2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> Figure 4. Power input to the TM with a constant 35°C surface temperature during OFF and ON operation of BVS. DISCUSSION It must be stated that these results were obtained from tests conducted under controlled environmental conditions using a stationary TM. The actual field performance of both garments will probably vary due to a multitude of factors including garment fit/configuration, body posture, and prevailing weather conditions. Nevertheless, these laboratory experiments showed that specialized garments designed to increase air circulation around the human torso reduced the inherent thermal burden of overlying body armour. Military use of these garments could allow for increases in sweat evaporation and overall thermal comfort during operational heat exposure. REFERENCES 1. Goldman, R (1969). Physiological costs of body armour. Military Medicine, 134 (3):204- 210. 2. Departments of the Army and Air Force. Heat stress control and heat casualty management. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters Department of the Army and Air Force, 2003. 3. ASTM Standard F 1291-99. Standard Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA . 4. ASTM Standard F 2370-05. Standard Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. 5. ASTM Standard F 2371-05. Standard Test Method for Measuring the Heat Removal Rate of Personal Cooling Systems Using a Sweating Heated Manikin. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. 446
ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE PACKS BY THERMAL MANIKIN Satoru Ueno, Shin-ichi Sawada National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan Contact person: uenos@h.jniosh.go.jp Manikins INTRODUCTION Firefighters are required to work physically and psychologically high load tasks in extreme conditions, such as hot and hazardous environment. To protect themselves from fire, they have to wear multi-layered heavy protective clothes, and from hazardous gas, they have to don self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). This protective clothing not only has thermal insulation properties from body to environment, but also limited water vapor permeability. Much heat production caused by extreme workload such as life-saving (Heimburg, 2006) does not dissipate easily due to low heat transfer of thick protective clothing. Moreover limited water vapor permeability impairs physiological cooling of the body, as evaporation is the only way to decrease body temperature in high ambient temperature. Consequently, core temperature rises, accompanied by much fluid loss owing to the high sweat secretion, which leads to tachycardia and work performance decrements (Ftaiti, 2001). In the U.S., about 40% of cause of death is from cardiovascular disorders (USFA, 2000). To prevent heat related disorders, microclimate cooling systems that have mobility are needed to reduce heat strain of fire-fighters. In earlier studies (Smolander, 2004; Muir, 1999), significant reduction in heat strain was shown while wearing cooling systems. However, there are few studies comparing the effectiveness of cooling systems on the heat absorption from human body. In this study, using a thermal manikin, we measured the cooling power of two kinds of refrigerants, based on the fusion of paraffin situated inside cooling vest pockets. METHODS A thermal manikin (MTNW, Seattle) consisting of 26 zones was used to evaluate the cooling efficiency of refrigerants in the cooling vest. The cooling vest covered the torso, which was divided into four zones: shoulder, chest, back, stomach. The power supply to each zone was adjusted so that the surface temperature of each zone could be controlled at 34 throughout the experiment. To keep the environmental condition of the manikin constant, we installed the thermal manikin in a climate chamber (20 , relative humidity 50%). This condition conformed to ISO15831. Physical characteristics of refrigerants are listed in Table 1. Each of the refrigerants was inserted into pockets of the vest. The vest had 2 parts: the front with 6 pockets and the back with 10 pockets. We estimated the cooling efficiency of 2 refrigerants. Table 1. Physical characteristics of refrigerants Type A Type B Size 76×122×6mm 68×123×18mm Constituent paraffin 100% (solid) paraffin 50% water 50% (gel) Weight (1set = 16 pack) 1.28kg/set 1.44kg/set Procedures: After dressing the manikin with a T-shirt, long pants of working clothing, and fire-fighter’s clothing, we set the surface temperature of each zones at 34 . In about 5 h, a thermal steady state was achieved, and we quickly removed the fire-fighter’s clothing from the manikin, and added the cooling vest on the T-shirt and replaced the fire-fighter’s clothing quickly. The cooling vest was attached to the manikin by connecting 2 separate parts firmly at the stomach and shoulders using tape. The vests with type A refrigerant and type B refrigerant 447
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Page 399 and 400: Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Page 405 and 406: probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
Page 407 and 408: Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Page 411 and 412: Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
Page 413 and 414: Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
Page 415 and 416: Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
Page 417 and 418: Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
Page 419 and 420: Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Page 423 and 424: Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
Page 425 and 426: RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
Page 427 and 428: Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
Page 429 and 430: Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
Page 431 and 432: IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
Page 433 and 434: Manikins cases. If the body is even
Page 435 and 436: Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
Page 437 and 438: Manikins clothing system. This effe
Page 439 and 440: Manikins The coupled system was val
Page 441 and 442: Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
Page 443 and 444: Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
Page 445: SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
Page 449 and 450: Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
Page 451 and 452: Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
Page 453 and 454: Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
Page 455 and 456: Manikins different black 100% cotto
Page 457 and 458: Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
Page 459 and 460: Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
Page 461 and 462: Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
Page 463 and 464: NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
Page 465 and 466: Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
Page 467 and 468: Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
Page 469 and 470: Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
Page 471 and 472: Modelling simulations the additiona
Page 473 and 474: Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
Page 475 and 476: Modelling concomitant increase in b
Page 477 and 478: Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
Page 479 and 480: Modelling from the 1988 population.
Page 481 and 482: Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
Page 483 and 484: Modelling Each scan data was first
Page 485 and 486: Modelling The line through the data
Page 487 and 488: Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
Page 489 and 490: Modelling measurements are extracte
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Page 493 and 494: Measurement methods humidity. The o
Page 495 and 496: Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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