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style of their Brāhmaṇa, just as the Taittirīyas did in their Āraṇyaka. But they did not or could not pay attention to such small details as the correct length of vowels in pronouns (nom. avam / acc. avām, etc.) and let the younger forms slip in. 126 Lastly, it must be noted that although the spread of the narrative perfect has reached the Kaṭha and Maitr. schools at the time of the composition of their latest texts (parts of KaṭhB, MU, and quite surprisingly, ChU), this usage has not made the 'jump' over the Bāhīka territory of the Panjab; Pāṇini still teaches the older Vedic use of tenses (3.2.11o sqq.). 127 In short, what becomes noticeable is a continuum of usages of the narrative imperfect and perfect, stretching from the easternmost texts to the westernmost of Pāṇini. The centre of innovation and subsequent diffusion of the narrative perfect clearly lies in the East; at the time of the Saṃhitās (MS, KS, TS), there is no evidence for its use in this function, and the older Brāhmaṇas do not show it (AB 1-5; TB). By the time of the later Brāhmaṇas, however, the spread has set in: ŚB, TB 3.10, KB, JB, KaṭhB, MU, etc. The extreme North-West (Pāṇ.) is not reached. 128 To sum up the evidence in percentages (rounded off): Use of the perfect in: Western texts Central E.Centre Eastern __________________________________________________________________ early: (KS) 129 Sah. MS 1 % TS 1 % (level 3) 126 Such as dugdhe, tanūm etc., see Caland tr. PB. p. XIX sq. and cf. below § 6.6. Note that Caland, again, does not regard the use of the impf. vs. perf. as a useful criterion for establishing the priority of JB vs. PB, see tr. PB, p. XX; he was hindered, however, by the usual handicap of Vedic scholars, namely their lack of knowledge on the geographical localisation of the texts and an only limited view of the various levels of Vedic language, see above ann. 12. 127 See above § 5.2; note that Oldenberg, Prosa, p.25, saw a progressive development in the use of the perfect in narration from TS - AB 1-5 - (parts of) ŚB . 128 The usage of the narrative perfect goes together with that of the particle ha, see Oldenberg, Prosa, ann. 105. 129 Unfortunately, countings for the Kaṭhas and Kāṇvas (but cf. Caland, ed. ŚBK, p. 70 sq.; see below, ann. 107), Vādh., Baudh. etc. are still missing. 48
early ABo 3 % TB 2 % Brāhm. (lv.4) (TĀ 3 %) later JB 23 % Br., JUB 29 % KB 56 % ŚBw 14 % Up.s, ŚBKo 153 %? ŚBo 85 % ŚBn 77 % early VādhB mixed Sūtras BŚS " (lv.4) ŚŚS ŚBa/u 134% KaṭhB 36% ABn 158% PB < 1% ChU 443% (ChU 443 %) *** It must also be mentioned that there is, in some later Vedic texts, some confusion in the use of the perf./impf. This indicates that the authors/redactors were not entirely sure any more about the use of both tenses. This is most typical for JB, but it also occurs in texts like ŚBM and ŚBK. Several theories have been advanced to explain the apparent confusion. A detailed discussion can be found in the Festschr. U. Schneider. 130 Whitney (TAPA 23, p.19 sqq.) stressed the fact that speeches relating something about the past which are inserted into a story told in the perfect, usually (though not without exeption) use the impf. (ŚB, JB, etc.). Caland thought that JB exhibits a 'hierarchical' or 'mythological' imperfect which was used in order to relate happenings in the mythical past, while those of a more recent (pseudo-) historical past were be told in the perfect.(Caland, Over en uit het JB, p.20.) Oldenberg (Prosa, p.25 sq.) observed that the imperfect is used when the speaker wants to recall a personal remembrance. In my opinion, most if not all such cases can be subsumed under a catagory "pluperfect" meaning (vorzeitig), as has first been observed by Caland: He noticed that ŚB (K, M) shows signs of confusion in the usage of the aor. and the perfect, see intr. ed. 130 In the rest of this section, I again quote from the notes of my article contributed to the Fs. U. Schneider, which deal with the frame story of the Cyavana legend in JB and ŚB. 49
Page 1 and 2: Version July 27,1987 (published Par
Page 3 and 4: 10.6. Conclusion and prospects 3
Page 5 and 6: * the better speech of the Northern
Page 7 and 8: * 1st: there are regional differenc
Page 9 and 10: chapter, per text or text level, th
Page 11 and 12: occurrence of the opt. in -īta (AB
Page 13 and 14: Furthermore, the comparatively grea
Page 15 and 16: the geographical data contained in
Page 17 and 18: The boundaries of various school te
Page 19 and 20: origin. It can also be noted that a
Page 21 and 22: The absolute date of the texts rema
Page 23 and 24: perhaps Māṇḍ.) AB KB PB JB Ait
Page 25 and 26: MGS VārGS KGS/LGS BGS *VādhGS BhG
Page 27 and 28: the period of the "free floating" m
Page 29 and 30: ones in other case forms: sāyāt,
Page 31 and 32: immediate surrounding dialects, cf.
Page 33 and 34: § 5 ESTABLISHING A PATTERN §5.0.
Page 35 and 36: VSM 96.120 VSM= 24.19 % VSK 94.231
Page 37 and 38: In addition to these stray findings
Page 39 and 40: Therefore, the occurrence of -ai fo
Page 41 and 42: have changed this dialect. 99 We kn
Page 43 and 44: (5 ch. mixed) BŚS (Br.ch.in storie
Page 45 and 46: were composed on the basis of an ea
Page 47: If one compares this with such deta
Page 51 and 52: development of the precative); the
Page 53 and 54: It is interesting to note that the
Page 55 and 56: ___________________________________
Page 57 and 58: JUB 2 PB 7 (ABn 9) ________________
Page 59 and 60: This result is interesting insofar
Page 61 and 62: The origin of the cluster ch is kno
Page 63 and 64: The distribution of kś also indica
Page 65 and 66: the SW Maitr., and the Kauth. SV (P
Page 67 and 68: N. India., and also its Sūtra, the
Page 69 and 70: While the preceding examples have i
Page 71 and 72: concludes that the preservation of
Page 73 and 74: 'tics', and mannerisms, introduced
Page 75 and 76: Southern Jaiminīya (originally a C
Page 77 and 78: eva Taitt., nu vāva ŚBK, (but nv
Page 79 and 80: were several occasions 225 where it
Page 81 and 82: grammar, and in classical Sanskrit,
Page 83 and 84: 17: Pāṇ.(?): after: bho,bhago,ad
Page 85 and 86: [túbhya hinvāná- u -avasiṣṭa
Page 87 and 88: PS 0? ŚS 0! KS 11 : 1293% (late TS
Page 89 and 90: must be made here. The Eastern Cent
Page 91 and 92: Even in subsections of a text, like
Page 93 and 94: ___________________________________
Page 95 and 96: The forms in -o- are restricted to
Page 97 and 98: collection; the Upaniṣad-like sec
Page 99 and 100:
MU 0 BŚS 18: 2? TA 1 3 TA 10 10 TU
Page 101 and 102:
various Middle Indian dialects inde
Page 103 and 104:
The Ṛgvedic nom. pl. -āsaḥ 277
Page 105 and 106:
Madhyadeśa (Taitt.) innovations (o
Page 107 and 108:
events which the speaker or listene
Page 109 and 110:
The strong occurrences in ŚB and J
Page 111 and 112:
AB 4? KN 1 ? ŚBMw 1 ( 2) 306 JBc 4
Page 113 and 114:
58 (Epileg.CPD I, s.v.tmesis). Nume
Page 115 and 116:
* Sandhi -e/o a- > -a a Prācya (Ś
Page 117 and 118:
the early Brāḥmaṇa text, AB 1-
Page 119 and 120:
Vedic held sway over the Pañcālas
Page 121 and 122:
the bhāṣika accent) is lost. Nor
Page 123 and 124:
on an old Western SV Br. which used
Page 125 and 126:
We therefore witness, as the outcom
Page 127 and 128:
territories West of it on one hand,
Page 129 and 130:
If we first limit ourselves strictl
Page 131 and 132:
Post-Saṃhitā developments: loss
Page 133 and 134:
attention to the general political
Page 135 and 136:
500- NBP NBP NBP NBP ______________
Page 137 and 138:
(MS,KS,TS) it immediately appears t
Page 139 and 140:
Late Harappan | and | RV various sm
Page 141 and 142:
| early in the | RV hymns composed
Page 143 and 144:
ABn PB KA (PB?) AA, AitU AA 5 MU Ā
Page 145 and 146:
The language of the Yajñagāthās
Page 147:
147
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