relevant relevant sectoral departments and functionaries will avail themselves for the<br />
meetings.<br />
Mr. G. De Bruin thanked all for the well‐attended meeting and the service provider and sub‐<br />
consultants for the presentations made. Service provider was commended for the work completed<br />
to date. In the latter regard, specific reference was made to the DVD of the PSDF which was<br />
introduced and shown during the meeting.<br />
<strong>The</strong> meeting started at 09:00 and ended at 13:00 with the showing of the DVD. An extended<br />
discussion on the study report entitled <strong>Development</strong> Potential of Urban Settlements in the<br />
<strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> was held between 14:00 and 6:00.<br />
DENNIS MOSS PARTNERSHIP<br />
5
ANNEXURE 1:<br />
Attendance Register<br />
6
ANNEXURE 2:<br />
Meeting Notes taken by the DRD&LR<br />
16
NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK<br />
DVD<br />
29 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
1 INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>The</strong> Project Management Committee met on 1 November 2011 at the offices of the Department of<br />
Rural <strong>Development</strong> and Land Reform (DRD&LR) in Kimberley.<br />
<strong>The</strong> purpose of the meeting was to:<br />
a) Discuss Consultative Draft 1 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF and the comments received from the<br />
committee members prior to the meeting.<br />
b) Provide committee members and the service provider with an opportunity to address and<br />
clarify aspects of uncertainty.<br />
c) Reach concensus regarding the way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
d) Discuss the relationship between <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and <strong>Volume</strong> 4 and the<br />
methodolgy and way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
<strong>The</strong> meeting was chaired by Mr Gerhard de Bruin of DRD&LR. <strong>The</strong> meeting was attended by the<br />
members listed in the table below.<br />
NAME ORGANISATION TEL CELL EMAIL<br />
G de Bruin DRDLR 0538325084 0828276264 GJdeBruin@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
SW vd Merwe DMP 0218870124 0823201741 sw@dmp.co.za<br />
S vd Merwe DMP 0218870124 0833240925 schalk@dmp.co.za<br />
H Marais DBSA 0720167849 henrim@dbsa.org<br />
S Benade DEDAT 0538394039 0827891653 sbenade@ncpg.gov.za<br />
S Grobbelaar COGHSTA 0538072836 0829270903 sgrobbelaar@ncpg.gov.za<br />
A Strachan Office of the<br />
Premier<br />
0734872664 astrachan@ncpg.gov.za<br />
A Kwayisi DRDLR 0123128766 0716865402 aakwayisi@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
K Moremi Office<br />
Premier<br />
of the 0538025107 0732147141 emoremi@ncpg.gov.za<br />
P Mangate DRDLR 0538325423 0762416651 psmangate@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
S Nollovu DRDLR 0538325423 0786299059 sjnollovu@ruraldevelopment.gov.za<br />
G Bosman DEBAT 0538304800 0714103413 gbosman73@gmail.com<br />
H Louw DEBAT 0538304800 0798830410 hlouwdiamond@iburst.co.za<br />
17 Market St • P.O. Box 371 • Stellenbosch 7599 • SOUTH AFRICA<br />
Tel: +27 (0)21 887 0124 • Fax: +27 (0)21 886 5393 • email: info@dmp.co.za • website: www.dmp.co.za<br />
Dennis Moss Planners & Architects (Pty) Ltd. Reg. No. 2003/007711/07<br />
Directors: DF Moss, URP (SA) BA M (URP) M SAPI • GC de Klerk, URP (SA) B Econ M (URP) M SAPI • M Le Roux-Cloete, Pr Arch, BAS, B Arch (UCT), MIArch, CIA<br />
SW vd Merwe, Pr Sci Nat, NHD (Nature Conservation) SACNASP • JMH Lackay, Pr S Arch, T MIArch • PJ Niemann, Pr Arch, B Arch (UFS) MIArch, CIA
K Mouibidu DEBAT 0835425372 kmouibidu@ncpg@gov.za<br />
Apologies were received from Ms. L. Ahjum, Ms. R Jacobs, Ms. J. Meyer, Mr. Binase and Dr. J.<br />
Mostert.<br />
2 PRESENTATION<br />
<strong>The</strong> service provider made two short presentations respectively pertaining to (copy of each<br />
presentation appended under Annexure 1):<br />
a) Consultative Draft 1 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 of the PSDF.<br />
b) Way forward as it relates to <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
<strong>The</strong> service provider further submitted a report entitled Inventory of Completed Tasks and Way<br />
Forward (1 November 2011), the purpose of which is to serve as:<br />
(i) An inventory of the goals and objectives of the PSDF/PDRMP stipulated in the:<br />
• Terms of Reference in the Service Level Agreement.<br />
• Supplementary aspects listed in Annexure A of the Terms of Reference.<br />
• Objectives stated in the approved Inception Phase Report dated 24 February 2011.<br />
(ii) Summary of the status of the project as it relates to the tasks completed.<br />
(iii) Summary of the way forward as it relates addressing the aspects listed above.<br />
2.1 PRINCIPLES OF VOLUME 2<br />
As part of the presentation, the following principles were emphasised:<br />
a) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is an inventory of the key economic, social, infrastructural and environmental<br />
characteristics of the province to be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4. <strong>The</strong> service provider is<br />
not required to undertake primary research, the information was drawn accordingly drawn<br />
from the data provided by the DRD&LR and the various sectors, the stakeholder<br />
consultation process undertaken, and additional sources explored by the service provider.<br />
b) <strong>The</strong> written content, maps and figures presented in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 are, in general, direct quotes<br />
from the above information base and therefore do not necessarily represent the quality<br />
and format that will characterise the work of the service provider in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 and 4 and in<br />
the final PSDF document.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> significance of perceived inaccuracies should be adjudicated in context of their<br />
potential to have a meaningful effect on the PSDF as a whole.<br />
d) Section H: Summary of Key Aspects is the primary component of <strong>Volume</strong> 2. Committee<br />
members need to ensure that all their sectoral interests have been listed in this section.<br />
e) <strong>The</strong> process of preparing <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4 would involve ongoing information‐gathering. It<br />
would therefore not be practical and appropriate to, at this stage, consider <strong>Volume</strong> 2 as a<br />
final and complete product. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 should rather be seen as ‘work in progress’ to be<br />
completed together with <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4.<br />
2
2.2 COMMENT SUBMITTED BY COMMITTEE MEMBERS PRIOR TO MEETING<br />
<strong>The</strong> comment submitted by committee members prior to the meeting and the response of the<br />
service provider are listed in the table below:<br />
COMMENT RESPONSE<br />
a) Chapters on environment too long. Extent of chapters essentially equates to the submissions<br />
made by the relevant sectors.<br />
b) Comparative nature of statistics is useful point<br />
of departure for service delivery.<br />
Noted<br />
c) Economic section not integrated with Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 1.<br />
d)<br />
settlement pattern.<br />
Ensure alignment of TOR + Annexure A, SLA, Refer to Annexure 2 of this document (Inventory of<br />
Inception Report.<br />
completed tasks and way forward)<br />
e) Illustrations relevant and generally well titled. Noted<br />
f) Include desired goal maps. To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
g) Infrastructure section to be expanded. DEDAT to provide info to include in Consultative Draft 2 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
h) ITC policy to serve schools and rural areas. Ditto<br />
i) LED data not supported. Ditto<br />
j) Map of protected areas to be rectified (Vaalbos<br />
National Park has been de‐proclaimed.<br />
To be rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
k) Map regarding land reform. To be included in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
l) Maps regarding mining and agriculture. DEDAT to provide info to include in Consultative Draft 2 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
m) Policy and strategy regarding export of mining<br />
produce versus local benefication.<br />
Ditto<br />
n) Policy on wind energy development. Ditto<br />
o) Quality, consistency and scale of maps. Maps and figures are, in general, direct quotes from the<br />
information base.<br />
p) Report addresses stated objective. Noted<br />
q) Sources of tables. To be rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
r) Strategy on alternative settlement expansion in<br />
line with economic potential of settlements<br />
Noted<br />
s) Strong statement regarding future of towns<br />
with diminishing economic base<br />
Noted<br />
t) Stronger correlation and statements regarding<br />
land reform, poverty alleviation in Pixley and<br />
Joe Morolong.<br />
DEDAT to provide info to include in Consultative Draft 2 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
u) SWOT analysis. To be undertaken as part of Phase 3 & 4.<br />
v) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 overlaps with <strong>Volume</strong> 1. Overlapping and duplication is required in places.<br />
w) Reports is well structured and comprehensive. Noted<br />
2.3 COMMENT SUBMITTED BY COMMITTEE MEMBERS DURING MEETING<br />
<strong>The</strong> table below lists the comments made during the meeting, the response of the service<br />
provider, and the rectification agreed upon.<br />
MEMBER /<br />
INSTITUTION<br />
A Kwayisi<br />
DRDLR<br />
A Strachan<br />
Office of the<br />
COMMENT RESPONSE<br />
Attendance register of public meetings to be<br />
loaded on website.<br />
Noted<br />
Tables must also be correctly referenced. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
3
Premier<br />
G de Bruin<br />
DRDLR<br />
H Louw<br />
DEDAT<br />
H Marais<br />
DBSA<br />
K Mouibidu<br />
DEDAT<br />
S Benade<br />
DEDAT<br />
Page 19: Gariep River should be Orange River. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Components of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 lacks mapping, for<br />
example agriculture and mining.<br />
Ditto<br />
Some of the maps included in the document Maps and figures are, in general, direct quotes<br />
are outdated, for example, the map depicting<br />
solar radiation is mapped using 2001 data.<br />
from the information base.<br />
Provision to meet for climate change. To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
Priorities and associated budgets: Should PSDF, per definition, indicates the spatial<br />
PSDF follow PGDS or make own proposals ? implications of the PGDS and provides strategies<br />
for the implementation of PGDS programs and<br />
projects.<br />
In terms of the Planning & <strong>Development</strong> Act Sectoral institutions prepare their own budgets.<br />
PSDF needs to be assign budgets.<br />
<strong>The</strong> PSDF provides an integrating framework for<br />
such process – it does not explicitely make<br />
provision for budgets.<br />
Ensure correct referencing. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
DMAs must be labeled correctly. Ditto<br />
Page 1: Preparation of a spatial vision. To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong> 3 & 4.<br />
Maps used are not well presented. Maps and figures are, in general, direct quotes<br />
from the information base.<br />
Page 40: Properties of mining companies<br />
extending into the ocean must also be<br />
depicted.<br />
Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
PSDF will inform PGDS. <strong>The</strong> PGDS is at state<br />
level whilst the PSDF is more detailed.<br />
Noted<br />
Department of Water Affairs must be To be arranged by DRDLR.<br />
represented in PMC.<br />
Occurrence of previous names in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is<br />
a result of source data used. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 being<br />
the inventory as it is, cannot change the<br />
referenced source data. Notes in the text may<br />
well refer to the change in names.<br />
Noted<br />
Regions in the map on page 10 are those<br />
provided by Tourism <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and are<br />
based on the unique characteristics of the<br />
various regions.<br />
Noted<br />
<strong>The</strong> section on infrastructure seems DEDAT to provide info to include in Consultative<br />
inadequate..<br />
Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Leading towns to be indicated. Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
No more DMAs exist. To be clarified.<br />
Page 2, prioritization of projects – not Sectoral institutions prepare their own budgets.<br />
specifically noted in <strong>Volume</strong> 2. Will the PSDF <strong>The</strong> PSDF provides an integrating framework for<br />
allocate a budget or funds to identified such process – it does not explicitely make<br />
projects?<br />
provision for budgets.<br />
Page 89: Conclusion on the demographics. Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Page 90: Population perimeter to show the<br />
brain drain out of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Railway initiatives to be indicated. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Reference to the Green Kalahari is outdated. Occurrence of previous names in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is a<br />
result of source data used. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 being the<br />
inventory as it is, cannot change the referenced<br />
source data. Notes in the text may well refer to<br />
the change in names.<br />
Rural nodes to be indicated. Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Names: Kgalagadi, John Toalo outdated, Occurrence of previous names in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is a<br />
Gariep must be Orange.<br />
result of source data used. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 being the<br />
4
S Grobbelaar<br />
COGHSTA<br />
Page 10, how will the bioregions connect with<br />
the economic regions? Which will take<br />
preference?<br />
Page 14: Agriculture could have provided<br />
more accurate data.<br />
Vioolsdrif Dam already planned and<br />
approved.<br />
Sections on page 37 and 38 overlaps with<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 1.<br />
Page 19: Water availability – groundwater<br />
resource to be addressed.<br />
inventory as it is, cannot change the referenced<br />
source data. Notes in the text may well refer to<br />
the change in names.<br />
Latest names, figures, other data to be used in<br />
<strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
Data made available by sectoral institutions was<br />
used in preparation of <strong>Volume</strong> 1.<br />
DEDAT to submitted approval and relevant<br />
information.<br />
Noted<br />
Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Page 4: Extent of the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>. <strong>The</strong> quote figure is confirmed correct by Mr. S.<br />
Grobbelaar.<br />
Page 65: How were the environmental factors Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and the<br />
factored into settlement categorisation. Settlement Study (Annexure 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2).<br />
Page 84, population figure is outdated. Data made available by sectoral institutions was<br />
used in preparation of <strong>Volume</strong> 1. DEDAT to<br />
provide info to include in Consultative Draft 2 of<br />
<strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Show the impact of the incorporation of To be addressed in <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
North West and the <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong>.<br />
Maps must to be correctly referenced. Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Mineral map required? Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Page 10: Map of macro‐bioregions –<br />
boundaries not necessarily correct.<br />
Regions in the map on page 10 are those<br />
provided by Tourism <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>Cape</strong> and are<br />
based on the unique characteristics of the<br />
various regions.<br />
Rectified in Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2.<br />
Page 44, first alluvial diamond was discovered<br />
in Barkley West.<br />
Page 6: Old municipal boundaries. Ditto<br />
Page 65: <strong>Development</strong> potential of towns Refer to Section D of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 and the<br />
questioned.<br />
Settlement Study (Annexure 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2).<br />
This question is to be addressed during meeting<br />
with authors of Settlement Study (meeting to be<br />
arranged).<br />
Some of the maps still refer to Mashaweng Occurrence of previous names in <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is a<br />
and Kgalagadi. <strong>The</strong>se names have changed result of source data used. <strong>Volume</strong> 2 being the<br />
and may be confusing.<br />
inventory as it is, cannot change the referenced<br />
source data. Notes in the text may well refer to<br />
the change in names.<br />
Latest names, figures, other data to be used in<br />
<strong>Volume</strong>s 3 & 4.<br />
DMP to meet with individual departments. Such meetings to be held during Phase 3 & 4 of<br />
the PSDF process.<br />
PSDF has to link to and infuence the PGDS. Noted<br />
5
3 KEY RESOLUTIONS AND ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN<br />
<strong>The</strong> key resolutions taken by the PMC and the actions to be taken with immediate effect are as<br />
follows:<br />
a) <strong>The</strong> PSDF project is on schedule as per the Service Level Agreement.<br />
b) <strong>Volume</strong> 2 is materially adequate for submission to the Project Steering Committee subject<br />
to the amendments to be made as summarised in the table above.<br />
c) <strong>The</strong> amendments will be made and the amended document (entitled Consultative Draft 2<br />
of <strong>Volume</strong> 2) will be loaded onto the website by 24 November 2011.<br />
d) Subject to the amendments made the PMC recommends that the PMC approve<br />
Consultative Draft 2 of <strong>Volume</strong> 2 at the meeting to be held on 29 November 2011.<br />
e) Committee members are to submit any additional comment to the service provider by<br />
Friday 11 November 2011.<br />
f) <strong>The</strong> proposal of the service provider that <strong>Volume</strong> 2 should be seen as ‘work in progress’ to<br />
be completed together with <strong>Volume</strong>s 3 and 4 is adopted.<br />
g) Proposals relating to the amendment of the SDF guidelines will be articulated and<br />
submitted to DRDLR on an ongoing basis.<br />
h) Service provider is to submit minutes and response on comments received to DRDLR by 24<br />
November 2011.<br />
i) Ms. S. Benade of DEDAT is to liaise with and submit outstanding information to the service<br />
provider in accordance with a schedule to be determined by the two parties.<br />
j) <strong>The</strong> settlement study needs to be studied and scrutinized on its own.<br />
k) A meeting is to be held with the Proffs Izak van der Merwe and Larry Zietsmann to discuss<br />
key aspects of the Settlement Study report. Mr. H. Louw will arrange and facilitate such<br />
meeting.<br />
l) MR. Gerhard de Bruin will determine the date of the PMC and will make the necessary<br />
arrangements.<br />
DENNIS MOSS PARTNERSHIP<br />
6
ANNEXURE 1:<br />
PRESENTATIONS MADE ON 1 NOVEMBER 2011<br />
1.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE MEETING<br />
VOLUME 2 OF THE PSDF<br />
1.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE<br />
STRATEGIC SESSION TOWARDS PREPARATION<br />
OF VOLUME 3 & 4<br />
7
ANNEXURE 2<br />
INVENTORY OF COMPLETED TASKS AND WAY<br />
FORWARD<br />
8