Marloth Park Management Plan. - Nkomazi Local Municipality

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Suppression of radiation occurs in the atmosphere due to the deflection and absorption of energy by ozone, carbon- dioxide, water vapour, and dust particles in suspension. This diffused radiation shows the same tendency as global radiation, with a recorded minimum in June and a maximum in January. The total radiation shows an annual oscillation, with the lowest values recorded during the period May to August and the highest during December to February. Most of the absorbed energy is converted to heat, elevating the temperature of the earth's crust and increasing the rate of water evaporation. Temperature The average temperatures in the Lowveld of Mpumalanga are the highest in the Republic of South Africa, varying from 14.9ºC to 23.8ºC as recorded at the Friedenheim weather station (Station number: 0555866 5; Latitude: 25º26' South; Longitude: 30º59' East; Altitude: 671 m a.s.l.). The summers are extremely hot with a maximum-recorded temperature of 39.8ºC. The mean daily maximum temperature for this area during a period of 44 years is 19.9ºC and the mean minimum temperature is 0.9ºC. The weather conditions during the winter months are ideal with bright sunshine during the day. The maximum temperature amplitude is reached during this period, with the lowest recorded temperature of -2ºC. Rainfall The climate of the Lowveld is subtropical. The rainy season coincides with the summer months - September to April. The winters are generally dry. Apart from the dry winters, fairly severe droughts are sometimes experienced. Although the mean annual rainfall of this area is rather low, varying from 505 mm to 835 mm, the fluctuations in precipitation are enormous. The rainfall, which is rather erratic, generally occurs in thunderstorms and heavy downpours, causing run-off. The soils are light textured, grass- and bush-covered and rather shallow with a fairly poor water retaining capacity. Furthermore, the evaporation owing to the heat of the sun in summer is high, thus reducing the beneficial effect of rain showers. Hailstorms are rare, but occurrence may be rather severe. The precipitation for this area was recorded at the Malelane rainfall station (Station number: 0556898 7; Latitude: 25º46' South; Longitude: 31º50' East and Altitude: 305 m a.s.l.) over a period of 67 years. The seasonal variance for the period 1938 to 2005 reveals a mean annual rainfall of 610.1 mm with a maximum and minimum recorded annual rainfall of 949.6 mm and 203.0 mm, respectively (Figure 9). A variance in amplitude of 746.6 mm thus exists between the recorded extremes. © Ecological Associates/ Marloth Park 21
A 610.1 B 104.0 C 7.4 D 19.9 E 39.8 F -2.0 120 100 80 Rainfall 60 40 20 0 A - Mean annual rainfall in mm J B - Highest monthly rainfall in mm C - Lowest monthly rainfall in mm D - Mean annual temperature in °C A S O N D J Months F M A M J Rainfall Temperature Dry season Wet season E - Highest monthly temperature in °C (January) F - Lowest monthly temperature in °C (June) Figure 9: A climate diagram for the Marloth Park study area © Ecological Associates/ Marloth Park 22 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Temperature
Page 1 and 2: Ecological Associates Environmental
Page 3 and 4: THE ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE BROWSE
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: A li
Page 9 and 10: Three different scenarios are analy
Page 11 and 12: Ecosystems disturbed by clearing op
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION Although only a few ve
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1: Location of the Marloth P
Page 17 and 18: GEOMORPHOLOGY Looking down from the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 4: Geology of the Marloth Pa
Page 21 and 22: Tonalitic granite and gneiss A sect
Page 23 and 24: Figure 6: Soil depth of the Marloth
Page 25 and 26: Figure 7: Land Types of the Marloth
Page 27: Figure 8: Land use in the Marloth P
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION VEGETATION CLASSIFICAT
Page 33 and 34: METHOD For an initial and broad sca
Page 35 and 36: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis and
Page 37 and 38: The dominant grass species are broa
Page 39 and 40: The characteristic tree species are
Page 41 and 42: VELD CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND THE C
Page 43 and 44: Degradation gradients are models th
Page 45 and 46: The nearest grass species to each s
Page 47 and 48: Calculation of grazing capacity The
Page 49 and 50: Table 2: Contribution of ecological
Page 51 and 52: Table 3: Grazing capacities for the
Page 53 and 54: THE ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE BROWSE
Page 55 and 56: X Y D1 Y Dimensional measurements:
Page 57 and 58: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The browsing
Page 59 and 60: Table 6: Browsing capacities for th
Page 61 and 62: INTRODUCTION ESTIMATION OF HERBACEO
Page 63 and 64: The resulting Large Stock Units are
Page 65 and 66: INTRODUCTION GAME MANAGEMENT ON MAR
Page 67 and 68: STOCKING RATES Current stocking The
Page 69 and 70: Table 10: The current stocking dens
Page 71 and 72: Recommendations on stocking rates C
Page 73 and 74: High selectivity grazers Blue wilde
Page 75 and 76: Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus Ogil
Page 77 and 78: Space requirements: Kudu have range
Page 79 and 80:
Recommendation: The range requireme
Page 81 and 82:
Food preference: Steenbok utilise A
Page 83 and 84:
Table 12: The potential stocking de
Page 85 and 86:
Table 14: The potential stocking de
Page 87 and 88:
Table 15: The recommended stocking
Page 89 and 90:
The proteins may be less available
Page 91 and 92:
When urea is incorporated into a ph
Page 93 and 94:
Recommended intake for game is 150
Page 95 and 96:
Ticks The main parasite of concern
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 12: Sketch of Cyphostemma /C
Page 99 and 100:
NOXIOUS AND INVASIVE WEEDS An invas
Page 101 and 102:
Management plans need to be reviewe
Page 103 and 104:
Ricinus communis, Solanum sisymbrii
Page 105 and 106:
Although soil treatment with chemic
Page 107 and 108:
Planning errors must be expected, a
Page 109 and 110:
To further reduce grazing pressure
Page 111 and 112:
Lightning induced fires can also ca
Page 113 and 114:
TIME OF BURNING Least damage is cau
Page 115 and 116:
A low intensity fire will be achiev
Page 117 and 118:
Recommendations for Marloth Park Ma
Page 119 and 120:
Surface erosion will reduce water i
Page 121 and 122:
Several different types of waterhol
Page 123 and 124:
Stones Ground level Reinforced conc
Page 125 and 126:
For safety reasons these requiremen
Page 127 and 128:
Adaptive management Applying adapti
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 15: Location of the monitori
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix 1 (Continue) A list of tre
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Appendix 2 (Continue) A list of gra
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix 3 (Continue) A list of for
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Appendix 3 (Continue) A list of for
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix 4: Alien invaders found on
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Appendix 5: Frequency occurrence of
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Appendix 6: Photographs of each veg
Page 157 and 158:
Appendix 6: Photographs of each veg
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Marloth Park Management Plan. - Nkomazi Local Municipality

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