2007, Piran, Slovenia
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

2007, Piran, Slovenia 2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana 2007 10% (15 garments) of the difference were all winter garments (Fig. 1). This indicates that ITdifference by the two methods increases when the distribution of clothing layers on the body surface was not homogeneous or garments are bulky. For example, IT-difference was larger in a cold protective coverall (two to four layered by region) than in a dust protective coverall made by non-woven fabric (one layer) even though the covering area was the same (Table 2). Table 2. Difference of clothing insulation calculated by parallel and serial method 432 Garment Item Type (N) Serial IT – Parallel IT (clo) (Serial IT– Parallel IT) 100/Parallel IT Coverin g area (%) Garment mass (g) Underwear 13 0.03 (0.01~0.08)* 4 (1.6~11.1) 4~46** 22~180** T-shirts 16 0.10 (0.04~0.27) 13 (6.0~30.9) 23~51 60~417 Blouses 7 0.13 (0.04~0.25) 17 (6.2~30.0) 25~57 61~457 Vest 6 0.13 (0.02~0.49) 17 (3.2~60.8) 18~32 104~446 Cardigan 7 0.15 (0.02~0.37) 18 (3.3~41.3) 14~57 92~834 Jacket 4 0.17 (0.11~0.25) 21(14.4~29.3) 42~50 301~700 Jumper/shawl/coat 14 0.58 (0.21~1.27) 54 (23.2~114.7) 47~80 213~2,083 Trousers/overall 23 0.13 (0.05~0.26) 15 (6.4~30.1) 43~72 162~2,552 Coverall 2 0.40 (0.16~0.64) 27 (14.8~38.4) 86 240~1,076 Skirt/dress/apron 14 0.14 (0.05~0.27) 18 (7.1~32.3) 21~55 146~510 Headwear 15 0.04 (0.01~0.07) 6 (1.7~10.6) 1~15 6~583 Scarf/Muffler 4 0.03 (0.02~0.05) 4 (3.2~7.5) 3~6 15~121 Gloves 10 0.03 (0.01~0.05) 4 (1.7~8.0) 5~11 4~265 Footwear 15 0.02 (

Manikins cases. If the body is evenly covered over the whole body not local parts, the IT-difference may be not as large as the difference obtained from single winter garments over local body parts. DISCUSSION Thermal insulation calculated by the serial method was larger by 16% than IT by a serial method. Heavy, layered and bulky winter garments showed the biggest difference. Also, through the relationship of IT-differences and covering area per unit garment mass, we confirmed that single garments that have large garment mass per unit covering area showed notable differences in IT by two models. The difference can be used an indicator discerning the homogeneous distribution of thermal insulation. Our future applications include extending this analysis to the IT of clothing ensembles, including personal cold protective clothing. The results will be compared to values obtained from human subjects. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by Korea Research Foundation (KRF-2004-041-C00472). REFERENCES Anttonen, H., 1999. Interlaboratory trial of thermal manikin based on thermal insulation of cold protective clothing in accordance with ENV 342. Proceedings of the 3rd international Meeting on Thermal Manikin Testing 3IMM, pp8-11. Anttonen, A., Niskanen, J., Meinander, H., Bartels, V., Kuklane, K., Reinertsen, R.E., Varieras, S., Sołtyński, K. 2004. Thermal manikin measurements-exact or not? Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon, 10(3), 291-300. Choi, J.W., Lee, J.Y., Ko, E.S., Lee, H.H., Kim, J.Y. 2006. Daily clothing worn by Korean women both outdoors and at home by season. Korean Soc Living Environ Sys, 13(1), 8-17. Holmér, I., 2004. Thermal manikin history and applications. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, 92, 614-8. Lee, J.Y., 2005. A Study on the body surface area of Korean adults. Ph.D. Dissertation. Seoul National University. Meinander, H., 2004. Use of thermal manikins for the standardised assessment of SUBZERO clothing. Proceedings of the 4th international meeting on thermal manikins. EMPA Switzerland. Nilsson, H., 1997. Analysis of two methods of calculating the total insulation. Proceedings of a European Seminar on Thermal Manikin Testing, Arbetslivsrapport. pp17-22. Redoritier, B., 1997. Experiences with manikin measurements at ITF Lyon. Proceedings of a European Seminar on Thermal Manikin Testing, Arbetslivsrapport. pp30-37. 433

Environmental Ergonomics XII<br />

Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong><br />

10% (15 garments) of the difference were all winter garments (Fig. 1). This indicates that ITdifference<br />

by the two methods increases when the distribution of clothing layers on the body<br />

surface was not homogeneous or garments are bulky. For example, IT-difference was larger in<br />

a cold protective coverall (two to four layered by region) than in a dust protective coverall<br />

made by non-woven fabric (one layer) even though the covering area was the same (Table 2).<br />

Table 2. Difference of clothing insulation calculated by parallel and serial method<br />

432<br />

Garment Item<br />

Type<br />

(N)<br />

Serial IT – Parallel<br />

IT (clo)<br />

(Serial IT–<br />

Parallel IT)<br />

100/Parallel IT<br />

Coverin<br />

g area<br />

(%)<br />

Garment<br />

mass (g)<br />

Underwear 13 0.03 (0.01~0.08)* 4 (1.6~11.1) 4~46** 22~180**<br />

T-shirts 16 0.10 (0.04~0.27) 13 (6.0~30.9) 23~51 60~417<br />

Blouses 7 0.13 (0.04~0.25) 17 (6.2~30.0) 25~57 61~457<br />

Vest 6 0.13 (0.02~0.49) 17 (3.2~60.8) 18~32 104~446<br />

Cardigan 7 0.15 (0.02~0.37) 18 (3.3~41.3) 14~57 92~834<br />

Jacket 4 0.17 (0.11~0.25) 21(14.4~29.3) 42~50 301~700<br />

Jumper/shawl/coat 14 0.58 (0.21~1.27) 54 (23.2~114.7) 47~80 213~2,083<br />

Trousers/overall 23 0.13 (0.05~0.26) 15 (6.4~30.1) 43~72 162~2,552<br />

Coverall 2 0.40 (0.16~0.64) 27 (14.8~38.4) 86 240~1,076<br />

Skirt/dress/apron 14 0.14 (0.05~0.27) 18 (7.1~32.3) 21~55 146~510<br />

Headwear 15 0.04 (0.01~0.07) 6 (1.7~10.6) 1~15 6~583<br />

Scarf/Muffler 4 0.03 (0.02~0.05) 4 (3.2~7.5) 3~6 15~121<br />

Gloves 10 0.03 (0.01~0.05) 4 (1.7~8.0) 5~11 4~265<br />

Footwear 15 0.02 (

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