2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> soldiers might have already, to some extent, acclimatized to winter climate during the preceding weeks. In conclusion, peripheral skin temperatures decreased to low levels, especially during combat shooting, increasing the risk of deterioration of manual dexterity and decreasing blood flow in the feet. Individual characteristic of cold or warm fingers seemed to persist throughout the manoeuvre in the cold. No local acclimatization to cold was seen during the manoeuvre. REFERENCES Allwood, M.J., Burry H.S., 1954. The effect of local temperature on blood flow in the human foot. J. Physiol. 124, 345-57. Castellani, J.W., Stulz, D.A., Degroot, D.W., Blanchard, L.A., Cadarette, B.S., Nindl, B.C., Montain, S.J., 2003. Eighty-four hours of sustained operations alter thermoregulation during cold exposure. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35, 175-81. Rintamäki, H., Hassi, J., Smolander, J., Louhevaara, V., Rissanen, S., Oksa, J., Laapio, H. 1993. Responses to whole body and finger cooling before and after an Antarctic expedition. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 67: 380-84. 604
Occupational Thermal Problems PRODUCTIVITY LOSS FROM COLD Daniel A. Goldman and Ralph F Goldman, PhD. COMFORT TECHNOLOGY, Inc., Natick, MA., USA Contact person: Ralphgoldman@CS.com INTRODUCTION Factors in cold weather productivity loss that should be considered include: (1) The synovial fluid lubricating skeletal joints thickens, reducing finger agility. (2) The skin dries, leading to a reduction in finger tactility. (3) Skeletal muscles shorten if cooled, leading (inter alia) to a reduction in grip strength. (4) Cold weather clothing reduces mobility (M ↑ 4%/layer) and constrains arm motion. (4) ANY protective hand wear causes a greater loss of tactility and agility than cold per se. (5) Protective headwear may interfere with hearing and vision; some interfere with speech. (6) Clothing worn next to the skin (i.e., gloves, socks, underwear) tends to accumulate sweat when performing heavier physical work and producing more heat than can be lost without sweating. (7) “Warmer” clothing does not produce extra heat, but only reduces the rate of heat loss from the body. (8) Only increasing active physical work increases body heat production; tasks that limit mobility, e.g., connecting wires, soldering pipe connections, etc., only increase heat production slightly. (9) “BEHAVIORAL” temperature mechanisms against cold include adding clothing and becoming increasingly active. (10) The PHYSIOLOGICAL first line of defense against cold is vasoconstriction; i.e., reducing the blood flow from the body core (where the metabolic heat is produced) to the shell (i.e., the skin, where core heat must be delivered by the blood flow so that it can be eliminated from the body. (11) The PHYSIOLOGICAL second line of defense is shivering. The maximum rate of shivering heat production is ≈525 kcal/hr, and at this level the body is a non-functional quivering block of tissue. Shivering decreases the air layer, and clothing, insulation and may actually result in a net increase in body heat loss unless there is a high total Clo value. The greatest source of productivity loss: Based on experience as well as knowledge of the literature, the greatest losses of productivity result from the absence of the worker from the work site. Certainly, the time spent by a worker on a re-warming break, although essential to being able to continue to work after the break, represents a totally non-productive interval. Experience also suggests that the worker must be re-warmed before accumulating a heat debt of ~ 80 kcal of body heat store, or may require such draconian re-warming that the worker will be unable to return to work that day. One must view the work site, re-warming facilities, and the nature of the physical work and its surroundings to accurately calculate the rate of body heat production and loss. This can be used to determine the time before re-warming is essential, and the time that the workers will require to get to the re-warming station, re-warm (usually 20 min), and get back to the job site. METHODS Once one views the work site, re-warming facilities and their nature, and the nature of the physical work and its surroundings, one can calculate the rate of body heat production, and loss and, thus, the time before re-warming is essential, and also estimate the time required to 605
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
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Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Page 555 and 556: Working Environment BP as the refer
Page 557 and 558: Working Environment significantly a
Page 559 and 560: Working Environment responses betwe
Page 561 and 562: Working Environment Casualty handli
Page 563 and 564: Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
Page 565 and 566: Working Environment RESULTS The sub
Page 567 and 568: Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
Page 569 and 570: Working Environment METHODS Student
Page 571 and 572: Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
Page 573 and 574: Working Environment RESULTS The res
Page 575 and 576: Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
Page 577 and 578: Employment Standards Results are pr
Page 579 and 580: Employment Standards to spend free
Page 581 and 582: Occupational Thermal Problems and d
Page 583 and 584: Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Page 587 and 588: Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
Page 589 and 590: Occupational Thermal Problems range
Page 591 and 592: Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Page 597 and 598: DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Page 603: Occupational Thermal Problems durin
Page 607 and 608: Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
Page 609 and 610: Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Page 613 and 614: Occupational Thermal Problems and o
Page 615 and 616: 1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
Page 617 and 618: Occupational Thermal Problems of a
Page 619 and 620: Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
Page 621 and 622: Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Page 625 and 626: Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Page 635 and 636: A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
Page 637 and 638: Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
Page 639 and 640: Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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