2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> 40 EFFECTS OF 8-HR MISSIONS IN A FIGHTER AIRCRAFT ON PLASMA VOLUME AND CARDIOVASCULAR REGULATION Roger Kolegard, Mikael Gronkvist, Gerard Nobel 1 , Eddie Bergsten and Ola Eiken Swedish Defence Research Agency Berzelius vag 13, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm 1 Royal Netherlands Navy, Netherlands Contact person: roger.kolegard@foi.se INTRODUCTION The latest version of the Gripen fighter aircraft has in-flight refueling capacity allowing flight missions of up to 8-hr duration (in the following termed Long Flight Missions, LFM). Such LFM will take place not only in Sweden but also during international assignments in hot climates. The Gripen pilot wears a breathing mask and an anti-G suit (AGS) that covers the legs completely and also the major part of the abdomen. The AGS is tightly fitted and has a ready pressure of about 1.3 kPa at normal gravitoinertial (G) load (1 G); suit pressure increases with increasing G load in the head-to-foot direction to a maximum of 70 kPa at 9 G. We assumed that the Gsuit-induced long lasting pressurization of the lower body will shift blood volume from the lower body to the thorax. An increase in central blood volume will, in turn, increase urine production, which together with sweating and inadequate intake of liquid might result in substantial dehydration. Dehydration is known to affect cardiovascular control with reductions in both orthostatic tolerance (Geelen & Greenleaf, 1993, Frey et al. 1994) and the ability to withstand high G forces (G tolerance) (Nunneley & Stribley, 1979). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of wearing an anti-G suit during extended time periods on plasma volume and cardiovascular control. The specific questions posed were: Will an 8-hr LFM, conducted in a warm environment and without any fluid intake, reduce the pilot’s blood volume to the extent that his/her cardiovascular responses are significantly affected? If so, is it possible to counteract the blood-volume reduction by ad libitum fluid intake? METHODS The study was carried out as two separate experimental series. Twelve male test subjects participated in series I. Each subject was equipped with Gripen anti-G garment and seated in a Gripen mock-up chair in a human-use centrifuge. He then performed an 8-hr simulated LFM at 1G. The LFM was performed in a temperaturecontrolled environment (28 o C) and the subject was not allowed to eat or drink during the experiment. Throughout the LFM the anti-G suit and mask were pressurized, to 1.3 kPa and 0.3 kPa, respectively. Blood samples were taken, for subsequent estimations of changes in plasma volume (Dill & Costill 1974), before, as well as 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hrs into the LFM and again 45 min after the LFM (approx. 30 min after removing the anti-G suit). Before and after the LFM, tests of orthostatic tolerance and relaxed G-tolerance were performed. G tolerance was determined in a “worst-case scenario”, namely without pressure in the anti-G suit.
Gravitational Physiology During the orthostatic tests, heart rate (HR) and arterial pressures were measured continuously. Subsequently, pulse pressure was calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. In series II, nine fighter pilots participated. The experiments were performed in a similar manner as in series I, the main difference being that each subject was allowed to drink and eat ad libitum in series II. Also, the subject performed three 5-min high-G exposures (simulated target chase flights including loads up to 9 G) after 1, 4, and 7 hrs of the LFM. RESULTS Body weight and plasma volume. In series I, LFM reduced body weight by 1.93 ± 0.43 kg and plasma volume by 7.7 ± 5.9 % (p
Page 1 and 2: ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
Page 3 and 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
Page 5 and 6: International Conferences on Enviro
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
Page 9 and 10: Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
Page 11 and 12: Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
Page 13 and 14: Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
Page 15 and 16: Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
Page 17 and 18: Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
Page 19 and 20: Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
Page 21 and 22: Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
Page 23 and 24: Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
Page 25 and 26: Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
Page 27 and 28: Invited presentation Gravitational
Page 29 and 30: Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
Page 31 and 32: Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
Page 33 and 34: Gravitational Physiology maximum is
Page 35 and 36: Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
Page 37 and 38: Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
Page 39: Gravitational Physiology Since exer
Page 43 and 44: Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
Page 45 and 46: as observed at rest after LBNP was
Page 47 and 48: Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
Page 49 and 50: Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
Page 51 and 52: Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
Page 53 and 54: Gravitational Physiology Contractil
Page 55 and 56: Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
Page 57 and 58: Diving Physiology A library of imag
Page 59 and 60: Diving Physiology Information recal
Page 61 and 62: Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
Page 63 and 64: Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
Page 65 and 66: Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
Page 67 and 68: Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
Page 69 and 70: Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
Page 71 and 72: Diving Physiology software. Individ
Page 73 and 74: Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
Page 75 and 76: Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
Page 77 and 78: Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
Page 79 and 80: Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
Page 81 and 82: Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
Page 83 and 84: Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
Page 85 and 86: Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
Page 87 and 88: Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
Page 89 and 90: Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
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Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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