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testimony that does not form part of the Vedic canon and yet is closely linked to it, namely Pāṇini's grammar which records many instances of his local North-Western <strong>edu</strong>cated speech, the "bhāṣā," the probable predecessor of the Middle Indian Gandhārī. 32 One could, however, study colloquial late Vedic as comparable to Pāṇini's bhāṣā, notably some text portions found in ChU 6. 33 . § 4. PARAMETERS In order to achieve any meaningful progress with regard to the problem of post-RV, i.e., Middle and Late Vedic dialects, one has to take into account the parameters of time and place. The texts in question must be dated, in one way or another, by a firm relative chronology or otherwise; secondly, they have to be "put on the map" or localised. Strict separation of parameters is, of course, necessary in order to avoid circular argumentation. The generally prevailing lack of observation concerning the area in which a certain text was composed or redacted, and the resulting lack of insight about the general geographical spread of Middle Vedic as a whole-- the communis opinio does not vouch for much more than "Northern India" or "the Kuru- Pañcāla area"-- has been another reason for the lack of understanding of the various dialects of Vedic. Without 'homelands' for the various Vedic schools, and without areas of composition or redaction of the various texts, a study of dialects and dialect geography cannot, of course, be made. We can now proceed a few steps further, I believe, and consequently, I have tried to localise as many texts as possible (see Fel. Vol. Eggermont). § 4.1. PARAMETER OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION By this, the geographical location of the various texts or schools is meant. As has been mentioned before, Ved)c texts have hardly been localised so far, and 32 Note that in one case Pāṇini has a comparatively late form: 6.2.70 maireya < madireya :: *madirā-, which even in Gandhārī would be possible only much later (see, in this volume, the article of G.Fussman). Does maireya come from another Prākṛt dialect? cf.O.v. Hinüber, Überblick, p. 94 §170. 33 See K.Hofmann, Aufs., and P. Tedesco, Language 19, p. 12. Note that bhal- explained by Tedesco from smar- points to non-Eastern origin of this section: there is no anaptyxis, see O.v. Hinüber, Überblick §243 14
the geographical data contained in them have only scarcely been studied and have even less been put to use. K.Mylius, in his studies on the ŚB and the geographical milieu of Vedic texts, is an exception. A few tentative localisations had already been made by Weber, Caland, and others. 34 SUMMARY OF LOCALISATION: RV Panjab and surroundings, max. extension: Kabul River to Ganges PS Western N.India, up to Kāśī (Benares) ŚS Central N.India, up to Aṅga YV-Mantras: their centre is Kurukṣetra: "the rivers flow west- and eastwards" Caraka: an old,lost school, probably between KS,MS, Vādh, Vāj. terr. KS E.Panjab/Kurukṣetra: "rivers flow westwards"; early eastward expansion, see KS 26.2:123.17; Arrian, Anabasis 5.21-22, locates the Kathaíoi in the doab of Ravi and Beas/Satlej KpS dto., Megasthenes/Arrian, Indikē, 4.8 at the confluence of Ravi (and Chenab?), MS Kurukṣetra, with southward expansion, see MS 4.7.9:104.14 TS Pañcāla country (Uttar Pradesh= U.P.) VSK Kosala (E. Uttar Pradesh), probably excluding the Vatsa country between Gaṅgā and Sarayū VSM Videha (N.Bihar), later also S.of the Ganges, on the Andomatis (Tons? South of Allahabad), see Arrian, Indikë 4.4 ABo = AB 1-5: older part: E.Panjab,"rivers flow westwards" 34 Cf. Keith, TS tr. XCII, RV-Br. tr. 44 sq.; Minard, Trois enigmes I §549b (general movement to the East; ŚB is Eastern) sums up the earlier views of Weber, etc.; the earlier results are also summarised and compared with Pāṇini by P.Thieme, Pāṇ. and the Veda, p.75: N. = KS, W. = MS, S. = TS ("surely...TS was yet being read in the North"); these locations which, with the exception of TS, would be correct for the first few centuries A.D. have to be altered now, as will be mentioned below. (TS is Southern (i.e. Malva, etc.) , viz. already S.Indian in the post-Chr. era.) See especially: K.Mylius, Geographische Untersuchungen zur Entstehungsgegend des Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa, Wiss. Zs.K.M.Univ.Leipzig, 14/4,1969, p.759-61; Das geographische Milieu der mittelvedischen Literatur, Fs. Ruben (Neue Indienkunde), Berlin 1970, p.421-31. However, E. Brucker, Die spatvedische Kulturepoche nach den Quellen der Śrauta-, Gṛhya- und Dharmasūtras. Der Siedlungsraum. Wiesbaden 1980, treats a period too extensive to be of use here; he also includes some quite early material (AV)! Cf. now, author, On the location of Vedic texts and Schools, Felic. Vol. Eggermont, ed. G.Pollet, Louvain, forthc. 1987(?). Here, only the results of that investigation are presented without discussion. 15
Page 1 and 2: Version July 27,1987 (published Par
Page 3 and 4: 10.6. Conclusion and prospects 3
Page 5 and 6: * the better speech of the Northern
Page 7 and 8: * 1st: there are regional differenc
Page 9 and 10: chapter, per text or text level, th
Page 11 and 12: occurrence of the opt. in -īta (AB
Page 13: Furthermore, the comparatively grea
Page 17 and 18: The boundaries of various school te
Page 19 and 20: origin. It can also be noted that a
Page 21 and 22: The absolute date of the texts rema
Page 23 and 24: perhaps Māṇḍ.) AB KB PB JB Ait
Page 25 and 26: MGS VārGS KGS/LGS BGS *VādhGS BhG
Page 27 and 28: the period of the "free floating" m
Page 29 and 30: ones in other case forms: sāyāt,
Page 31 and 32: immediate surrounding dialects, cf.
Page 33 and 34: § 5 ESTABLISHING A PATTERN §5.0.
Page 35 and 36: VSM 96.120 VSM= 24.19 % VSK 94.231
Page 37 and 38: In addition to these stray findings
Page 39 and 40: Therefore, the occurrence of -ai fo
Page 41 and 42: have changed this dialect. 99 We kn
Page 43 and 44: (5 ch. mixed) BŚS (Br.ch.in storie
Page 45 and 46: were composed on the basis of an ea
Page 47 and 48: If one compares this with such deta
Page 49 and 50: early ABo 3 % TB 2 % Brāhm. (lv.4)
Page 51 and 52: development of the precative); the
Page 53 and 54: It is interesting to note that the
Page 55 and 56: ___________________________________
Page 57 and 58: JUB 2 PB 7 (ABn 9) ________________
Page 59 and 60: This result is interesting insofar
Page 61 and 62: The origin of the cluster ch is kno
Page 63 and 64: The distribution of kś also indica
Page 65 and 66:
the SW Maitr., and the Kauth. SV (P
Page 67 and 68:
N. India., and also its Sūtra, the
Page 69 and 70:
While the preceding examples have i
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concludes that the preservation of
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'tics', and mannerisms, introduced
Page 75 and 76:
Southern Jaiminīya (originally a C
Page 77 and 78:
eva Taitt., nu vāva ŚBK, (but nv
Page 79 and 80:
were several occasions 225 where it
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grammar, and in classical Sanskrit,
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17: Pāṇ.(?): after: bho,bhago,ad
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[túbhya hinvāná- u -avasiṣṭa
Page 87 and 88:
PS 0? ŚS 0! KS 11 : 1293% (late TS
Page 89 and 90:
must be made here. The Eastern Cent
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Even in subsections of a text, like
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___________________________________
Page 95 and 96:
The forms in -o- are restricted to
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collection; the Upaniṣad-like sec
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MU 0 BŚS 18: 2? TA 1 3 TA 10 10 TU
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various Middle Indian dialects inde
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The Ṛgvedic nom. pl. -āsaḥ 277
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Madhyadeśa (Taitt.) innovations (o
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events which the speaker or listene
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The strong occurrences in ŚB and J
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AB 4? KN 1 ? ŚBMw 1 ( 2) 306 JBc 4
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58 (Epileg.CPD I, s.v.tmesis). Nume
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* Sandhi -e/o a- > -a a Prācya (Ś
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the early Brāḥmaṇa text, AB 1-
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Vedic held sway over the Pañcālas
Page 121 and 122:
the bhāṣika accent) is lost. Nor
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on an old Western SV Br. which used
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We therefore witness, as the outcom
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territories West of it on one hand,
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If we first limit ourselves strictl
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Post-Saṃhitā developments: loss
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attention to the general political
Page 135 and 136:
500- NBP NBP NBP NBP ______________
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(MS,KS,TS) it immediately appears t
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Late Harappan | and | RV various sm
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| early in the | RV hymns composed
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ABn PB KA (PB?) AA, AitU AA 5 MU Ā
Page 145 and 146:
The language of the Yajñagāthās
Page 147:
147
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