2007, Piran, Slovenia
2007, Piran, Slovenia 2007, Piran, Slovenia
Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana 2007 RESULTS Mean ambient temperature at day time ranged from -2 to -12 °C and 1 to -6 °C during combat (C) and combat shooting (CS), respectively. Daily mean heart rate was slightly higher during C (97-106 beats/min) compared to CS (83-95 beats/min). Body mass decreased by ca. 6 % to 68.4 ±2.8 kg (p 20 Day 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11
Occupational Thermal Problems during CS compared to C. Subjects having cold fingers had also cold feet. There was a positive correlation (r=0.557) between the Q1 of Tfinger and Tfoot during CS. Physical characteristics and peripheral skin temperatures showed no correlation. Only slight relationship (ns) between %BF and Q1 finger temperature during CS was detected. Subject #6 with high %BF and moderate physical fitness showed the highest mean and Q1 Tfinger and the decrement during the combat shooting was the smallest. Table 2: Individual mean (±SE) and the lowest quintile (Q1) finger and foot temperatures during combat and combat shooting training. av = average from eight subjects. * p < 0.001. subj mean Tfinger °C Q1 Tfinger °C mean Tfoot °C Q1 Tfoot °C C CS C CS C CS C CS 1 24.3 ±0.1 21.5 ±0.1 16.0 13.8 27.8 ±0.1 28.0 ±0.1 24.5 24.1 2 19.9 ±0.1 17.1 ±0.1 13.3 11.2 27.5 ±0.1 26.9 ±0.1 24.3 22.4 3 22.4 ±0.1 19.7 ±0.1 15.4 14.2 31.7 ±0.1 31.3 ±0.1 30.2 29.5 4 22.0 ±0.1 19.3 ±0.2 14.1 12.3 30.2 ±0.1 29.8 ±0.1 27.3 26.7 5 23.1 ±0.1 17.5 ±0.3 14.4 11.3 23.0 ±0.1 25.9 ±0.1 17.5 20.9 6 25.6 ±0.1 22.9 ±0.1 17.1 16.0 29.9 ±0.1 29.0 ±0.1 26.5 25.5 7 23.9 ±0.1 22.2 ±0.2 15.6 13.3 31.9 ±0.1 30.8 ±0.1 30.3 28.8 8 23.9 ±0.1 19.5 ±0.2 15.2 11.7 28.7 ±0.1 27.3 ±0.1 26.0 24.1 av 23.1 ±0.6 19.8 ±0.7* 15.1 ±0.4 13.0 ±0.6* 28.8 ±1.0 28.7 ±0.7 25.8 ±1.4 25.2 ±1.1 DISCUSSION Peripheral skin temperatures decreased to low level during the manoeuvre and they tended to be colder at the end of the manoeuvre compared to the beginning. During CS the finger temperatures were below 16°C (2°C lower than during C) which must have affected negatively to the manual performance, as also expressed in subjective ratings. Feet temperatures showed smaller decrement during combat shooting compared to the fingers. Nevertheless, feet temperature decreased to surprisingly low level during the daily training periods. It can be assumed that blood flow in the foot is decreased in the observed foot temperatures. According to Allwood and Burry (1951) decrement of skin temperature below ~30°C decreases blood flow in the foot almost to minimum. During long-term cold exposures low foot temperature and consequently decreased blood flow expose to a risk of non-freezing cold injuries. The individual property of having cold fingers and feet persisted throughout the manoeuvre. The same trend was also seen in those subjects with warm fingers. Individually, the subjects with cold fingers had also cold feet. No development of local cold acclimatization was seen during the winter manoeuvre. Local cold acclimatization usually develops in two weeks if the extremities, especially fingers and hands, are daily exposed to cold. Ambient temperature was to some extent higher but wind was slightly stronger at the latter part of the manoeuvre compared to the beginning. Moreover, the combat training was physically more active than combat shooting training. Greater cooling of the fingers during CS may also be caused by more frequent handling of cold weapons and equipment with bare hands. Therefore, different tasks, activity level and ambient climate conditions during combat and combat shooting may have masked the possible cold acclimatization effects. Because the military manoeuvre was performed in December the 603
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Environmental Ergonomics XII<br />
Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong><br />
RESULTS<br />
Mean ambient temperature at day time ranged from -2 to -12 °C and 1 to -6 °C during combat<br />
(C) and combat shooting (CS), respectively. Daily mean heart rate was slightly higher during<br />
C (97-106 beats/min) compared to CS (83-95 beats/min). Body mass decreased by ca. 6 % to<br />
68.4 ±2.8 kg (p 20<br />
Day<br />
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5<br />
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