Marine Resources Assessment for the Marianas Operating ... - SPREP

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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT be ones in which a fishery has an adverse effect on one or more marine mammal populations without necessarily overfishing the target species of the fishery. Climatic fluctuations have produced a growing concern about the effects of climate change on marine mammal populations (MacGarvin and Simmonds 1996; IWC 1997; Evans 2002; Würsig et al. 2002). Large-scale climatic events and long-term temperature change may affect the distribution and abundance of marine mammal species, either impacting them directly or indirectly through alterations of habitat characteristics and distribution or prey availability (Kenney et al. 1996; IWC 1997; Harwood 2001; Greene and Pershing 2004). In the Pacific Ocean, climate variability has been linked to the PDO and the ENSO. The PDO is a long-term climatic pattern capable of altering SST, winds, and SLP over the Pacific Basin (Mantua 2002; Mantua and Hare 2002) and has been linked to cycles in fishery production (e.g. Hare 1996). In years when the PDO Index is positive, the central North Pacific experiences anomalously cold SSTs, while the Western coast of the United States experiences anomalously cold temperatures. When the PDO index is negative, the opposite occurs. The PDO is weak in tropical areas, such as the Marianas MRA study area, and thus climatic anomalies are most likely due to ENSO forcings (Mantua 2002; Mantua and Hare 2002). The ENSO is the result of interannual swings in sea level pressures in the tropical Pacific between the eastern and western hemispheres (Conlan and Service 2000). ENSO events typically last 6 to 18 months, and can initiate large shifts in the global atmospheric circulation. In the western equatorial Pacific, SST is lower than in non-El Niño years (Kubota 1987), and rainfall patterns shift eastward across the Pacific as the strength of the tradewinds weakens, resulting in increased (sometimes extreme) rainfall in the southern U.S. and Peru and drought conditions in the western Pacific (Conlan and Service 2000). While the ENSO can have dramatic effects on rainfall, atmospheric circulation, and SST, it appears to have little, if any, effect on primary production in the western tropical Pacific (Mackey et al. 1997; Higgins and Mackey 2000). For further information regarding the PDO and the ENSO, refer to Chapter 2. Gregr and Trites (2001) noted difficulties in interpreting climate change impacts in working with habitat prediction models, including that using incorrect spatial scales might fail to detect a shift in habitat usage. 3.1.2 Marine Mammals of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Marine mammals are not well-documented in Micronesia. The first compilation of available information for 19 species of marine mammals from Micronesia was provided by Eldredge (1991) with additional records in Eldredge (2003). Taking into consideration marine mammal distribution and habitat preferences, the list is expanded to 32 marine mammal species with confirmed or with possible occurrence records in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The vast majority (29) are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) (Table 3-1). The dugong very rarely strays into this area, and no pinniped species is known to be a regular inhabitant of the Micronesia region (Reeves et al. 1999). There are rare reports of seals at these islands; however, species identification could not be verified. Eldredge (1991) called attention to the possibility that Hawaiian monk seals and northern elephant seals wander far enough from their normal ranges to appear at the Marshall or Gilbert Islands in the Micronesia region. The Marianas study area lies within an oceanic province with generally very low levels of primary productivity (see Figure 2-6). Any local hotspots in production may attract all components of the local food chain. Strong interactions between the local oceanography and topography exist in the study area. The Marianas MRA study area is comprised of a series of seamounts. Seamount topography has been previously correlated with enhanced production due to the formation of vortices capable of mixing nutrients to the surface and entraining phytoplankton in the overlying waters (reviewed by Rogers 1994). For an in depth examination of seamounts, refer to Chapter 2. In addition, the passage of the NEC through the Mariana archipelago is capable of creating regions of enhanced turbulence. Passage of the current of the NEC can initiate the formation of eddies on the lee side of the islands (Wolanski et al. 2003); these are capable of entraining phytoplankton and creating localized regions of enhanced primary production visible as increased concentrations of chl a in the surface waters (see the lee side of Guam, Figure 2-6). In addition, passage of currents through a narrow channel (as found between the islands of Tinian and Saipan) can create localized zones of 3-5
AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 3-1. Marine mammal species of the Marianas MRA study area. Taxonomy follows Rice (1998) for pinnipeds and sirenians and IWC (2004) for cetaceans, except for the North Pacific right whale, which was revised by Rosenbaum et al. (2000). [Regular = A species that occurs as a regular or normal part of the fauna of the area, regardless of how abundant or common it is; Rare = A species that only occurs in the area sporadically; Extralimital = A species that does not normally occur in the area, but for which there are one or more records that are considered beyond the normal range of the species; *includes more than one species, but nomenclature is still unsettled]. Scientific Name Status Occurence Order Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales) Family Balaenidae (right whales) North Pacific right whale Family Balaenopteridae (rorquals) Eubalaena japonica Endangered Rare Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae Endangered Regular Minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Rare Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis Endangered Extralimital Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus Endangered Rare Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus Endangered Rare Bryde’s whale Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales) Family Physeteridae (sperm whale) Balaenoptera edeni/brydei* Regular Sperm whale Family Kogiidae (pygmy sperm whales) Physeter macrocephalus Endangered Regular Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps Regular Dwarf sperm whale Family Ziphiidae (beaked whales) Kogia sima Regular Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris Regular Blainville's beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris Regular Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens Rare Hubbs’ beaked whale Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Extralimital Longman’s beaked whale Family Delphinidae (dolphins) Indopacetus pacificus Regular Rough-toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis Regular Common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus Regular Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus Extralimital Pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata Regular Spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris Regular Striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba Regular Short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis Rare Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus Regular Melon-headed whale Peponocephala electra Regular Fraser’s dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei Regular Pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata Regular False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens Regular Killer whale Orcinus orca Regular Short-finned pilot whale Order Carnivora Suborder Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions, walruses) Family Phocidae (true seals) Globicephala macrorhynchus Regular Hawaiian monk seal Monachus schauinslandi Endangered Extralimital Northern elephant seal Order Sirenia Family Dugongidae (dugongs) Mirounga angustirostris Extralimital Dugong Dugong dugon Endangered Extralimital turbulent flow capable of mixing nutrients into the surface layer to fuel primary production (Gilmartin and Revelante 1974; Simpson et al. 1982; Martinez and Maamaatuaiahutapu 2004) (Figure 2-6). This “island effect” on productivity is covered in further detail in Chapter 2. 3-6
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT EXECUTIVE
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ACKNOWLEDG
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT TABLE OF C
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF FI
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF TA
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT LIST OF AC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 1.0 INTROD
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Table 1-1.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT different
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Commonweal
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 2.0 PHYSIC
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT During La
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure 2-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 147 to 334
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Baird, R.W
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Calambokid
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 3-91 Figur
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT migrations
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Balazs, G.
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT 4.0 FISH A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT ♦ Muraen
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT In the CNM
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Benthonic
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Endangered
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Appendix A
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure B-2
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AUGUST 2005 FINAL REPORT Figure D-2
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