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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 5-3. Commercially navigable waterways in the Marianas MRA study area and vicinity. Source data: DoT (2002), 33 CFR 165.1402, and Public Law 26-172. 5-7
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Located in Piti, at the northeast end of Apra Harbor, the Port Authority of Guam operates the largest U.S. deepwater port in the western Pacific Ocean. The Port Authority of Guam was established in 1975 and currently handles about two million tons of cargo per year (Port Authority of Guam 2004). The Port Authority’s Harbor Rules and Regulations (also known as Public Law 26-172) state that all commercial vessels wishing to enter Apra Harbor must first stop at an unmarked approach designated Alpha Hotel (13°26'8"N, 144°34'09"E), located 3.2 km west of Udal Point (Figure 5-3). At this station, a pilot will board the vessel and ensure that it is properly aligned on the entrance range. Vessel traffic in the vicinity of major U.S. ports and harbors is often governed by systems of traffic separation schemes and/or safety fairways. Traffic separation schemes are internationally recognized routing designations created by the USCG that separate opposing flows of vessel traffic into lanes, including a zone between lanes where traffic is to be avoided (33 CFR 166). These schemes, which are delineated by a series of geographic (latitude/longitude) coordinates, allow for safe navigation into and out of major ports. Safety fairways are lanes or corridors in which no artificial island or fixed structure, whether temporary or permanent, is permitted (33 CFR 167). These fairways, which are also delineated by a series of geographic coordinates, provide unobstructed approaches for vessels using U.S. ports. Vessels are not required to use these schemes or fairways, but failure to use one, if available, would be a major factor for determining liability in the event of a collision with another ship or an underwater structure (CERES 2003). On Guam, a safety fairway has been established in order to regulate approaches into and out of Apra Harbor (Figure 5-3). 5.3 MARINE MANAGED AREAS MPAs are considered effective conservation tools for sustaining ocean ecosystems (Agardy 1999; NRC 2000). A MPA, as defined in EO 13158, is "any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein." Section 5 of EO 13158 stipulates, "Each Federal agency whose actions affect the natural or cultural resources that are protected by an MPA shall identify such actions. To the extent permitted by law and to the maximum extent practicable, each federal agency, in taking such actions, shall avoid harm to the natural and cultural resources that are protected by an MPA." EO 13158 also calls for the preparation of annual reports by federal agencies describing the actions they have taken over the previous year to implement the order. The most significant outcome of EO 13158 has been the strengthening and expansion of the nation’s system of MPAs. The EO provides a formal, albeit vague, definition of a MPA. Since it is currently unclear as to what specifically constitutes a MPA, the National Marine Protected Area Center, which is part of the NOAA, is developing a MPA Classification System that will provide definitions and qualifications for the various terms used within the EO. In the fall of 2000, criteria were developed for six key terms in the EO definition: “area,” “reserved,” duration (lasting),” “protections,” “marine,” and “cultural.” These working criteria, which were revised in the summer of 2002, were established to guide government agencies in identifying sites to be included in a national inventory of marine protected areas. This new classification scheme will allow efficient efforts to develop and disseminate the science, tools, and training needed for the effective design, management and evaluation of the nation's system of MPAs. Definitions of the above six criteria are found on the national MPA website at http://www.mpa.gov/inventory/criteria.html. Several areas of the U.S. marine environment receive at least some level of management protection. The NOAA and the Department of the Interior (DoI) are documenting all marine sites receiving management protection. Concurrently, the National Marine Protected Area Center is compiling a comprehensive inventory of all federal, state, tribal, and local designated areas that meet certain criteria for either a MMA or a MPA. MMAs are similar to MPAs in that they have conservation or management purposes, defined boundaries, and some legal authority to protect their resources. MMAs encompass a wider range of management intents than MPAs. They include areas of protection for geological, cultural, or recreational resources that might not be included under the definition provided in EO 13158 for MPAs. MMAs may also include areas that are managed for reasons other than conservation (e.g., security zones, shellfish closures, sewage discharge areas, and pipeline and cable corridors). 5-8
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT STATEMENT
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT EXECUTIVE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ACKNOWLEDG
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF FI
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF TA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1.0 INTROD
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (out to 1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT act that i
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 1-1.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bibliograp
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ESRI's pro
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Commonweal
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.0 PHYSIC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT During La
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 2-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT of the wat
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2-13 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT nutrient r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The NEC, w
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.7 COASTA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT during hea
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Corals als
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT massive co
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT seagrass c
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The topogr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The island
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT totaling a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Artificial
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Fedorov, V
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Martinez,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Randall, R
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Uchida, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.0 SPECIE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.1 MARINE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT be ones in
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Gannier (2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT whale sigh
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Morphometr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Acoustics
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT widespread
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT in the Mic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT where sper
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT brief gutt
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT coloration
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT catches al
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1991, 2003
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT MacLeod et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Hubbs
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT range for
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Natoli et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Tursiops a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Spinne
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT black to d
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT and vicini
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 147 to 334
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Baird, R.W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Calambokid
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Darling, J
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Gallo-Reyn
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Ivashin, M
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Lafortuna,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Mate, B.R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Moore, S.E
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Palacios,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pryor, K.,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Schilling,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Thode, A.,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Watkins, W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.2 SEA TU
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT levels in
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT are locate
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT CNMI Divis
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT area water
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT the centra
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT margins. I
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT migrations
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Balazs, G.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Dutton, P.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Lewison, R
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pitman, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.0 FISH A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The grey r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT within lag
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The humbug
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Dasyat
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Life Histo
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT NMFS 2004c
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Donaldson
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Protected
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure B-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure C-1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure D-2
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