2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> faster than what was measured with subjects. The differences in the mean skin temperature curves suggest that the model is not sensitive enough for extreme cold conditions. The clothing interface of the model needs to consider the specific thermal variables in the cold protective clothing (ventilation, thermal inertia). ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project was funded by Vinnova research grant within the framework of the by Cost, Action 730: Towards a Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI. REFERENCES EN 342:2004. Protective clothing - Ensembles and garments for protection against cold. Brussells: CEN. Fanger, P.O., 1970. Thermal Comfort, Analysis and applications in Environmental Engineering, Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen. Fiala, D., Lomas, K.,J., Stohrer, M., 1999. A computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions:the passive system. J. Appl. Physiol. 87, 1957- 1972 Holmér, I., 1984. Required clothing insulation (IREQ) as an analytical index of cold stress, ASHRAE transactions, Vol. 90, 1116-1128. Holmér, I., Kuklane, K. and Subzero project partners, 2003. Subzero project: Validation of IREQ predictions with results from wear trials and manikin measurements. 2nd European Conference on Protective Clothing Montreaux, Switzerland. Kuklane, K., Holmér, I., Rintamäki, H., Mäniken, T., Færevik, H., Bartels, V. and Subzero project group, 2003. Subzero project: thermal insulation measurement of cold protective clothing using thermal manikins - Physiological tests. 2nd European Conference on Protective Clothing. Montreaux, Switzerland. Malchaire, J., Piette, A., Kampmann, B. Havenith, G. Mehnert, P. Holmér, I., Gebhardt, H., Griefahn, B., Alfano, G., Parsons, K., BIOMED Heat Stress research group, 2000. Development and validation of the predicted heat strain (PHS) model. The 9th International conference of Environmental Ergonomics, 133-136. Meinander, H., Anttonen, H., Bartels, V., Holmér, I., Reinertsen, R.E., Soltyński, K., Varieras, S., 2003. Thermal insulation measurements of cold protective clothing using thermal manikins. SUBZERO project, final report. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University of Technology, Report No. 4:2003. 520
Universal Thermal Climate Index PROGRESS TOWARDS THE FINAL UTCI MODEL Mark Richards 1 and George Havenith 2 1 Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing & Research, St. Gallen, Switzerland, 2 Dept. Human Sciences, Loughborough University, UK Contact person: mark.richards@empa.ch INTRODUCTION COST action 730 brings together leading physiologists and meteorologists from Europe and the rest of the world to develop a new weather index which accounts for the physiological and behavioural response of humans coupled with influences of the weather in a more universal and comprehensive manner. This paper presents the role of the physiologists to devise this index. The purpose of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is to inform the public of how the weather feels, taking into account factors previously considered when developing the wind chill and UV indices, (asymmetric) radiation and humidity. Present meteorological weather forecast’s focus primarily on the predicted air temperature to inform people of how hot or cold the weather shall be. However wind increases body heat loss and causes the temperature felt to be lower than the ambient air temperature. Contrarily long and short wave radiation incident on the body reduces heat loss and causes the perceived temperature to be higher than the air temperature. Furthermore the ambient humidity and precipitation can change the heat loss and also affects the perceived temperature (e.g. feelings of dampness). Additional factors such as cold injury or skin burns may also need to be considered for more extreme climatic condition. Exposed and clothed areas of the body are affected in different ways by the above factors. Thus results from precious work, such as the recent EU projects ‘Subzero’ and ‘Thermprotect’ which focused of the effects of climate (cold, wind, moisture and radiation) on the effective insulation of clothing, need to be considered. METHODS Development of the UTCI requires the following tasks: 1. Determining which models are available for use in the index. These include both multinode models and simpler models such as wind chill and UV index. 2. Validating the models available 3. Deciding on the most suitable models to use 4. Devising a scheme to translate the model outputs to a single index 5. Deciding on how the index should be scaled for different conditions 6. Defining a reference person 7. Defining the properties of the clothing worn 8. Providing a method to determine the UTCI from meteorological inputs. This method must be performed quickly as millions of such calculations shall need to be performed daily for weather forecasts of each country. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Following the first 1½ years of this COST action, significant progress has already been made with results for the following tasks: 521
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Page 471 and 472: Modelling simulations the additiona
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Page 475 and 476: Modelling concomitant increase in b
Page 477 and 478: Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Page 481 and 482: Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
Page 483 and 484: Modelling Each scan data was first
Page 485 and 486: Modelling The line through the data
Page 487 and 488: Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Page 493 and 494: Measurement methods humidity. The o
Page 495 and 496: Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
Page 497 and 498: Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
Page 499 and 500: Measurement methods and calculated
Page 501 and 502: Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
Page 503 and 504: Measurement methods work rates, and
Page 505 and 506: Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
Page 507 and 508: Measurement methods highlighted. In
Page 509 and 510: Invited presentation Universal Ther
Page 511 and 512: Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
Page 513 and 514: Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
Page 515 and 516: Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
Page 517 and 518: Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
Page 519: Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
Page 523 and 524: Universal Thermal Climate Index The
Page 525 and 526: Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
Page 527 and 528: Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
Page 529 and 530: Universal Thermal Climate Index min
Page 531 and 532: Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
Page 533 and 534: Working environment It is interesti
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Page 537 and 538: Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
Page 539 and 540: Working environment astigmatism, an
Page 541 and 542: Working environment RESULTS The hig
Page 543 and 544: Working environment hearing protect
Page 545 and 546: Working environment Redistribution
Page 547 and 548: Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
Page 549 and 550: Working Environment over the phone
Page 551 and 552: Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
Page 553 and 554: Working Environment results, conclu
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Page 557 and 558: Working Environment significantly a
Page 559 and 560: Working Environment responses betwe
Page 561 and 562: Working Environment Casualty handli
Page 563 and 564: Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
Page 565 and 566: Working Environment RESULTS The sub
Page 567 and 568: Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
Page 569 and 570: Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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