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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-23 Figure 3-2. Designated critical habitat for the Hawaiian monk seal. Critical habitat is all beach areas, including all beach crest vegetation to its deepest extent inland, lagoon waters, and ocean waters out to a depth of 37 m around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. References to beaches or beach areas includes all sand spits and islets. Source data: NOS (2001). Source information: NMFS (1988).
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Hermes Reef, and Midway and Kure Atoll. In the last decade, however, sightings of Hawaiian monk seals in the main Hawaiian Islands have increased considerably (Baker and Johanos 2004; Carretta et al. 2004). Most monk seal haulout events in the main Hawaiian Islands have been on the western islands of Ni’ihau and Kaua’i (Baker and Johanos 2004; Carretta et al. 2004), although sightings or births have now been reported for all of the main Hawaiian Islands, including Lehua Rock and Kaula Rock (MMC 2003; Baker and Johanos 2004). These sightings include “surplus” males that were relocated from the main breeding islands to reduce the problem of mobbing of breeding females (Zevin 1995; Baker and Johanos 2004). Births of Hawaiian monk seal pups have been recorded in the main Hawaiian Islands, including Kaua’i and Ni’ihau (Baker and Johanos 2004). Hawaiian monk seals wander to Mar Reef and Gardner Pinnacles and have occasionally been sighted on nearby island groups, such as Johnston Atoll, Wake Island, and Palmyra Atoll (Rice 1998). Hawaiian monk seals show very high site fidelity to natal islands, with only about 10% of individuals moving to another island in their lifetime (Gilmartin and Forcada 2002). While monk seals do move between islands, long-distance movements are not common. Seals move distances of up to 250 km on a regular basis, but distances of more than 1,000 km have not been documented (DeLong et al. 1984; Ragen and Lavigne 1999). Information Specific to the Marianas MRA Study Area—There are no confirmed records of Hawaiian monk seals in the Micronesia region; however, Reeves et al. (1999) and Eldredge (1991; 2003) have noted occurrence records for seals (unidentified species) in the Marshall and Gilbert islands. The monk seal is not known to make long-distance movements; however, its numbers are increasing in the main Hawaiian Islands as individuals expand their range from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, so extralimital occurrences are possible. The highly endangered status of this species necessitates mentioning the possibility of encountering this species in the Marianas study area (Jefferson personal communication). Behavior and Life History—Unlike many other pinniped species, Hawaiian monk seals are not very gregarious on land and are more-or-less solitary when at sea. The monk seal also appears to be intolerant of human presence; occurrence trends at Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, and French Frigate Shoals appear to be determined by the pattern of human disturbance from military or USCG activities (Kenyon 1973; MMC 2003; Baker and Johanos 2004; Carretta et al. 2004). Likewise in the main Hawaiian Islands, seals tend to frequent remote areas where human access is limited (MMC 2003). Although births are documented year-round, pupping occurs during a protracted breeding season mostly from February to August, with a peak in April to June (Gilmartin and Forcada 2002; Stewart 2004). Sometimes groups of males exhibit an aggressive behavior called “mobbing,” in which they gang together and attempt to mate with, and by doing so, injure and often kill, adult females and immature seals of both sexes (Starfield et al. 1995). This behavior seems to occur to a far greater extent in those subpopulations where there are more males than females. Molting takes place once a year between April and December. Hawaiian monk seals have a “catastrophic molt” in which large patches of skin and fur are shed. This type of molt is considered to be very energetically expensive. Hawaiian monk seals feed opportunistically on a wide variety of at least 40 species of benthic and demersal fishes, cephalopods, and spiny lobster (MacDonald 1982; Goodman-Lowe 1998; Parrish et al. 2000). Juveniles feed on small, cryptic, benthic prey items (Parrish et al. 2005). Monk seals also interact with various fisheries, such as longlines and the lobster fishery (Nitta and Henderson 1993; Carretta et al. 2004). Hawaiian monk seals were previously not thought to be deep divers, with most known dives in the 10 to 40 m depth range (DeLong et al. 1984; Ragen and Lavigne 1999). However, deeper dives to at least 121 m (DeLong et al. 1984) and to over 500 m (Parrish et al. 2002) have recently been recorded. Acoustics and Hearing—There is no information available regarding underwater sounds produced by Hawaiian monk seals. In-air sounds include: (1) a soft liquid bubble at 100 to 400 Hz; (2) a loud, 3-24
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT STATEMENT
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ACKNOWLEDG
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF FI
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1.0 INTROD
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Commonweal
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.0 PHYSIC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT During La
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 2-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.7 COASTA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Balazs, G.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT The grey r
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Benthonic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Endangered
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A
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