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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Currently, no data are available to determine if the PMUS are approaching an overfished condition (NMFS 2004a) except for the bigeye tuna. NMFS (2004b) determined that overfishing was occurring Pacific wide on this species. In addition, the shark species are afforded protection under the Shark Finning Prohibition Act (NMFS 2002). The broadbill swordfish, albacore tuna, common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus), and salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) have been listed as data deficient on the IUCN Red List of threatened species (Safina 1996; Uozumi 1996a; Goldman and Human 2000; Goldman et al. 2001). The shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus), oceanic whitetip shark (Caracharhinus longimanus), and the blue shark (Prionace glauca) have been listed as near threatened (Smale 2000a; Stevens 2000a, 2000b). The bigeye tuna is listed as vulnerable (Uozumi 1996b). Distribution—PMUS occur in tropical and temperate waters of the western Pacific Ocean. Geographical distribution among the PMUS is governed by seasonal changes in ocean temperature. These species range from as far north as Japan, to as far south as New Zealand. Albacore tuna, striped marlin (Tetrapurus audax), and broadbill swordfish have broader ranges and occur from 50°N to 50°S (WPRFMC 1998). Habitat Preferences—PMUS are typically found in epipelagic to pelagic waters, however, shark species can be found in inshore benthic, neritic to epipelagic, and mesopelagic waters. Factors such as gradients in temperature, oxygen, or salinity can affect the suitability of a habitat for pelagic fishes. Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (T. albacares), and Indo-Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) prefer warm surface layers, where the water is well mixed and relatively uniform in temperature. Species such as albacore tuna, bigeye tuna, striped marlin, and broadbill swordfish, prefer cooler temperate waters associated with higher latitudes and greater depths. Certain species, such as broadbill swordfish and bigeye tuna are known to aggregate near the surface at night. However, during the day broadbill swordfish can be found at depths of 800 m and bigeye tuna around 275 to 550 m. Juvenile albacore tuna generally concentrate above 90 m with adults found in deeper waters (90 to 275 m) (WPRFMC 1998). Life History—Migration and life history patterns of most PMUS are poorly understood in the Pacific Ocean. Additionally, very little is known about the distribution and habitat requirements of the juvenile lifestages of tuna and billfish prior to recruitment into fisheries. Seasonal movements of cooler-water tunas such as the northern bluefin and albacore are more predictable and better defined than billfish migrations. Tuna and related species tend to move toward the poles during the warmer months and return to the equator during cooler months. Most pelagic species make daily vertical migrations, inhabiting surface waters at night and deeper waters during the day. Spawning for pelagic species generally occurs in tropical waters but may include temperate waters during warmer months. Very little is known about the life history stages of species that are not targeted by fisheries in the Pacific such as gempylids, sharks, and pomfrets (WPRFMC 1998). EFH Designations—(WPRFMC 1998; Figures D-4, D-5, and D-6; Table 4-3) Eggs and Larvae―The (epipelagic zone) water column down to a depth of 200 m from the shoreline to the outer limit of the EEZ. Juveniles and Adults—The water column down to a depth of 1,000 m from the shoreline to the outer limit of the EEZ. HAPC Designations—HAPC for this group is the entire water column to a depth of 1,000 m above all seamounts and banks with summits shallower than 2,000 m within the EEZ. 4.2.3 Crustacean Management Unit Species Status—Five species are currently managed as CMUS by the WPRFMC through the Fishery Management Plan of the Spiny Lobster Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region and the Final Combined Fishery Management Plan, Environmental Impact Statement, Regulatory Analysis, and Draft Regulations 4-9
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 4-3. Pelagic management unit species EFH designations. Source data: WPRFMC (1998, 2001). [Habitat: Mangrove (Ma); Lagoon (La); Estuarine (Es); Seagrass Beds (SB); Soft Substrate (Ss); Coral Reef/Hard Substrate (Cr/Hs); Patch Reefs (Pr); Surge Zone (Sz); Deep-slope Terraces (DST); Pelagic/Open Ocean (Pe). Life History Stage: Egg (E); Larvae (L); Juvenile (J); Adult (A); Spawners (S)] Management Unit Species/Taxa Ma La Es SB Ss Cr/Hs Pr Sz DST Pe Comments PELAGIC Marketable Species Complex Temperate Species Striped marlin (Tetrapurus audax) Broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius) Northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) Mackerel (Scomber spp.) Promfet (Bramidae) Sickle pomfret (Tatactichthys steindachneri) Lustrous pomfret (Eumegistus illustris) Tropical Species Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) Bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) Indo-Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) Black marlin (Makaira indica) Shortbill spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris) Sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) Dolphinfishes (Coryphaenidae) 4-10 A,J.L.E A,J.L.E A,J,L,E ND A,J,L A,J,L,E A,J,L,E ND A,J,L,E A,J,L,E A,J,L,E A,J,L,E A,J,L,E A,J,L,E ND A,J,L,E ND A,J,L,E A,J,L,E A,J,L,E A,J,L,E Depth distribution: governed by temperature stratification Depth distribution: surface to 1,000 m Depth distribution: surface to 380 m Depth distribution: surface to 600 m Depth distribution: surface to 300 m Depth distribution: surface to 549 m Depth Distribution: upper 100 m with marked oxyclines Depth distribution: 36-200 m Depth distribution: surface to 263 m Depth distribution: 80-100 m Depth distribution: 457-914 m Depth distribution: 40 - 1,830 m Depth distribution: 10-20 to 200-250 m
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT STATEMENT
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT EXECUTIVE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ACKNOWLEDG
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF FI
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF TA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1.0 INTROD
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (out to 1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT act that i
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 1-1.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT includes t
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bibliograp
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ESRI's pro
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT different
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Commonweal
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.0 PHYSIC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT During La
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 2-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT of the wat
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2-13 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT nutrient r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The NEC, w
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.7 COASTA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT during hea
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Corals als
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT massive co
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT seagrass c
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The topogr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The island
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT totaling a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Artificial
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Fedorov, V
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Martinez,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Randall, R
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Uchida, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.0 SPECIE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.1 MARINE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT be ones in
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Gannier (2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT whale sigh
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Morphometr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Acoustics
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT widespread
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT in the Mic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT where sper
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-23 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT brief gutt
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT coloration
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT catches al
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1991, 2003
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT MacLeod et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Hubbs
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT range for
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Natoli et
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Tursiops a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Spinne
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Spinner do
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT black to d
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (Corkeron
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT and vicini
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Behavior a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Short-
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Habitat Pr
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 147 to 334
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Baird, R.W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Calambokid
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Darling, J
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Gallo-Reyn
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Ivashin, M
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Page 200 and 201: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Balazs, G.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2001; NMFS
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT in deepwat
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.3 FISHER
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pounds (10
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1000 Pound
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Blue Marli
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Annual tro
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT hour trips
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bottomfish
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT In the CNM
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Chan, T.Y.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Feltes, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Larson, H.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT NMFS (Nati
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Randall, J
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Starnes, W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT WPRFMC (We
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 5.0 ADDITI
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The first
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT park. Coas
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT There is a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 5.5 LITERA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 6.0 RECOMM
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT • Suppor
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 6.3 LITERA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 7.0 LIST O
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 8.0 GLOSSA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Benthonic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Clutch—a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Cryptofaun
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Endangered
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Fringing r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Incidental
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Melon—a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Omnivore
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Predation
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Sessile—
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Surge—lo
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Whistle—
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT were provi
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Protected
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure Tit
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure B-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure C-1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure Tit
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure D-2
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