Marine Resources Assessment for the Marianas Operating ... - SPREP

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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT brief guttural expiration below 800 Hz during short-distance agonistic encounters; (3) a roar, also to 800 Hz, for long-distance threat; and (4) a belch cough made by males when patrolling (Miller and Job 1992). Pups emit a
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Information Specific to the Marianas MRA Study Area—The dugong is not expected to occur in the Marianas study area during any time of the year. The endangered status of this species necessitates mentioning these extralimital occurrences in the Marianas study area. Nishiwaki et al. (1979) reviewed dugong distribution worldwide and concluded that this species likely never occurred in the Mariana Islands. There have been extralimital sightings recorded in this area, including a sighting in Cocos Lagoon at the southern end of Guam in 1974 (Anonymous 1974; Randall et al. 1975); Eldredge (1991, 2003) erroneously noted the year to be 1975. Several sightings were made in 1985 (date unspecified) of a dugong along the southeastern coast of Guam (Eldredge 1991, 2003). As noted earlier, Palau is the closest location (1,076 km) of regular occurrence of the dugong to the Mariana Islands. Dugongs are known to travel over deep waters for long distances; they can occur in both shallow and deep waters. Behavior and Life History—Most dugongs are sighted alone or in groups of two animals (Marsh 2002; Davis 2004). Large aggregations of up to several hundred animals are regularly seen at some locations, feeding on seagrass meadows (Marsh 2002; Lanyon 2003). Dugongs are slow-growing mammals, with females only reaching sexual maturity after 6 to 17 years and producing a single calf every 2.5 to 5 years (Marsh et al. 2002). The estimated gestation period is about 13 months; calves are nursed for at least 13 months (Marsh 1995). Dugongs start eating seagrasses soon after birth (Marsh et al. 2002). Dugongs are benthic feeding specialists; depending on the species of seagrass being consumed, dugongs target either the leaves alone or uproot the entire plant and consume the leaves, roots, and rhizomes, leaving distinct feeding scars (Preen 1995a; Marshall et al. 2003). Seagrasses of the genera Halophila and Halodule are preferred (Marsh 2002). Marine algae are also eaten. In northern Australia, Whiting (2002) documented long-term feeding by dugongs on algalcovered rocky reefs in the intertidal zone. It is not known whether algae form a minor part of their diet or if dugongs only feed on algae when seagrasses are scarce (Whiting 2002). Dugongs are known to occasionally supplement their herbivorous diet with macro-invertebrates (Preen 1995b). The highly specialized dietary requirements of the dugong suggest that only certain seagrass meadows may be suitable as dugong habitat (Preen 1995a). Maximum recorded dive depth for a tagged dugong is 20.5 m, although as noted earlier, maximum dive depths of up to 33 m are inferred from feeding scars in seagrass meadows (Chilvers et al. 2004). Maximum dive time at depths greater than 1.5 m is 12.3 min (Chilvers et al. 2004). Typical mean dive duration for depths less than 3 m from the water’s surface is 2.7 + 0.17 min (Chilvers et al. 2004). Acoustics and Hearing—Dugongs produce complex sounds such as chirp-squeaks, barks, and trills (Anderson and Barclay 1995). Chirp-squeaks are in the 3 to 18 kHz range and last approximately 60 msec (Anderson and Barclay 1995). Trills last as long as 2,200 msec and are within the 3 to 18 kHz frequency band (Anderson and Barclay 1995). Barks are broadband signals of 500 to 2,200 Hz lasting 30 to 120 msec (Anderson and Barclay 1995). No hearing data are available for this species (Ketten 1998). 3.1.2.3 Non-Threatened and Non-Endangered Marine Mammal Species of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands There are 21 non-endangered/non-threatened marine mammal species: two baleen whale species, 18 toothed whale species, and one pinniped species. For most of the marine mammal species occurring in the Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, there are few occurrence records. Many species in this area are known only from stranding records or are suspected to occur in the area. For species with few records, this may be a result of difficulty in visually detecting the species, identifying it, or due to extralimital occurrences of the species. ♦ Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) Description—The minke whale is the smallest balaenopterid species in the western North Atlantic, with adults reaching lengths of just over 9 m (Jefferson et al. 1993). The head is extremely pointed, and the median head ridge is prominent. The dorsal fin is tall (for a baleen whale), recurved, and is located about two-thirds of the way back from the snout tip (Jefferson et al. 1993). The minke’s 3-26
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT STATEMENT
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT EXECUTIVE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ACKNOWLEDG
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF FI
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF TA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1.0 INTROD
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT (out to 1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT act that i
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 1-1.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bibliograp
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ESRI's pro
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT different
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Commonweal
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.0 PHYSIC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT During La
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 2-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT of the wat
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2-13 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT nutrient r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The NEC, w
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.7 COASTA
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Page 156 and 157: AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Baird, R.W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Moore, S.E
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Palacios,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pryor, K.,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Schilling,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Thode, A.,
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Watkins, W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3.2 SEA TU
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT levels in
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-91 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT are locate
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT CNMI Divis
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT area water
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT the centra
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT margins. I
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT migrations
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Balazs, G.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Dutton, P.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Lewison, R
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pitman, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.0 FISH A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The grey r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Muraen
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The bumphe
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT with a few
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Bryozo
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.3 FISHER
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Pounds (10
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1000 Pound
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Blue Marli
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Annual tro
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Bottomfish
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT In the CNM
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Chan, T.Y.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Feltes, R.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Larson, H.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Randall, J
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Starnes, W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 5.0 ADDITI
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT park. Coas
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT • Suppor
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 8.0 GLOSSA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Benthonic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Clutch—a
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Cryptofaun
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Endangered
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Fringing r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Incidental
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Predation
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Sessile—
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Whistle—
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Protected
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure B-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure C-1
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure D-2
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