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The story, as told in ŚB, expressively mentions the role of the ritual fire, called Agni Vaiśvānara in the legend, in making the marshy country of the East arable and128acceptable for Brahmins. The Māthavas, about whom nothing is known outside the ŚB, may be the Máthai of Megasthenes who places them East of the Pazálai (Pañcāla), at the confluence of the Erénnesis (Son) with the Ganges. 331 While the movement of some clans and their King Videgha from the River Sarasvatī in Kurukṣetra to the East may coincide with the 'ritual settlement' of Kosala(-Videha), this is not to be confused with the wholesale movement of Vedic Śākhās, like the one of Kāṇva, Śāṇḍilya, and Aitareyin eastwards, to Kosala and Videha. A final stage is reached only in the Pāli texts: Suddenly, we do not read about the Kosala-Videha but about a separate Kosala kingdom and a large Vajji (= Vṛjji) confederation which includes tribes like the Licchavi, Naya, and the Videha. West of them live the Śākya, Bulinda, Malla, Moriya and Kalāma. None of these tribes, with the exception of the Videha and the Malla, is known from the Vedic texts. Interestingly, JB still locates the Malla in the desert (Tharr, see JB §198; cf. the Malloi of the Greeks in S. Panjab). Equally, the Vṛji of Pāṇini 4.2.131 are mentioned together with the Madra; in all probability, they still were inhabitants of the Panjab at the time. What we see here is, I believe, the last wave of immigration which overran Northern India in Vedic time and which came to an end in its easternmost part (at that time), in N. Bihar. Note the somewhat unusual origin of the Śākya from a marriage of the sons of King Okkāka with their sisters and compare that even in Manu, the Nicchavi (sic) still are regarded as only half-orthoprax. This wave of immigration from the West is fairly late, as no Vedic text contains any hint of it and it is only Pāṇini (4.2.131 Vṛji, Vṛjika) and the Pāli canon which provide a clue to it. sudden replacement of whole schools, notably the Aitareyins, Śāṇdilya, Śākala, and Kāṇvas into the East.- Cf. the RV name Namin Sāpya as King of Videha at PB 25.10.17, interestingly described as making a pilgrimage to Kurukṣetra, the holy land of the Veda and the home of Gotama Rahūgaṇa and Videgha Māthava who in ŚB are the prototypes of the eastward movement of Vedic orthopraxy. 331 See Arrian, Indikē 4.5 and cf. the commentary by O.v. Hinüber, in: Arrian, Der Alexanderzug. Indische Geschichte, hg. und übers. von G. Wirth u. O.v.H., München u. Zürich (Artemis) 1985, p. 1095; cf. also author, Fs. Eggermont. 128
If we first limit ourselves strictly to some typical linguistic features, we can establish this provisional scheme 332 ______________________________________________________________ B.C. 1750 - OCP/late Harrapan/ Gandhāra Grave culture Earliest immigration? Kāfirī dac : Ved. daśa, Ir. dasa muṣ/muš : Ved. muṣ ašpa@ : Ved. aśva, Ir. aspa/asa ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FIRST I.-A. IMMIGRATION into the Panjab OCP linguistically, closer to Med./O.Av. RV istr.pl. -ebhis = O.Pers. -aibiš n.pl. -āsas = Med./O.Av. -āha etc. (aniyāha bagāha) partly, -l- (loka), next to -r-; 'popular elements' like: dy >jy (jyotiṣ), muhur, etc. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ca. NEW WAVE of IMMIGRATION: ling.closer to YAv. 1180 B.C. BRW centre at Kurukṣetra: (iron!) composition of YV Mantras, PS, AVŚ, Kuntāpa hymns; SV istr.pl. -ebhiḥ > - aiḥ : YAv. -aih anye devāḥ : YAv. anye, daivāh, vīspe innovations: n.du.m. -ā-u ntr.pl. -ā-ni 332 The dates have been taken from archeological finds, acc. to the standard works of B. and R. Allchin, The rise of civilisation in India and Pakistan, Cambridge 1982, and W.A. Fairservis Jr., The roots of ancient India, 2nd ed. Chicago and London 1975; see below § 10.4. 129
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Version July 27,1987 (published Par
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10.6. Conclusion and prospects 3
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* the better speech of the Northern
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* 1st: there are regional differenc
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chapter, per text or text level, th
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occurrence of the opt. in -īta (AB
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Furthermore, the comparatively grea
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the geographical data contained in
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The boundaries of various school te
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origin. It can also be noted that a
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The absolute date of the texts rema
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perhaps Māṇḍ.) AB KB PB JB Ait
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MGS VārGS KGS/LGS BGS *VādhGS BhG
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the period of the "free floating" m
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ones in other case forms: sāyāt,
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immediate surrounding dialects, cf.
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§ 5 ESTABLISHING A PATTERN §5.0.
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VSM 96.120 VSM= 24.19 % VSK 94.231
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In addition to these stray findings
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Therefore, the occurrence of -ai fo
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have changed this dialect. 99 We kn
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(5 ch. mixed) BŚS (Br.ch.in storie
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were composed on the basis of an ea
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If one compares this with such deta
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early ABo 3 % TB 2 % Brāhm. (lv.4)
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development of the precative); the
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It is interesting to note that the
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___________________________________
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JUB 2 PB 7 (ABn 9) ________________
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This result is interesting insofar
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The origin of the cluster ch is kno
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The distribution of kś also indica
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the SW Maitr., and the Kauth. SV (P
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N. India., and also its Sūtra, the
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While the preceding examples have i
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concludes that the preservation of
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'tics', and mannerisms, introduced
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Southern Jaiminīya (originally a C
Page 77 and 78: eva Taitt., nu vāva ŚBK, (but nv
Page 79 and 80: were several occasions 225 where it
Page 81 and 82: grammar, and in classical Sanskrit,
Page 83 and 84: 17: Pāṇ.(?): after: bho,bhago,ad
Page 85 and 86: [túbhya hinvāná- u -avasiṣṭa
Page 87 and 88: PS 0? ŚS 0! KS 11 : 1293% (late TS
Page 89 and 90: must be made here. The Eastern Cent
Page 91 and 92: Even in subsections of a text, like
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Page 95 and 96: The forms in -o- are restricted to
Page 97 and 98: collection; the Upaniṣad-like sec
Page 99 and 100: MU 0 BŚS 18: 2? TA 1 3 TA 10 10 TU
Page 101 and 102: various Middle Indian dialects inde
Page 103 and 104: The Ṛgvedic nom. pl. -āsaḥ 277
Page 105 and 106: Madhyadeśa (Taitt.) innovations (o
Page 107 and 108: events which the speaker or listene
Page 109 and 110: The strong occurrences in ŚB and J
Page 111 and 112: AB 4? KN 1 ? ŚBMw 1 ( 2) 306 JBc 4
Page 113 and 114: 58 (Epileg.CPD I, s.v.tmesis). Nume
Page 115 and 116: * Sandhi -e/o a- > -a a Prācya (Ś
Page 117 and 118: the early Brāḥmaṇa text, AB 1-
Page 119 and 120: Vedic held sway over the Pañcālas
Page 121 and 122: the bhāṣika accent) is lost. Nor
Page 123 and 124: on an old Western SV Br. which used
Page 125 and 126: We therefore witness, as the outcom
Page 127: territories West of it on one hand,
Page 131 and 132: Post-Saṃhitā developments: loss
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Page 135 and 136: 500- NBP NBP NBP NBP ______________
Page 137 and 138: (MS,KS,TS) it immediately appears t
Page 139 and 140: Late Harappan | and | RV various sm
Page 141 and 142: | early in the | RV hymns composed
Page 143 and 144: ABn PB KA (PB?) AA, AitU AA 5 MU Ā
Page 145 and 146: The language of the Yajñagāthās
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