2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> re-warm the worker (usually at least 20 minutes) plus the time to get to and from the rewarming area. Heat loss from the skin surface through the clothing and surface still air layer is a linear function of the difference between the skin temperature and the ambient air temperature, as controlled by the resistance to heat transfer afforded by the insulation of the clothing and surface still air layer; the insulation unit used for clothing is the “Clo”, with 1 Clo of insulation requiring the transfer of 5.55 kcal of heat per square meter of skin surface area per hour per degree Centigrade difference between the skin and air temperatures; i.e.: “Dry heat loss” (Hr+c) =5.55 x S.A. x (Tskin – Tair)/hour This equation can be used to calculate the heat that MUST and WILL be lost in a given ambient environment, as a function of the clothing insulation, air temperature and surface area. Note that 1 R unit is ≈ a Clo value of 1.14. An “average” American workman has a total body surface area of ~ 1.8 m 2 (square meters). A “comfortable” average Tskin (MWST- mean value, weighted by temperature site surface area) is ~ 33 º C (= 91.4 ºF); body surface cooling as a result of the initially mild, vasoconstriction to conserve deep body heat in the cold, will reduce MWST to 32 º C (= 89.6 ºF). We used 32 º C as the Tskin value for our calculations of body heat transfer. One can use the Clo values of individual clothing items, as shown below, to calculate the overall clothing insulation value to use in our calculations of body heat exchange. 606 CLOTHING ITEMClo VALUE Long Underwear 0.20 Heavy Long Sleeve Sweater 0.37 Bib-Overalls 0.41 Waist Length Heavy Jacket 0.49 Heavy, Knee length Sox 0.08 Heavy Boots 0.08 Navy type Knitted Watch Cap 0.05 Total of individual item Clo values = 1.68 80% of individual item Clo values = 1.35 Plus value of external surface “calm” air layer = 0.71 Total clothing + surface air layer Clo = 2.06 Note: Hand-wear is not included because it may well be task precluded! RESULTS Using this value of 2.0 Clo in our calculations of body heat exchange, we can generate the work times until re-warming is required, as a function of the heat production and ambient environmental conditions. These data are presented in the Figure. DISCUSSION These predictions, made several years after a very large construction project was completed, showed remarkable agreement with the documented intervals between the ad lib re-warming periods taken by the workforce.
Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Temperature Vs. Hours Until Rewarming Required Occupational Thermal Problems Ta ( o F) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 90 kcal/hr 3,98 1,67 1,06 0,77 0,61 0,5 0,43 0,37 135 kcal/hr 4 2,61 1,37 0,93 0,7 0,56 0,47 180 kcal/hr 4 1,94 1,16 0,83 0,64 225 kcal/hr 3,32 1,54 1 270 kcal/hr 4 2,31 Time to maximum of 4 hours 607
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
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Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
Page 555 and 556: Working Environment BP as the refer
Page 557 and 558: Working Environment significantly a
Page 559 and 560: Working Environment responses betwe
Page 561 and 562: Working Environment Casualty handli
Page 563 and 564: Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
Page 565 and 566: Working Environment RESULTS The sub
Page 567 and 568: Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
Page 569 and 570: Working Environment METHODS Student
Page 571 and 572: Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
Page 573 and 574: Working Environment RESULTS The res
Page 575 and 576: Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
Page 577 and 578: Employment Standards Results are pr
Page 579 and 580: Employment Standards to spend free
Page 581 and 582: Occupational Thermal Problems and d
Page 583 and 584: Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
Page 585 and 586: Occupational Thermal Problems some
Page 587 and 588: Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
Page 589 and 590: Occupational Thermal Problems range
Page 591 and 592: Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
Page 593 and 594: Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
Page 595 and 596: Occupational Thermal Problems recom
Page 597 and 598: DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
Page 599 and 600: Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
Page 601 and 602: Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
Page 603 and 604: Occupational Thermal Problems durin
Page 605: Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
Page 609 and 610: Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
Page 611 and 612: Occupational Thermal Problems highl
Page 613 and 614: Occupational Thermal Problems and o
Page 615 and 616: 1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
Page 617 and 618: Occupational Thermal Problems of a
Page 619 and 620: Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
Page 621 and 622: Table 1: Environmental conditions o
Page 623 and 624: Occupational Thermal Problems The h
Page 625 and 626: Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
Page 627 and 628: Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
Page 629 and 630: Occupational Thermal Problems corre
Page 631 and 632: Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
Page 633 and 634: Occupational Thermal Problems All i
Page 635 and 636: A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
Page 637 and 638: Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
Page 639 and 640: Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
Page 641: SPONSOR 641
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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