2007, Piran, Slovenia
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

2007, Piran, Slovenia 2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana 2007 Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M (2001) Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature responses to a wide range of environmental conditions. Int J Biometeorol 45: 143-159 Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M (2003) First Principles Modelling of Thermal Sensation Responses in Steady-State and Transient Conditions. ASHRAE Transactions 109: 179- 186 Holmer I (2004) Thermal manikin history and applications. Eur J Appl Physiol 92: 614-618 Richards MGM, McCullough EA (2004) Revised Interlaboratory Study of Sweating Thermal Manikins Including Results from the Sweating Agile Thermal Manikin. In: Yarborough P, Nelson NN (eds) Rerformance of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging Markets. ASTM International Standards Worldwide, PA USA, pp. 27-39 Wyon DP (1989) Use of Thermal Manikins in Environmental Ergonomics. Scand J Work Environ Health 15: 84-94 Zimmerli T, Weder M (1996) Protection and comfort - a sweating Torso for the simultaneous measurement of protective and comfort properties of PPE. In: Stull JO, Schwope AD (eds) 6th International Symposium on Performance of Protective Clothing: Emerging Protection Technologies. ASTM STP 1273, Orlando, FL, USA 440

Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-BASED EVALUATION OF FLAME PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Matej Gasperin 1 , Dani Juricic 1 , Bojan Musizza 1 , Miro Vrhovec 1 , Borut Lenart 1 , James R. House 2 & Igor B. Mekjavic 1 1 Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Environmental Medicine Unit, Institute of Naval Medicine, Gosport, Untied Kingdom Contact person: igor.mekjavic@ijs.si INTRODUCTION A new computation approach is proposed to reduce the complexity of the derivation of heat flux values based on the temporal profile of the measured flame manikin skin temperature, required to determine the heat conduction across the skin and the consequent burn injury during exposure to a simulated flash fire. METHODS AND RESULTS Heat flux is calculated using a simple, yet comprehensive thermal model of the temperature sensor. The computational procedure is formulated as an impulse response of the transfer function between the measured temperature and the heat flux. This approach offers a good quality of heat flux reconstruction, since it is based on the detailed thermal model of the temperature sensor. It is also independent of the sensor type. A similar approach is used in the calculation of the temperatures inside the skin. The partial differential equation describing the heat transfer through the skin is solved numerically, resulting in the impulse responses of the transfer functions relating heat flux to skin temperatures. The main advantage of this approach is that the system impulse response needs to be calculated only once. During the simulation of a flash fire, all that needs to be calculated is the heat flux by means of the simple convolution sum between the measured temperature and the system impulse response. DISCUSSION The developed flame manikin system assesses the regional level of burn injury on the flame manikin during exposure to a simulated flash fire inducing an average heat flux of 80kW.m -2 on the surface of the manikin. The protection offered by fire protective garments are tested during exposure of the suited manikin to flash fires lasting up to 20 seconds. The system performs acquisition of the temperature measurements from the instrumented manikin, calculates the temperatures within the simulated skin layers and determines the level of burn injury based on Henriques’s burn integral. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by a Knowledge for Security and Peace grant, administered jointly by the Ministries of Defence, and of Science (Republic of Slovenia). REFERENCES Henriques F.C. (1947). Studies on thermal injuries: The predictability and the significance of thermally induced rate process leading to irreversible epidermal injury. Arch. Pathol. 43: 489. 441

Environmental Ergonomics XII<br />

Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong><br />

Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M (2001) Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and<br />

temperature responses to a wide range of environmental conditions. Int J Biometeorol 45:<br />

143-159<br />

Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M (2003) First Principles Modelling of Thermal Sensation<br />

Responses in Steady-State and Transient Conditions. ASHRAE Transactions 109: 179-<br />

186<br />

Holmer I (2004) Thermal manikin history and applications. Eur J Appl Physiol 92: 614-618<br />

Richards MGM, McCullough EA (2004) Revised Interlaboratory Study of Sweating Thermal<br />

Manikins Including Results from the Sweating Agile Thermal Manikin. In: Yarborough P,<br />

Nelson NN (eds) Rerformance of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging<br />

Markets. ASTM International Standards Worldwide, PA USA, pp. 27-39<br />

Wyon DP (1989) Use of Thermal Manikins in Environmental Ergonomics. Scand J Work<br />

Environ Health 15: 84-94<br />

Zimmerli T, Weder M (1996) Protection and comfort - a sweating Torso for the simultaneous<br />

measurement of protective and comfort properties of PPE. In: Stull JO, Schwope AD<br />

(eds) 6th International Symposium on Performance of Protective Clothing: Emerging<br />

Protection Technologies. ASTM STP 1273, Orlando, FL, USA<br />

440

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