Marine Resources Assessment for the Marianas Operating ... - SPREP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The islands of Tinian and Rota lack complex lagoon systems. The island of Tinian is surrounded by reefs, but lacks a true lagoon complex. The lagoons of Tinian, save two (off of the Leprosarium at the southwestern edge of the leaseback area (LBA; see Figures 1-1 and 2-8a), and the northern region of the Tinian Harbor area), are all adjacent to military leases (USGS 1980; NCCOS/NOAA 2005). Saipan has five small lagoons located on the western side of the island and two lagoons along the eastern coastline (USGS 1980; PBEC 1985; NCCOS/NOAA 2005). On the island of Rota, a small “semilagoon” is located along the entire western coast, and the only true lagoon on Rota can be found at the extreme southern tip of the island (PBEC 1985; NCCOS/NOAA 2005). 2.7.6 Seagrass Beds Seagrasses are vascular (flowering) plants adapted to living in a saline environment and grow completely submerged (Phillips and Menez 1988). Seagrasses are unique as they are land plants that spend their entire life cycle underwater. Seagrasses grow in muddy or sandy substrates and can develop into extensive undersea meadows (Phillips and Menez 1988). Seagrass beds are among the most highly productive ecosystems in the world and are an important ecosystem of shallow-water tropical regions (Nybakken 1997). Beds are often used as protective habitats or nursery grounds for many organisms that live in/on sandy or muddy bottoms, in the surrounding waters, or on the plants themselves (Phillips and Menez 1988; Daniel and Minton 2004). While seagrasses are consumed by only a few species (including dugongs, sea turtles, mollusks, and some urchins), many organisms feed on the epiphytic algae growing on the plant structure (Nybakken 1997). Seagrass beds are widely distributed within the study area. Both Guam and Saipan have extensive seagrass meadows surrounding the coastlines (NCCOS/NOAA 2005; Figure 2-10), including extensive beds in Agat Bay (including the Agat Unit of the War in the Pacific National Historical Park; Daniel and Minton 2004), south of Apra Harbor, and Cocos Lagoon on Guam (Eldredge et al. 1977; Daniel and Minton 2004). Rota is known to posses a small seagrass bed off its southern shore (Abraham et al. 2004). Tinian possesses seagrass beds along the northwestern, the northeastern, the southwestern and the eastern coastlines (DoN 2003a). Seagrasses are more scattered on the island of Saipan, with seagrass beds reported along Tanapag Beach (along the northwest coast) and in the Puerto Rico Mudflats (northwest shoreline, south of Tanapag Beach) (Tsuda et al. 1977; Scott 1993). Seagrasses have vanished off the southern coast of Saipan (Abraham et al. 2004). There is no record of seagrass beds occurring on the islands north of Saipan (Tsuda 2003). Currently, three species of seagrasses (Enhalus acoroides, Halodule uninervis, and Halophila minor) are known to occur in the Mariana Islands (Tsuda et al. 1977). Enhalus acoroides, also referred to as tape grass, possesses long leaves (30 to 150 cm long and 1 to 2 cm wide), white flowers, forms clumps, and grows best on sheltered coastlines in sandy or muddy substrate in a range from the mean low water to 4 m deep (Phillips and Menez 1988; Daniel and Minton 2004). Halodule uninervis possesses leaves ranging from 6 to 15 cm long (0.25 to 3.5 mm wide), grows from the intertidal zone to 30 m deep on firm sand and soft mud, and can survive in a range of environments including highly sheltered bays and along coral reefs. Halophila minor has small wide leaf blades (0.7 to 1.4 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide) and is found in sheltered areas on muddy or sandy substrate in the upper subtidal zone (Phillips and Menez 1988). 2.7.7 Mangroves Mangroves are a type of wetland that borders estuaries or shores protected from the open ocean (Scott 1993). They are composed of salt-tolerant trees and other plant species and they provide critical habitat for both marine and terrestrial life. Species diversity is usually high in mangroves, and like seagrasses, can act as a filter to remove sediments before they can be transported onto an adjacent coral reef (Scott 1993; Nybakken 1997; Thurman 1997). Mangrove forests are native to the Marianas study area, however, are only present on the islands of Guam and Saipan (Figure 2-10), with the mangroves of Guam being the most extensive and diverse, 2-41
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2-42 Figure 2-10. Distribution of seagrass and mangrove communities in the Marianas MRA study area and vicinity (a) Guam, (b) Apra Harbor, (c) Tinian and Saipan. Source data: Jones et al. (1974), Scott (1993), DoN (1999, 2003), and NCCOS/NOAA (2005).
Page 4 and 5:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT STATEMENT
Page 6 and 7:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT EXECUTIVE
Page 8 and 9:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ACKNOWLEDG
Page 10 and 11:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
Page 12 and 13:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
Page 14 and 15:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF FI
Page 16 and 17:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF TA
Page 18 and 19:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
Page 20 and 21:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
Page 22 and 23:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1.0 INTROD
Page 24 and 25:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (out to 1
Page 26 and 27:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT act that i
Page 28 and 29:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 1-1.
Page 30 and 31: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT includes t
Page 32 and 33: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bibliograp
Page 34 and 35: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ESRI's pro
Page 36 and 37: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT different
Page 38 and 39: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Commonweal
Page 40 and 41: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.0 PHYSIC
Page 42 and 43: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT During La
Page 44 and 45: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 2-2
Page 48 and 49: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT of the wat
Page 52 and 53: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2-13 Figur
Page 54 and 55: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT nutrient r
Page 56 and 57: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The NEC, w
Page 58 and 59: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.7 COASTA
Page 70 and 71: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT during hea
Page 72 and 73: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Corals als
Page 74 and 75: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT massive co
Page 76 and 77: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT seagrass c
Page 78 and 79: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The topogr
Page 82 and 83: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT totaling a
Page 86 and 87: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Artificial
Page 88 and 89: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Fedorov, V
Page 90 and 91: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Martinez,
Page 92 and 93: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Randall, R
Page 94 and 95: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Uchida, R.
Page 96 and 97: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.0 SPECIE
Page 98 and 99: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.1 MARINE
Page 100 and 101: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT be ones in
Page 102 and 103: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Gannier (2
Page 104 and 105: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT whale sigh
Page 106 and 107: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Morphometr
Page 110 and 111: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Acoustics
Page 112 and 113: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT widespread
Page 114 and 115: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT in the Mic
Page 116 and 117: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT where sper
Page 118 and 119: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-23 Figur
Page 120 and 121: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT brief gutt
Page 122 and 123: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT coloration
Page 124 and 125: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT catches al
Page 126 and 127: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1991, 2003
Page 128 and 129: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT MacLeod et
Page 130 and 131:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Hubbs
Page 132 and 133:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT range for
Page 134 and 135:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Natoli et
Page 136 and 137:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Tursiops a
Page 138 and 139:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Spinne
Page 140 and 141:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Spinner do
Page 142 and 143:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT black to d
Page 144 and 145:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Corkeron
Page 146 and 147:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT and vicini
Page 148 and 149:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Behavior a
Page 150 and 151:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Short-
Page 152 and 153:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Habitat Pr
Page 154 and 155:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 147 to 334
Page 156 and 157:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Baird, R.W
Page 158 and 159:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Calambokid
Page 160 and 161:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Darling, J
Page 162 and 163:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Gallo-Reyn
Page 164 and 165:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Ivashin, M
Page 166 and 167:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Lafortuna,
Page 168 and 169:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Mate, B.R.
Page 170 and 171:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Moore, S.E
Page 172 and 173:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Palacios,
Page 174 and 175:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pryor, K.,
Page 176 and 177:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Schilling,
Page 178 and 179:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Thode, A.,
Page 180 and 181:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Watkins, W
Page 182 and 183:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.2 SEA TU
Page 184 and 185:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT levels in
Page 186 and 187:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-91 Figur
Page 188 and 189:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT are locate
Page 190 and 191:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT CNMI Divis
Page 192 and 193:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT area water
Page 194 and 195:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT the centra
Page 196 and 197:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT margins. I
Page 198 and 199:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT migrations
Page 200 and 201:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Balazs, G.
Page 202 and 203:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Dutton, P.
Page 204 and 205:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Lewison, R
Page 206 and 207:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pitman, R.
Page 208 and 209:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.0 FISH A
Page 210 and 211:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT EFH specie
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Seaward re
Page 216 and 217:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Currently,
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The grey r
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT night (Fro
Page 234 and 235:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Muraen
Page 236 and 237:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT they enter
Page 238 and 239:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The bumphe
Page 240 and 241:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT within lag
Page 242 and 243:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Achilles
Page 244 and 245:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The longno
Page 246 and 247:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The humbug
Page 248 and 249:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Dasyat
Page 250 and 251:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT with a few
Page 252 and 253:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Life Histo
Page 254 and 255:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT NMFS 2004c
Page 256 and 257:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Donaldson
Page 258 and 259:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Distributi
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT outer slop
Page 264 and 265:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Bryozo
Page 266 and 267:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2001; NMFS
Page 268 and 269:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT in deepwat
Page 270 and 271:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.3 FISHER
Page 272 and 273:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pounds (10
Page 274 and 275:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1000 Pound
Page 276 and 277:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Blue Marli
Page 278 and 279:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Annual tro
Page 280 and 281:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT hour trips
Page 282 and 283:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bottomfish
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT In the CNM
Page 288 and 289:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Chan, T.Y.
Page 290 and 291:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Feltes, R.
Page 292 and 293:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Larson, H.
Page 294 and 295:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT NMFS (Nati
Page 296 and 297:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Randall, J
Page 298 and 299:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Starnes, W
Page 300 and 301:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT WPRFMC (We
Page 302 and 303:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 5.0 ADDITI
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 5-2
Page 308 and 309:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 5-3
Page 310 and 311:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The first
Page 312 and 313:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT park. Coas
Page 314 and 315:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT There is a
Page 316 and 317:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 5.5 LITERA
Page 318 and 319:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 6.0 RECOMM
Page 320 and 321:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT • Suppor
Page 322 and 323:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 6.3 LITERA
Page 324 and 325:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 7.0 LIST O
Page 326 and 327:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 8.0 GLOSSA
Page 328 and 329:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Benthonic
Page 330 and 331:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Clutch—a
Page 332 and 333:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Cryptofaun
Page 334 and 335:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Endangered
Page 336 and 337:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Fringing r
Page 338 and 339:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Incidental
Page 340 and 341:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Melon—a
Page 342 and 343:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Omnivore
Page 344 and 345:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Predation
Page 346 and 347:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Sessile—
Page 348 and 349:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Surge—lo
Page 350 and 351:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Whistle—
Page 352 and 353:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A
Page 354 and 355:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
Page 356 and 357:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
Page 358 and 359:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT were provi
Page 360 and 361:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Protected
Page 362 and 363:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT DoN (Depar
Page 364 and 365:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure Tit
Page 366 and 367:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure B-2
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure C-1
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure Tit
Page 398 and 399:
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure D-2
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416:
show all

Marine Resources Assessment for the Marianas Operating ... - SPREP

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?