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limited to this school which began in the earlier, Western part of AB with nearly 300 % and continues in the Eastern, younger texts. The diffusion of -toḥ is thus limited to the Saṃhita and Brāhmaṇa period, with a preponderance of cases in the Kuru, Pañcāla and Videha area. The Southern Kuru (MS), the Eastern Central (Kosala) and the Southern areas do not participate that strongly. Excursus: -------- The distribution of -toḥ in the various parts of the RV is of interest; the forms are given according to McDonell, Vedic Gr., § 587. 152 In order to compare this with another significant factor for dating the RV books, the frequency of injunctives is given below, in decreasing order, as the usage disappears; only some 5o new cases surface by the time of the AV. 153 ____________________________________________________________ RV book: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ____________________________________________________________ -toḥ: 3x 3 3 - - 1 1 - - 1 ____________________________________________________________ Or, arranged according to the probable age of the various books of RV, according to the investigation by W. Wüst, and measured by the frequency of injunctives (decreasing order): ____________________________________________________________ acc.to Wüst 154 : 9 4 || 3,5,7, || 2, 6 || 8 10 (older >younger) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ inj. in books: 4 6 2 7/1 5 || 10 3 9 8 in %: 11.3 10.6 9.2 8.5 7.7 8.08 5.9 5.6 5.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -toḥ: none: 4/5/8/9 || few:2/3 | decreases> 6/7/1/10 ____________________________________________________________ 152 Among these, 2 x īśe + dat. inf.: īśe..dātoḥ, 7.4.6, īśe ...yotoḥ 6.18.11. 153 See K. Hoffmann, Injunktiv, p. 110. 154 Stilgeschichte und Chronologie des Ṛgveda; for the inj., see K.Hoffmann, Inj. p.36, which is based on the count made by Avery, JAOS XI, p.361; cf. also Arnold, Vedic Metre and Klein, Towards a Discourse Grammar of the Rigveda. 58
This result is interesting insofar as it tends to underline, on one hand, what we already know; the family books of the RV (RV 2-8) are the oldest parts of the text and usually show the same or similar particularities, while the large books 1 and 10 are later additions. Book 9 is a special case because of its character as 'song book' accompanying the Soma sacrifices. In addition to these well-known characteristics, it is important to note that books 3 and 8 take a special position. They seem to be later and are, in any case, less archaic than the rest, frequently even innovative. In my opinion, these books of the Viśvāmitra (RV 3) and the Kāṇvas (RV 8) are contemporary with the immigration into Kurukṣetra of the Bharatas under the Sudās family. Note especially RV 3. 53 (but cf. the Bhāradvāja composition 6.47!) More investigations into this matter are necessary, especially concerning the relative age of various hymns within the collections of their respective families as surviving in the various RV books. 155 §6 TYPICAL ŚĀKHĀ DIFFERENCES §6.0. The preceding sections have indicated, I hope, that some peculiarities of dialect development can be traced throughout the Vedic period, right down from the RV, which itself is, of course, a collection of hymns by various authors and clans and reflects the traditions of many tribes across several centuries. The above materials also tend to indicate that there were centres of innovation, i.e. the areas occupied by the Taitirīyas (TS) and Vājasaneyins (ŚB). I will now turn to phonetic peculiarities of some major texts which have so far largely been disregarded. They have, it is true, been noticed for more than a hundred years and figure as such in the standard accounts of the language. However, they have not been placed in their proper context and perspective, as they were regarded to be phenomena limited to the text transmisson of a particular Vedic school, or even to a particular text. It is here, unfortunately, that the unsatisfactory state of Vedic text editions comes fully to bear. Although the editions, mostly made in the second half of 155 This agrees with the opinion of S. Insler who noticed the special innovative role of the Kāṇvas in RV (personal comm.). 59
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Version July 27,1987 (published Par
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10.6. Conclusion and prospects 3
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* the better speech of the Northern
Page 7 and 8: * 1st: there are regional differenc
Page 9 and 10: chapter, per text or text level, th
Page 11 and 12: occurrence of the opt. in -īta (AB
Page 13 and 14: Furthermore, the comparatively grea
Page 15 and 16: the geographical data contained in
Page 17 and 18: The boundaries of various school te
Page 19 and 20: origin. It can also be noted that a
Page 21 and 22: The absolute date of the texts rema
Page 23 and 24: perhaps Māṇḍ.) AB KB PB JB Ait
Page 25 and 26: MGS VārGS KGS/LGS BGS *VādhGS BhG
Page 27 and 28: the period of the "free floating" m
Page 29 and 30: ones in other case forms: sāyāt,
Page 31 and 32: immediate surrounding dialects, cf.
Page 33 and 34: § 5 ESTABLISHING A PATTERN §5.0.
Page 35 and 36: VSM 96.120 VSM= 24.19 % VSK 94.231
Page 37 and 38: In addition to these stray findings
Page 39 and 40: Therefore, the occurrence of -ai fo
Page 41 and 42: have changed this dialect. 99 We kn
Page 43 and 44: (5 ch. mixed) BŚS (Br.ch.in storie
Page 45 and 46: were composed on the basis of an ea
Page 47 and 48: If one compares this with such deta
Page 49 and 50: early ABo 3 % TB 2 % Brāhm. (lv.4)
Page 51 and 52: development of the precative); the
Page 53 and 54: It is interesting to note that the
Page 55 and 56: ___________________________________
Page 57: JUB 2 PB 7 (ABn 9) ________________
Page 61 and 62: The origin of the cluster ch is kno
Page 63 and 64: The distribution of kś also indica
Page 65 and 66: the SW Maitr., and the Kauth. SV (P
Page 67 and 68: N. India., and also its Sūtra, the
Page 69 and 70: While the preceding examples have i
Page 71 and 72: concludes that the preservation of
Page 73 and 74: 'tics', and mannerisms, introduced
Page 75 and 76: Southern Jaiminīya (originally a C
Page 77 and 78: eva Taitt., nu vāva ŚBK, (but nv
Page 79 and 80: were several occasions 225 where it
Page 81 and 82: grammar, and in classical Sanskrit,
Page 83 and 84: 17: Pāṇ.(?): after: bho,bhago,ad
Page 85 and 86: [túbhya hinvāná- u -avasiṣṭa
Page 87 and 88: PS 0? ŚS 0! KS 11 : 1293% (late TS
Page 89 and 90: must be made here. The Eastern Cent
Page 91 and 92: Even in subsections of a text, like
Page 93 and 94: ___________________________________
Page 95 and 96: The forms in -o- are restricted to
Page 97 and 98: collection; the Upaniṣad-like sec
Page 99 and 100: MU 0 BŚS 18: 2? TA 1 3 TA 10 10 TU
Page 101 and 102: various Middle Indian dialects inde
Page 103 and 104: The Ṛgvedic nom. pl. -āsaḥ 277
Page 105 and 106: Madhyadeśa (Taitt.) innovations (o
Page 107 and 108: events which the speaker or listene
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The strong occurrences in ŚB and J
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AB 4? KN 1 ? ŚBMw 1 ( 2) 306 JBc 4
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58 (Epileg.CPD I, s.v.tmesis). Nume
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* Sandhi -e/o a- > -a a Prācya (Ś
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the early Brāḥmaṇa text, AB 1-
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Vedic held sway over the Pañcālas
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the bhāṣika accent) is lost. Nor
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on an old Western SV Br. which used
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We therefore witness, as the outcom
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territories West of it on one hand,
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If we first limit ourselves strictl
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Post-Saṃhitā developments: loss
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attention to the general political
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500- NBP NBP NBP NBP ______________
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(MS,KS,TS) it immediately appears t
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Late Harappan | and | RV various sm
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| early in the | RV hymns composed
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ABn PB KA (PB?) AA, AitU AA 5 MU Ā
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The language of the Yajñagāthās
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