2007, Piran, Slovenia
2007, Piran, Slovenia 2007, Piran, Slovenia
Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana 2007 56 Figure 2. The no of heart beats in 30 seconds after 30s recovery from a 3min step test The CIVD test produced consistent results over the two longer legs. In both cases finger temperature fell closer to water temperature at the end compared to start of the Legs (Figure 3). The average difference between finger temperature at the start and end of the first Leg over the last 10 minutes of the CIVD test was 4.6°C, the corresponding figure for the second leg was 10.7°C. No difference was seen in this test over the last Leg, or between the first and last test undertaken in Bilbao. This suggests that the skipper was not cold injured by the voyage, and the reduced finger temperature at the end of the first and second legs was probably due to greater sympathetically-induced vasoconstriction as a result of the mild dehydration. DISCUSSION The initial analysis of the data from the first skipper studied, suggests that the longer Legs of the solo circumnavigation had a significant impact on body fat, muscle mass and hydration. The negative fluid and energy balances experienced by the skipper are worthy of note and support the findings of earlier studies. Despite this, and the associated sleep deprivation, muscle strength and endurance was unaffected while aerobic fitness may have improved slightly. This is likely to have been due to the mild aerobic exercise and recovery from anaerobic activity required to skipper the yacht. Whilst the dehydration did not appear to impair performance on the tests undertaken, dehydration does increase the likelihood of an individual developing a cold injury; this is supported by the CIVD tests results. The negative energy balance of the skipper was corrected by the stopovers, however a non-stop circumnavigator would be unlikely to tolerate this rate of imbalance (it would result in about a 25% reduction in body mass!). Further work is required to establish the maximum negative energy balance that can be tolerated over a given duration of voyage, and still enable adequate and recoverable physical and mental performance. 566 No. of heart beats 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Start End Leg 1 Stopover End Leg 2 Stopover End Bilbao Fremantle End of Norfolk End of Bilbao
Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (Minutes) Air Temp (C) Water Temp (C) Bilbao Out Freo. In Freo. Out Working Environment Figure 3. CIVD response (R mid finger) of Skipper 2. Air and Water temp (+/- 0.5C) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the following. Kojiro Shiraishi and his Spirit of Yukoh team along with the other skippers for finding the time to participate in the study. Clipper Ventures for organising the event. Thanks also to the following universities for the last minute loan of equipment, Notra Dame, Joondalup and Western Australia. REFERENCES Branth, S et al. 1996. Energy turnover in a sailing crew during offshore racing around the world. Med Sci Sp Ex 28(10):1272-1276. 567
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Temperature (C)<br />
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Time (Minutes)<br />
Air Temp (C)<br />
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Bilbao Out<br />
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Working Environment<br />
Figure 3. CIVD response (R mid finger) of Skipper 2. Air and Water temp (+/- 0.5C)<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We would like to thank the following. Kojiro Shiraishi and his Spirit of Yukoh team along<br />
with the other skippers for finding the time to participate in the study. Clipper Ventures for<br />
organising the event. Thanks also to the following universities for the last minute loan of<br />
equipment, Notra Dame, Joondalup and Western Australia.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Branth, S et al. 1996. Energy turnover in a sailing crew during offshore racing around the<br />
world. Med Sci Sp Ex 28(10):1272-1276.<br />
567