TRACING VEDIC DIALECTS - People.fas.harvard.edu

the early Brāḥmaṇa text, AB 1-5) and has a few other, typical
developments:
Among the innovations, the following are notable: khy > kś ; -ḍ- > ḷ-;
CuV > CV; parāyate > palā°; purūvasu- > puro°; preṅkha > pleṅkha;
introduction of: n.pl. -āḥ; nom. dual -au; n.pl.ntr. -āni; istr.pl. -aiḥ; - -
yuvam > -vyam; periphrastic aorist (-ām akar, etc.); vāva; use of
sam.yat; devāsura-.
The following innovations only affected a part of the Kuru area (but
often spread beyond it): -jm- > - ym- ; Sandhi -ān V- > a V-;
The Kuru area is the centre of diffusion, though not of original
occurrence of: the RV inf. -toḥ; of the RV precative in -eṣ(ma); of khalu,
svid.
Notable retentions are: archaic [ ch/śch ], (otherwise > [cch]); retention
of spṛdh in part of the area; avoidance of pāpa-;
Some categories viz. words disappear or are on their way out in the Kuru
area: elimination of the older RV n.pl. -āsaḥ, dual -ā, istr.pl. -ebhiḥ;
decline of subjunctive; the injunctive disappears; decline of inf. -tavai;
decline of the use of the particle u.
(2) -- The Pañcāla land (Madhyadeśa, W.Uttar Pradesh) has its share of
innovations; they are later than those of the Kuru area and are
represented by texts like TS, TB, KB.
Innovations: svar, etc.> suvar; Kuru [ ch/śch ] changed to > [ cch ];
gen. fem. -ai; case forms of sāyam;
Further diffusion of early Kuru innovations:
purovasu- ; palāyate, etc.;
Sandhi Innovations:
Sandhi -o/au V- : various innovations in Pañcāla dial.
(3) -- The East, primarily Videha (N.Bihar) but to some extent also
Kosala (E.Uttar Pradesh, W.Bihar), are the late Vedic centre of major
innovations; the area is represented by ŚBM and ŚBK, the later part of
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