Marine Resources Assessment for the Marianas Operating ... - SPREP

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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2-13 Figure 2-5. Mean seasonal sea surface temperature in the Marianas MRA study area and vicinity during the (a) dry season and (b) rainy season. The white areas surrounding Guam and the CNMI islands are areas where sea surface temperature data were unavailable. Source data: NASA (2000).
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT SST along the reef flats near the shoreline have been reported to average 2°C higher than those reported in nearshore waters and may reach temperatures as high as 34°C during periods of extensive low tide (Eldredge 1983). Increases in SST caused by El Niño events can influence the distribution pattern of fishes (Lehodey et al. 1997). Further, prolonged high SST will cause the bleaching of corals, coral mortality and induce the outbreak of coral diseases within the study area (Harvell et al. 1999; Paulay and Benayahu 1999; Richmond et al. 2002). Thermocline—The water column in the Marianas MRA study area contains a well-mixed surface layer ranging from 90 to 125 m. Immediately below the mixed layer is a rapid decline in temperature to the cold deeper waters. Unlike more temperate climates, the thermocline in the study area is relatively stable, rarely turning over and mixing the more nutrient waters of the deeper ocean in to the surface layer. Salinity—The study area lies in a region near the equator of low surface salinity bound to the north and south by regions of higher salinity (Pickard and Emery 1982). Surface salinity is lower towards the southern end of the Mariana archipelago and increases towards the north. At a depth of 100 to 200 m, there is a spike in salinity that corresponds with the input of high saline tropical waters (Eldredge 1983). Below this region, the salinity drops to a minimum (approximately 34.5 ppt) and corresponds to the influx of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW). NPIW is formed as cold, fresh, dense water sinks below the more saline water in the north subarctic Pacific Ocean and can be recognized by its overall lower salinity and location within the water column (500 to 700 m depth) (Eldredge 1983). 2.5 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY The physical environment of an area can directly affect the distribution of marine life found within. In this section, the major groups of organisms found in the Marianas MRA study area are discussed with particular reference to their geographical distribution and any physical mechanisms that may affect their distribution. The organisms that comprise the base of the food web and those to which all other oceanic organisms depend, the plankton, will be specifically discussed here while discussions of the larger species found in the study area may be found in subsequent chapters. 2.5.1 Primary Production Primary production is a rate at which the biomass of organisms changes and is defined as the amount of carbon fixed by organisms in a fixed volume of water through the synthesis of organic matter using energy derived from solar radiation or chemical reactions (Thurman 1997). The major process through which primary production occurs is photosynthesis. The intensity and quality of light, the availability of nutrients, and seawater temperature all influence primary productivity as generated through photosynthesis (Valiela 1995). Chemosynthesis will also be mentioned in this section since it is another form of primary production occurring at hydrothermal vent communities along ocean spreading centers in the study area. 2.5.1.1 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that converts solar energy from the sun into chemical energy stored within organic molecules by combining water, carbon dioxide, and light energy to form sugar and oxygen. In the oceanic system, the majority of photosynthesis is carried out by phytoplankton utilizing a suite of light harvesting compounds to convert solar energy into chemical energy, the most common being chl a (Thurman 1997). Rates of photosynthetic production can vary from between less than 0.1 milligram (mg) of carbon (C) per square meter (m 2 ) per day (d) in low primary productivity (oligotrophic) regions, such as the western equatorial Pacific, to more than 10 mgC/m 2 /d in highly productive areas (Thurman 1997). The western Pacific, including the study area, can be considered an oligotrophic region. The water column surrounding the study area is composed of nutrient depleted surface area overlying a deeper 2-14
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Acoustics
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT widespread
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT in the Mic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT coloration
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1991, 2003
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Natoli et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Baird, R.W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT levels in
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT CNMI Divis
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 4-1.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bottomfish
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT In the CNM
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Benthonic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Clutch—a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Endangered
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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