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§8.3 An unauspicious word, pāpa-: As a sort of counter-example, the use of the word pāpa- can be studied. It is closely allied with Vedic ideas about guilt and merit, and is, in this way, linked to the complex of ideas about birth and rebirth. The word is found (including its comparative and superlative forms, but excluding compounds) as given below. If the simplex alone was studied, the results would look somewhat differently: pāpa then diasappears quickly in post-Mantra texts, only to re-emerge strongly in the late Br. period. For completeness sake, however, comparative and superlative are included here. __________________________________________________________________ RV 11 : 100 % Mantra PS 48 : 631% ŚS 24 : 490% VSK 2: 76 % RVkh 12 & KS 39 : 416 % TS 28 : 359% early MS 33 : 303% Saṃh. early ABo 9 : 353% TB 16 : 202% Brāhm. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TBk 7 : 939% TAk 2 later ŚBK 26+ 266 ŚBMo 28 : 388% Brāhm. : 155% ŚBMw 2} Up.s KaṭhB 6 KB 11 : 353% (6-9) } 4:77% KA 4 ŚBMw 2} & (10) : 233% PB 8 : 222% (IU 4) ŚBMn 16 : 556% Early ṢB 1 VādhB 1 ŚBMa 2 : 406% Sūtras ChU 3 : 165% BAUK 12 : 675% ŚBMu 11 : 974% 266 VPK is not exhaustive here; I indicate suspected ommissions in enumerating the occurrences of pāpa by + or ++. 98
MU 0 BŚS 18: 2? TA 1 3 TA 10 10 TU 1 JB 45++ : 377% JBa 8 + : 1186% ABn 11 : 874% JUB 32 : 1821% AA 1 : 120% GB 5 (mostly from 1 passage) __________________________________________________________________ After the RV, there is a strong Mantra and YV Saṃh. time use of the word (30-600%), except for VS (76%) as most cases there are from RV. Most of these passages have forms of the comparative or superlative only. The word is used, in a similar percentage in the early and later Br.s (200-350%), except for an area located in the Kāṇva and Śāṇḍilya territory (only 77-155%). The then expands rapidly in the late Eastern (556-974%) and especially the Southern texts (1186-1821%). Note that the later, Eastern part of AB (6-8) has a comparatively large number of cases as well (874%). It would be interesting to check which words are used instead of pāpa in the other texts. It is readily noticeable, however, that the usage is closely linked to ideas about guilt which are important in the context of punarmṛtyu. In both cases, 267 it is the late Eastern and Southern texts which initially viz. heavily employ the word; from the East, the <strong>fas</strong>hion then spread westwards, to reach the late Taitt. (TB, in TB 3) and the Kaṭhas (Kāṭhaka portions of TB). 268 ***************** In the preceding section, dealing with apparent matters of style, it is nevertheless possible to distinguish trends which spread from the Central 267 Note, however, that the related word pāpman- does not disappear in the post-Mantra texts, but is found in all the Br. texts. An investigation into the semantics of both words, made by R.P.Das, MA thesis Hamburg, 1981, resulted in the meanings: "böse, schlecht, übel" for pāpa-, and "Schlechtigkeit" for pāpman-. The distribution of both words remains mysterious, and a fresh attempt is necessary to solve this problem. 268 Another interesting case is that of the name for the Southern fire, usually dakṣiṇāgni, but once in TS and KS it appears as anvāhāryapacana; at the next text level, in the Br., the word has spread to nearly all the Br. texts (exc. PB) and, further on, to the Sūtras. 99
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Version July 27,1987 (published Par
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10.6. Conclusion and prospects 3
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* the better speech of the Northern
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* 1st: there are regional differenc
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chapter, per text or text level, th
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occurrence of the opt. in -īta (AB
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Furthermore, the comparatively grea
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the geographical data contained in
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The boundaries of various school te
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origin. It can also be noted that a
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The absolute date of the texts rema
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perhaps Māṇḍ.) AB KB PB JB Ait
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MGS VārGS KGS/LGS BGS *VādhGS BhG
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the period of the "free floating" m
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ones in other case forms: sāyāt,
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immediate surrounding dialects, cf.
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§ 5 ESTABLISHING A PATTERN §5.0.
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VSM 96.120 VSM= 24.19 % VSK 94.231
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In addition to these stray findings
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Therefore, the occurrence of -ai fo
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have changed this dialect. 99 We kn
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(5 ch. mixed) BŚS (Br.ch.in storie
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were composed on the basis of an ea
Page 47 and 48: If one compares this with such deta
Page 49 and 50: early ABo 3 % TB 2 % Brāhm. (lv.4)
Page 51 and 52: development of the precative); the
Page 53 and 54: It is interesting to note that the
Page 55 and 56: ___________________________________
Page 57 and 58: JUB 2 PB 7 (ABn 9) ________________
Page 59 and 60: This result is interesting insofar
Page 61 and 62: The origin of the cluster ch is kno
Page 63 and 64: The distribution of kś also indica
Page 65 and 66: the SW Maitr., and the Kauth. SV (P
Page 67 and 68: N. India., and also its Sūtra, the
Page 69 and 70: While the preceding examples have i
Page 71 and 72: concludes that the preservation of
Page 73 and 74: 'tics', and mannerisms, introduced
Page 75 and 76: Southern Jaiminīya (originally a C
Page 77 and 78: eva Taitt., nu vāva ŚBK, (but nv
Page 79 and 80: were several occasions 225 where it
Page 81 and 82: grammar, and in classical Sanskrit,
Page 83 and 84: 17: Pāṇ.(?): after: bho,bhago,ad
Page 85 and 86: [túbhya hinvāná- u -avasiṣṭa
Page 87 and 88: PS 0? ŚS 0! KS 11 : 1293% (late TS
Page 89 and 90: must be made here. The Eastern Cent
Page 91 and 92: Even in subsections of a text, like
Page 93 and 94: ___________________________________
Page 95 and 96: The forms in -o- are restricted to
Page 97: collection; the Upaniṣad-like sec
Page 101 and 102: various Middle Indian dialects inde
Page 103 and 104: The Ṛgvedic nom. pl. -āsaḥ 277
Page 105 and 106: Madhyadeśa (Taitt.) innovations (o
Page 107 and 108: events which the speaker or listene
Page 109 and 110: The strong occurrences in ŚB and J
Page 111 and 112: AB 4? KN 1 ? ŚBMw 1 ( 2) 306 JBc 4
Page 113 and 114: 58 (Epileg.CPD I, s.v.tmesis). Nume
Page 115 and 116: * Sandhi -e/o a- > -a a Prācya (Ś
Page 117 and 118: the early Brāḥmaṇa text, AB 1-
Page 119 and 120: Vedic held sway over the Pañcālas
Page 121 and 122: the bhāṣika accent) is lost. Nor
Page 123 and 124: on an old Western SV Br. which used
Page 125 and 126: We therefore witness, as the outcom
Page 127 and 128: territories West of it on one hand,
Page 129 and 130: If we first limit ourselves strictl
Page 131 and 132: Post-Saṃhitā developments: loss
Page 133 and 134: attention to the general political
Page 135 and 136: 500- NBP NBP NBP NBP ______________
Page 137 and 138: (MS,KS,TS) it immediately appears t
Page 139 and 140: Late Harappan | and | RV various sm
Page 141 and 142: | early in the | RV hymns composed
Page 143 and 144: ABn PB KA (PB?) AA, AitU AA 5 MU Ā
Page 145 and 146: The language of the Yajñagāthās
Page 147: 147
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