2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> The aim of the present study was twofold: 1) assess whether a bioclimatic index developed for outdoor environments, can be used reliably for the assessment of the indoor thermal environment, and 2) determine whether prediction of physiological responses to a thermal environment is necessary for assessment of thermal comfort, as well as heat stress. The two issues were addressed by comparing the assessment of the thermal environment according to ISO standards and the Humidex index. METHODS Two software programs were developed for the comparative analysis of the same thermal environment, carried out by HD and ISO standardised indices/procedures. The former, deriving combinations of air temperature(ta) and relative humidity (RH) for each HD value, and the latter upgraded in accordance with the regulations in force [2], calculates combinations of (ta, RH) corresponding to: • a required value of PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) according to ISO 7730 Standard; • a required vale of the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) according to ISO 7243 Standard; • the overall amount of sweat and final rectal temperature evaluated in accordance with the PHS (Predicted Heat Stress) method on which ISO 7933 Standard is based upon, for eight-hours of continuous work. Numerical evaluations were carried out setting metabolic rate (M) in the range of light activity (1.4-1.8 met) and static clothing insulation (Icl) at 0.60 and 1.0 clo (for summer and winter evaluations) [6]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It is important to emphasise that under typical indoor environment situations, the comparative analysis is limited to the humidity range 30-70%. The reasons of this are: below 30% RH, mucous membranes start to dry up, with the consequent reduction of the body defence mechanisms against germs and bacteria; above 70% allergenic factors, and the superficial condensate formation responsible for moulds become important. As shown in Fig. 1A, for the example corresponding to typical summer office conditions (M=1.4 met, Icl = 0.60 clo), Humidex index appears unable to give a reliable assessment of thermal comfort in every microclimatic condition. The comparison between comfort curves required for the B-class by ISO 7730 (PMV= ± 0.50) and those required by Humidex (HD=20 and HD=29) results in a perfect agreement only in the filled region. In contrast, outside the filled region, microclimates judged as comfortable by HD, are judged uncomfortable on the basis of the PMV index. Although the assessment of the same indoor thermal environment shows a general disagreement between PMV and HD approach, some interesting features need to be 506 Humidity ratio, w a (g/kg) 25 20 15 10 5 0 20 15 10 5 0 15 20 25 30 35 A HD=20 B HD=20 PMV= -0,50 HD=29 PMV= -0,50 HD=29 RH=100% RH=100% PMV= -0,50 PMV= +0,50 PMV= +0,50 RH=70% RH=70% RH=50% RH=30% RH=50% RH=30% 15 20 25 30 35 Air temperature, ta (°C) Figure 1. Thermal comfort assessment carried out by means of HD (continuous lines) and PMV (dashed lines). Metabolic rate M = 1.4 met; Static clothing insulation Icl = 0.60 clo (A) or Icl = 1.00 clo (B); Air velocity va=0.1 m/s, ta=tr. Filled area refers to microclimatic conditions for which there is agreement between the assessment carried out with the two indices.
Measurement methods highlighted. In the results presented in Fig. 1A (summer conditions) two different behaviours have been revealed: • for warm microclimates (i.e. ta=23-26°C according to Fig. 1A) and RH = 50%, PMV and HD lead to similar results since the HD=29 and PMV=0.50 curves are similar. Moreover HD index is more prescriptive than PMV for high humidity values (i.e.>50%), whereas it is less prescriptive than PMV for low humidity values (i.e.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
Page 455 and 456: Manikins different black 100% cotto
Page 457 and 458: Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
Page 459 and 460: Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
Page 461 and 462: Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
Page 463 and 464: NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
Page 465 and 466: Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
Page 467 and 468: Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
Page 469 and 470: Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
Page 471 and 472: Modelling simulations the additiona
Page 473 and 474: Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
Page 475 and 476: Modelling concomitant increase in b
Page 477 and 478: Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
Page 479 and 480: Modelling from the 1988 population.
Page 481 and 482: Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
Page 483 and 484: Modelling Each scan data was first
Page 485 and 486: Modelling The line through the data
Page 487 and 488: Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
Page 489 and 490: Modelling measurements are extracte
Page 491 and 492: Measurement methods not included in
Page 493 and 494: Measurement methods humidity. The o
Page 495 and 496: Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
Page 497 and 498: Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
Page 499 and 500: Measurement methods and calculated
Page 501 and 502: Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
Page 503 and 504: Measurement methods work rates, and
Page 505: Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
Page 509 and 510: Invited presentation Universal Ther
Page 511 and 512: Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
Page 513 and 514: Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
Page 515 and 516: Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
Page 517 and 518: Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
Page 519 and 520: Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
Page 521 and 522: Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
Page 523 and 524: Universal Thermal Climate Index The
Page 525 and 526: Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
Page 527 and 528: Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
Page 529 and 530: Universal Thermal Climate Index min
Page 531 and 532: Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
Page 533 and 534: Working environment It is interesti
Page 535 and 536: 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
Page 537 and 538: Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
Page 539 and 540: Working environment astigmatism, an
Page 541 and 542: Working environment RESULTS The hig
Page 543 and 544: Working environment hearing protect
Page 545 and 546: Working environment Redistribution
Page 547 and 548: Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
Page 549 and 550: Working Environment over the phone
Page 551 and 552: Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
Page 553 and 554: Working Environment results, conclu
Page 555 and 556: Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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