2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> 472 ASSESSMENT OF MALE ANTHROPOMETRIC TRENDS AND THE EFFECTS ON THERMAL REGULATORY MODELS Miyo Yokota, Gaston P Bathalon and Larry G Berglund U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA Contact person: Miyo.Yokota@na.amedd.army.mil INTRODUCTION Over the past 20 years, the trend towards excessive body weight and obesity among adults has become epidemic in the United States (2). To combat this issue, the U.S. Army established incremental age categories for weight-for-height requirements for Soldiers (4). If a Soldier’s body weight exceeds the specified limits within his or her age category, body fat percentage (%BF) must be measured. Soldiers who exceed their %BF standard are enrolled in the Army Weight Control Program (3). Assessing the trends of body composition and dimensions in U.S. Army populations is important because body measurements affect Soldiers’ health, fitness, performance, and safety in the work place (8). This study investigates temporal differences of body dimensions in U.S. Army male Soldiers, by comparing 2004 and 1988 anthropometric databases (1,5). In addition, the effects of the anthropometric changes on individual thermal physiological responses to a heat stress were evaluated by a thermal regulatory model (9) METHODS The height, weight, and %BF of male volunteers with self-reported race/ethnicity from the 2004 database (n = 480) were compared with those from the 1988 database (n = 1773) (1,5). Trained anthropometrists measured volunteers consistent with Army Regulation (3). Body fat was estimated from neck and abdominal circumference measurements using the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) %BF equation (3). Anthropometric distributions in the two datasets were compared using analysis of variance and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA provides the best representations of multivariate data in simpler dimensions, by transforming linear orthogonal axes (eigenvectors) and maximizing variation (eigenvalues) of the data. The multivariate distribution using PCA was identified with two ellipses representing the majority 90% of the two populations. The influence of individual anthropometric variations on responses to heat stress predicted by a thermoregulatory model (9) were also addressed. The simulated heat stress challenges consisted of: non-acclimatized individuals, carrying a 12 kg load, wearing battle dress uniform (BDU) and body armor, having rested for 30 min, and walking at 3 mph for 70 min in 35ºC/50%rh. The anthropometric effects on core temperatures (Tcr) were predicted. RESULTS The anthropometric characteristics of the male Soldiers in the 1988 and 2004 databases are summarized in Table 1. The acceptance range of measurement errors according to interobserver error standards (6) is also included. On average, a 2.3 kg increase in weight was observed in the 2004 data. Small increases in height (0.6 cm), BMI (0.6 kg/m 2 ) and neck circumference (0.4 cm), and slight decreases in BF (0.8%) and abdominal circumference (0.4 cm) were observed. Although these changes were small, analysis of variance indicated the differences in height, BMI, body surface, and neck circumference between the 1988 and 2004 populations were significant. However, the small differences between the two populations were within the acceptance range of measurement error magnitudes (7).
Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summary of male anthropometrics and tolerance values of inter-observer errors based on 1988 and 2004 populations Anthropometric variables Database Inter-observer error range 1988 2004 n 1773 480 Age (yr) 29 (7) 28 (8) N/A Height (cm) 175.9 (6.6) 176.5 (7.3)* 1.1 Weight (kg) 79.3 (3.0) 81.6 (12.2)* 0.3 Body Mass Index 25.6 (3.0) 26.2 (3.6)* N/A Body fat (%) 18.5 (5.5) 17.7 (6) N/A Body surface (m 2 ) 1.95 (0.15) 1.98 (0.16)* N/A Neck circumference (cm) 38.1 (2.0) 38.5 (2.3)* 0.6 Abdominal circumference (cm) 87.6 (8.7) 87.2 (9.2) * 1.2 N/A: not available; anthropometric values: mean (standard deviation). *statistical difference between the 1988 and 2004 database at p
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Page 423 and 424: Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
Page 425 and 426: RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
Page 427 and 428: Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
Page 429 and 430: Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
Page 431 and 432: IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
Page 433 and 434: Manikins cases. If the body is even
Page 435 and 436: Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Page 443 and 444: Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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Page 447 and 448: ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
Page 449 and 450: Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Page 455 and 456: Manikins different black 100% cotto
Page 457 and 458: Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
Page 459 and 460: Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
Page 461 and 462: Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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Page 465 and 466: Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
Page 467 and 468: Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Page 471: Modelling simulations the additiona
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Page 477 and 478: Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
Page 479 and 480: Modelling from the 1988 population.
Page 481 and 482: Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
Page 483 and 484: Modelling Each scan data was first
Page 485 and 486: Modelling The line through the data
Page 487 and 488: Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Page 495 and 496: Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
Page 497 and 498: Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
Page 499 and 500: Measurement methods and calculated
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Page 503 and 504: Measurement methods work rates, and
Page 505 and 506: Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
Page 507 and 508: Measurement methods highlighted. In
Page 509 and 510: Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Page 513 and 514: Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Page 517 and 518: Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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