2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> ANALYSIS OF SLOVENE ARMY SOLDIERS’ FEET Tomaž Kolšek 2 , Aleš Jurca 2 and Igor B. Mekjavic 1 1 Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana & 482 UCS d.o.o., Vrhnika, <strong>Slovenia</strong> Contact person: tomaz.kolsek@ucstech.eu INTRODUCTION In order to provide optimal combat equipment for soldiers, the army boots have to be carefully designed. Within this process, a foot-shoe fit is an important issue. A poor fit can result in injuries such as blisters, chafing, bunions, sprains, and strains. The aim of the present study was to obtain information regarding feet geometry of personnel in the Slovene Armed Forces (SAF) as a prelude to the development of prototype army footwear. METHODS A total of 432 male soldiers had both their feet scanned with a 3D high resolution foot scanner (VORUM YETI 3D). During the testing, each person wore thin white socks. The data was exported to independent ASCII format, describing foot surface in detail. The proprietary geometrical data was converted into independent computer digital format and relevant characteristics extracted. These characteristics were analysed in order to provide data for potential new lasts, which may serve as the geometrical basis for any new footwear. A proprietary computer software tool GRAFOMAT (GRAphical FOot MAnipulation Tool) was used to convert data between different computer formats, visualize, edit, extract relevant characteristics, compare and manipulate the scans (Figure 1). Figure 1: GRAFOMAT graphical user interface
Modelling Each scan data was first oriented (see Figure 2 left) and then several characteristics extracted. Only the foot length and foot width characteristics analyses are presented. Figure 2: Initial orientation and an example of foot length and width measurement The foot length was considered the distance along the x-axis, measured from the minimum xpoint within the heel area, to the maximum x-point within the toes area (either first or second toe), see Figure 2. The foot width was determined as the distance in the y-direction between the inner contour maximum point (ICMP) and outer contour maximum point (OCMP). ICMP is detected in the range 65% - 80% foot length, whereas OCMP is detected in the range 50% - 80% length. This methodology eliminates questionable maximums related to flat feet and first toe pointing outwards. An example is depicted on Figure 2 right. The following analyses were conducted on the obtained data: • distribution of foot lengths • differences in left/right foot length • foot length versus foot width • differences in left/right foot width RESULTS Figure 3 shows the distribution of foot length classes. We performed two classifications: 1) left and right scans were treated as individual feet, and 2) the longer foot of all individuals was used as the classification criteria. 180 160 140 120 100 Number of feet 80 60 40 20 0 8 6 28 24 57 44 84 84 117 114 112 108 Figure 3: Classification according to foot length 157 144 146 166 82 76 Separate left/right Longer foot 52 45 23 26 1012 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 EU foot size 1 2 483
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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Page 433 and 434: Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Page 437 and 438: Manikins clothing system. This effe
Page 439 and 440: Manikins The coupled system was val
Page 441 and 442: Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
Page 443 and 444: Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
Page 445 and 446: SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
Page 447 and 448: ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
Page 449 and 450: Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
Page 451 and 452: Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
Page 453 and 454: Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
Page 455 and 456: Manikins different black 100% cotto
Page 457 and 458: Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
Page 459 and 460: Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
Page 461 and 462: Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
Page 463 and 464: NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
Page 465 and 466: Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
Page 467 and 468: Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Page 471 and 472: Modelling simulations the additiona
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Page 475 and 476: Modelling concomitant increase in b
Page 477 and 478: Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
Page 479 and 480: Modelling from the 1988 population.
Page 481: Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
Page 485 and 486: Modelling The line through the data
Page 487 and 488: Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
Page 489 and 490: Modelling measurements are extracte
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Page 493 and 494: Measurement methods humidity. The o
Page 495 and 496: Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
Page 497 and 498: Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
Page 499 and 500: Measurement methods and calculated
Page 501 and 502: Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
Page 503 and 504: Measurement methods work rates, and
Page 505 and 506: Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Page 509 and 510: Invited presentation Universal Ther
Page 511 and 512: Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
Page 513 and 514: Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
Page 515 and 516: Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
Page 517 and 518: Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
Page 519 and 520: Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
Page 521 and 522: Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Page 527 and 528: Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
Page 529 and 530: Universal Thermal Climate Index min
Page 531 and 532: Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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