Marine Resources Assessment for the Marianas Operating ... - SPREP

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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT of the water column. Variations in temperature and salinity will cause changes in water density which in turn drives the thermohaline circulation capable of moving water masses at all levels of the water column (Pickard and Emery 1982). The general oceanic circulation surrounding the study area and the Mariana Islands is little known as few studies have investigated the major current pattern around the islands (Eldredge 1983). Due to the lack of observational data in the study area, only broad, more generalized patterns can be identified. The following is a discussion of circulation patterns that influence the study area including sea surface circulation, deepwater circulation, and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). 2.4.1.1 Surface Currents Surface currents in the study area are heavily influenced by the North Pacific Equatorial Current (NPEC) which flows westward between 8 and 15°N eventually turning to the north to form the Kuroshio current off of Japan (Pickard and Emery 1982; Wolanski et al. 2003; Figure 2-4a). The North Equatorial Current (NEC) is driven by the trade winds along the equator (Figure 2-4b). The trade winds force the NEC through the study area. This results in a net sea surface transport to the west/northwest at an average speed of 0.1 to 0.2 m/sec (Uda 1970; Wolanski et al. 2003). However, it also should be noted that the Mariana Islands lie to the southeast of the heaviest tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean and current patterns in the study area can be influenced by tropical cyclones during the rainy season (July through November). As such, the passage of tropical cyclones (Eldredge 1983), El Niño (Lagerloef et al. 1999), and oceanic cyclonic eddies through the area (Wolanski et al. 2003) have resulted in a reversal of surface current flow in the study area. The large mass of the islands within the study area may be capable of producing small eddies (net eastward coastal flow of several cm s -1 ) on the lee side of the islands capable of returning fish and coral larvae and eggs to the fringing reefs surrounding most of the islands. While the formation of these eddies have not been largely investigated throughout the study area, these eddies may provide the explanation as to why people lost at sea to the west side of the Mariana Islands are not advected to the west by the NEC as predicted by Coast Guard models (Wolanski et al. 2003). Many of the islands within the study area are surrounded by fringing coral reefs (Eldredge 1983; Spalding et al. 2001). There are a number of fine scale currents within the reef and between the reef and shore (Jones et al. 1974; Eldredge et al. 1977; Marsh et al. 1982). However these fine scale current patterns are complex and there is a lack of observational data to accurately predict these current patterns (Eldredge 1983). In Guam, Marsh et al. (1982) found that incoming waves travel shoreward over the reef flats (Tumon Bay, Pago Bay) and slowly turn to form longshore currents. These currents flow along the shoreline for distances up to 1,500 m, eventually turn seaward, and then exit through cuts in the reef margin (Marsh et al. 1982). 2.4.1.2 Deepwater Currents/Water Masses The colder, mid-depth and bottom waters of the study area do not originate in local waters. Rather, some of the water travels a great distance prior to reaching the study region, including waters originating in the North Pacific and the Antarctic Sea (Pickard and Emery 1982). In fact, the water found in the Mariana Trough and Mariana Trench originates from Lower Circumpolar Water (LCPW) and North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW) and is influenced by the overlying Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIW) (Kawabe et al. 2003; Siedler et al. 2004). The NPDW is formed in the northern Pacific as cold water from the North Pacific mixes with high silica bottom sources (Siedler et al. 2004). The low salinity and high silica content is the signature of the NPDW water mass. After sinking into the deep subarctic, this water travels from the northeast Pacific with a general westward propagation south of the Hawaiian Islands. The NPDW extends to the western edge of the Mariana Trough at a depth to 2,000 to 3,500 m, where net transport of the water mass is southward (Kawabe et al. 2003; Siedler et al. 2004). 2-9
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2-10 Figure 2-4a. Surface circulation of the Pacific Ocean and outline of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Source information: Pickard and Emery (1982) and Karl (1999).
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.1 MARINE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT be ones in
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Gannier (2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT whale sigh
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Morphometr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 3-1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Acoustics
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT widespread
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT in the Mic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT where sper
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-23 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT brief gutt
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT coloration
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT catches al
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1991, 2003
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT MacLeod et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Hubbs
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT range for
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Natoli et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Spinne
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Spinner do
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT black to d
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Corkeron
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT and vicini
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Behavior a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Habitat Pr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 147 to 334
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Baird, R.W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Calambokid
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Darling, J
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Ivashin, M
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Lafortuna,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Mate, B.R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Palacios,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pryor, K.,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Schilling,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Thode, A.,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Watkins, W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.2 SEA TU
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT levels in
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-91 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT are locate
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT CNMI Divis
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT area water
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT the centra
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT margins. I
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT migrations
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Balazs, G.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Dutton, P.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Lewison, R
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pitman, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.0 FISH A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT EFH specie
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 4-1.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Seaward re
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Currently,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The grey r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT night (Fro
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Muraen
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT they enter
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The bumphe
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The humbug
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Dasyat
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT with a few
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Life Histo
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT NMFS 2004c
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Donaldson
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT outer slop
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Bryozo
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2001; NMFS
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.3 FISHER
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pounds (10
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1000 Pound
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Blue Marli
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Annual tro
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT hour trips
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bottomfish
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT In the CNM
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Chan, T.Y.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Feltes, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Larson, H.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT NMFS (Nati
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Randall, J
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Starnes, W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 5.0 ADDITI
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The first
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT park. Coas
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT There is a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 5.5 LITERA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT • Suppor
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 8.0 GLOSSA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Benthonic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Clutch—a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Cryptofaun
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Endangered
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Fringing r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Incidental
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Melon—a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Omnivore
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Predation
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Sessile—
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Surge—lo
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Whistle—
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Protected
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure Tit
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure B-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure C-1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure D-2
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