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(§5.1-2). It is especially remarkable that certain localisable innovations in one level of Vedic language spread quickly during the next level. This does not always occur only in an Eastern direction, as one might think, (taking into account the history of settlement of N.India by IA speakers), but also in other directions, as for example southwards, or from the extreme East towards the West (§5.2) Especially clear is the example of the diffusion of the gen. fem. in -ai which originated in a small area of N. India (the Pañcāla land in Eastern U.P.) and subsequently spread east- and southwards, - without affecting, however, the West (the Kuru area) and the "North" (Panjab and the E.Gandhāra area of Pāṇini's bhāṣā). Among the innovations treated in this paper (and a forthcoming one, treated in Notes on Ved. dialects, 1) are the following: (1) In the field of phonetics: Innovations: * khy > kś (Kuru ) * -ḍ- > ḷ- (Kuru) * -jm- > ym (part of Kuru area) * CuV > CV (Kuru) * purūvasu- > puro° (part of Kuru area) * parāyate, etc. > palā° (Kuru) * preṅkha > pleṅkha (part of Kuru area) * svar, etc. > suvar Pañcāla YV * tanacmi > tanakmi, etc. Prācya (Eastern dialect) Further diffusion of early Kuru innovations: * purovasu- (Pañcāla) * palāyate, etc. (Pañcāla) Retentions: * [ ch/śch ] retained (Kuru area: E. Panjab/W. Uttar Pradesh), later > [ cch ] Sandhi Innovations:: * Sandhi -ān V- > aṃ V- (part of Kuru area) 114
* Sandhi -e/o a- > -a a Prācya (Śākalya) * Sandhi -e/o a- > -e/o ' North? (Pāṇini) and general Koine? * Sandhi -o/au V- various innovations in Pañcāla/Prācya dial. (2) In declination: Innovations viz. elimination of older RV forms: * elimination of n.pl.m. -āsaḥ; introduction of -āḥ (Kuru) * nom. dual -au (Kuru) * n.pl.ntr. -āni (Kuru) * istr.pl. -aiḥ (Kuru) * -yuvam > -vyam (part of Kuru area) * gen. fem. - ai (Pañcāla) * case forms of sāyam (Pañcāla) * late forms of pronouns: nom. vayām, āvām (part of Kuru?, Prācya area) * late forms of śīrṣan- made from śiras- (part of Kuru?, Prācya area) (3) In conjugation * spread of inf. -toḥ (Kuru area and beyond) * decline of subjunctive (Kuru area and beyond) * injunctive disappears (Kuru area and beyond) * decline of inf. -tavai (Kuru area and beyond) * further diffusion of RV precative in -eṣ(ma) (Kuru area and beyond) * retention of RV precative in -āyās(ma) (Northern bhāṣā:Pāṇini) Innovations: * periphrastic aorist (-ām akar, etc.) (Kuru area, only Saṃh. prose) * spread of narrative perfect (Prācya) * renewed use of subjunctive, hypercharacterised subj. (Prācya) * renewed use of inf.-tavai (Prācya) * late forms of duh : dugdhe (part of Kuru?, Prācya) (4) Particles * spread of khalu (Kuru area and beyond) * spread of svid (Kuru area and beyond) * spread of vāva (Kuru area and beyond) 115
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Version July 27,1987 (published Par
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10.6. Conclusion and prospects 3
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* the better speech of the Northern
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* 1st: there are regional differenc
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chapter, per text or text level, th
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occurrence of the opt. in -īta (AB
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Furthermore, the comparatively grea
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the geographical data contained in
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The boundaries of various school te
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origin. It can also be noted that a
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The absolute date of the texts rema
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perhaps Māṇḍ.) AB KB PB JB Ait
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MGS VārGS KGS/LGS BGS *VādhGS BhG
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the period of the "free floating" m
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ones in other case forms: sāyāt,
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immediate surrounding dialects, cf.
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§ 5 ESTABLISHING A PATTERN §5.0.
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VSM 96.120 VSM= 24.19 % VSK 94.231
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In addition to these stray findings
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Therefore, the occurrence of -ai fo
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have changed this dialect. 99 We kn
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(5 ch. mixed) BŚS (Br.ch.in storie
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were composed on the basis of an ea
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If one compares this with such deta
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early ABo 3 % TB 2 % Brāhm. (lv.4)
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development of the precative); the
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It is interesting to note that the
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___________________________________
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JUB 2 PB 7 (ABn 9) ________________
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This result is interesting insofar
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The origin of the cluster ch is kno
Page 63 and 64: The distribution of kś also indica
Page 65 and 66: the SW Maitr., and the Kauth. SV (P
Page 67 and 68: N. India., and also its Sūtra, the
Page 69 and 70: While the preceding examples have i
Page 71 and 72: concludes that the preservation of
Page 73 and 74: 'tics', and mannerisms, introduced
Page 75 and 76: Southern Jaiminīya (originally a C
Page 77 and 78: eva Taitt., nu vāva ŚBK, (but nv
Page 79 and 80: were several occasions 225 where it
Page 81 and 82: grammar, and in classical Sanskrit,
Page 83 and 84: 17: Pāṇ.(?): after: bho,bhago,ad
Page 85 and 86: [túbhya hinvāná- u -avasiṣṭa
Page 87 and 88: PS 0? ŚS 0! KS 11 : 1293% (late TS
Page 89 and 90: must be made here. The Eastern Cent
Page 91 and 92: Even in subsections of a text, like
Page 93 and 94: ___________________________________
Page 95 and 96: The forms in -o- are restricted to
Page 97 and 98: collection; the Upaniṣad-like sec
Page 99 and 100: MU 0 BŚS 18: 2? TA 1 3 TA 10 10 TU
Page 101 and 102: various Middle Indian dialects inde
Page 103 and 104: The Ṛgvedic nom. pl. -āsaḥ 277
Page 105 and 106: Madhyadeśa (Taitt.) innovations (o
Page 107 and 108: events which the speaker or listene
Page 109 and 110: The strong occurrences in ŚB and J
Page 111 and 112: AB 4? KN 1 ? ŚBMw 1 ( 2) 306 JBc 4
Page 113: 58 (Epileg.CPD I, s.v.tmesis). Nume
Page 117 and 118: the early Brāḥmaṇa text, AB 1-
Page 119 and 120: Vedic held sway over the Pañcālas
Page 121 and 122: the bhāṣika accent) is lost. Nor
Page 123 and 124: on an old Western SV Br. which used
Page 125 and 126: We therefore witness, as the outcom
Page 127 and 128: territories West of it on one hand,
Page 129 and 130: If we first limit ourselves strictl
Page 131 and 132: Post-Saṃhitā developments: loss
Page 133 and 134: attention to the general political
Page 135 and 136: 500- NBP NBP NBP NBP ______________
Page 137 and 138: (MS,KS,TS) it immediately appears t
Page 139 and 140: Late Harappan | and | RV various sm
Page 141 and 142: | early in the | RV hymns composed
Page 143 and 144: ABn PB KA (PB?) AA, AitU AA 5 MU Ā
Page 145 and 146: The language of the Yajñagāthās
Page 147: 147
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