Marine Resources Assessment for the Marianas Operating ... - SPREP

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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT nutrient rich layer (Rodier and LeBorgne 1997). As such, standing stocks of phytoplankton biomass (Radenac and Rodier 1996) and concentrations of chl a are low throughout the study area (less than 0.1 mg per cubic meter [m 3 ]) (NASA 1998; Figure 2-6). In regions in which overall nutrient concentrations are low, the phytoplankton communities are dominated by small nanoplankton and picoplankton (Le Bouteiller et al. 1992; Higgins and Mackey 2000). This is true for the study area, as phytoplankton communities in the western Pacific are dominated by cyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp.), prochlorophytes, haptophytes, and chlorophytes (Higgins and Mackey 2000). These cells are less than one micron (µm) in size and comprise 60% of the total chl a measured (Le Bouteiller et al. 1992). Two regions of enhanced chl a (up to 0.06 mg/m 3 ) can be identified in the study area off the southwest coast of Guam and in the region surrounding the islands of Tinian and Saipan (Figure 2-6). These regions of enhanced chl a persist through both the rainy and dry seasons, with higher chl a concentrations occurring during the rainy season. Reasons for these regions of higher chl a levels are not completely understood but may be a product of the island mass interacting with currents. This island mass effect has been previously observed for other islands located in oligotrophic or stratified regions including the Scilly Isles in the Celtic Sea (Simpson et al 1982), the Marquesas islands (Martinez and Maamaatuaiahutapu 2004), and the islands of Hawai’i (Gilmartin and Revelante 1974) in which currents passing by the islands or through channels in island chains created turbulence mixing bringing more nutrient rich waters to the surface. This mixing may be capable of occurring along the Mariana island chain creating isolated areas of increased production. In addition, an anticyclonic eddy is formed off the southwestern coast of Guam in the same region as the increased chl a (Wolanski et al 2003; Figure 2-6). It is likely that phytoplankton is becoming trapped within the eddy and is not advected to the west, allowing for an accumulation of biomass and chl a in the region. The remainder of the study area experiences chl a levels below 0.045 mg/m 3 throughout the year (NASA 1998; Figure 2-6). ENSO appears to have little, if any, effect on primary production in the western tropical Pacific (Mackey et al 1997; Higgins and Mackey 2000). 2.5.1.2 Chemosynthesis Another potentially significant source of biological productivity does not occur in the light of the surface, but rather at great depths within the ocean. In some locations, including the Mariana Trough, hydrothermal springs can support vast benthic communities (Hessler and Lonsdale 1991; Hashimoto et al. 1995; Galkin 1997). Many organisms live in association with bacteria capable of deriving energy from hydrogen sulfide that is dissolved in the hydrothermal vent water (Thurman 1997). Since these bacteria are dependant upon the release of chemical energy, the mechanism responsible for this production is called chemosynthesis. Little is known regarding the significance of bacterial productivity on the ocean floor on a global scale. Hydrothermal indicators and vents have been found within the study area (Embley et al. 2004) and locations are described in further detail in subsequent sections. 2.5.2 Secondary Production Secondary production refers to the production (change in biomass) of organisms that consume primary producers, i.e., the production of bacteria and animals through heterotrophic processes (Scavia 1988; Strayer 1988). Detailed descriptions of protected species as consumers of primary production including marine mammals and sea turtles, as well as species such as corals and seagrasses are found in later sections of this chapter or later chapters of this MRA. In this section, marine zooplankton is discussed. Marine zooplankton are aquatic organisms ranging in size from 20 µm to large shrimp (>2,000 µm) (Parsons et al. 1984), and can be separated into two distinct categories based upon their dependence to coastal proximity. Oceanic zooplankton includes organisms such as salps and copepods typically found at a distance from the coast and over great depths in the open sea. Neritic zooplankton (found in waters overlying the island shelves), include such species as fish and benthic invertebrate larvae, and are usually only found short distances from the coast (Uchida 1983). 2-15
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2-16 Figure 2-6. Mean seasonal surface chlorophyll a concentrations in the Marianas MRA study area and vicinity during the (a) dry season and (b) rainy season. Source data: NASA (1998).
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT whale sigh
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Morphometr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 3-1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Acoustics
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT widespread
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT in the Mic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT where sper
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-23 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT brief gutt
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT coloration
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT catches al
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1991, 2003
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT MacLeod et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Hubbs
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT range for
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Natoli et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT black to d
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Behavior a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Short-
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Habitat Pr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Baird, R.W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Calambokid
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Darling, J
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pryor, K.,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Watkins, W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.2 SEA TU
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT levels in
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-91 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT are locate
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT CNMI Divis
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT area water
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT the centra
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT migrations
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Balazs, G.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.0 FISH A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 4-1.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Seaward re
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Currently,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The grey r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Muraen
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT with a few
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Life Histo
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Distributi
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.3 FISHER
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pounds (10
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1000 Pound
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bottomfish
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT In the CNM
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Chan, T.Y.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Feltes, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Larson, H.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The first
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT park. Coas
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT • Suppor
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 8.0 GLOSSA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Benthonic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Clutch—a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Cryptofaun
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Endangered
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Incidental
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Predation
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Whistle—
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Protected
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure C-1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure D-2
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