2007, Piran, Slovenia
2007, Piran, Slovenia 2007, Piran, Slovenia
Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana 2007 rectal temperature at the start of the training or on the Dynavit-score. For one of the subjects the end value of body temperature showed a significant linear change with time. The increase of heart rate as well as of rectal temperature during the training shows a span of 50 %. Table 1: Anthropological data for the participants in the study during 10 years. Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Age at the begin of the study / yrs 41 35 32 32 Body height / m 1.87 1.76 1.86 1.86 Body mass minimum 90.1 74.4 87.0 82.9 / kg maximum 102.2 80.9 95.5 91.6 mean ± std.dev. 95.5 ±3.4 78.4 ±1.7 91.5 ±2.8 85.9 ±2.8 Dynavit ® - minimum 116 103 77 104 score maximum 153 132 113 133 (specific fitness) mean ± std.dev. 139 ±10 117 ±8 97 ±13 117 ±7 Broca-index minimum 1.03 0.98 1.01 0.96 maximum 1.17 1.06 1.11 1.06 mean ± std.dev. 1.10 ±0.04 1.03 ±0.02 1.06 ±0.03 1.00 ±0.03 BMI / m/kg² minimum 25.8 24.0 25.1 24.0 maximum 29.2 26.1 27.6 26.5 mean ± std.dev. 27.3 ±0.96 25.3 ±0.56 26.4 ±0.82 24.8 ±0.80 Table 2: Statistical data for heart rates and rectal temperatures at the start and at the end of the SMRT. Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Number of SMRT -trainings 14 14 12 13 HR at start of SMRT / min -1 minimum 67.5 67.5 74.4 77.3 maximum 88.5 92.8 98.5 100.8 mean ± std.dev. 75.0 ±5.7 81.7 ±7.8 86.9 ±6.8 93.2 ±7.0 HR at end of SMRT / min -1 minimum 113.9 137.8 130.0 119.9 maximum 148.1 181.9 171.6 148.3 mean ± std.dev. 133.3 ±11.0 158.0 ±12.5 145.6 ±9.2 136.9 ±9.1 Increase of HR / min -1 minimum 44.6 45.0 49.2 28.0 maximum 75.8 97.6 77.1 60.0 mean ± std.dev. 58.3 ±10.0 76.3 ±13.3 58.7 ±7.9 43.7 ±8.4 Tre at start minimum 36.86 36.92 36.82 37.26 of SMRT maximum 37.42 37.46 37.28 37.71 / °C mean ± std.dev. 37.15 ±0.17 37.22 ±0.15 37.08 ±0.14 37.54 ±0.14 Tre at end minimum 37.98 38.32 37.95 38.23 of SMRT maximum 39.15 39.08 38.39 39.05 / °C mean ± std.dev. 38.64 ±0.28 38.71 ±0.23 38.15 ±0.15 38.51 ±0.23 Increase of minimum 0.77 1.20 0.92 0.56 Tre maximum 1.94 1.93 1.41 1.51 / °C mean ± std.dev. 1.49 ±0.30 1.49 ±0.23 1.09 ±0.16 0.98 ±0.24 Table 3 gives the corresponding data for the heat tolerance test: the increase of heart rate and body temperature during HTT shows even greater spans as during SMRT. Subject 2 and subject 4 exceeded Tre = 38.5°C once each; these two exposures were taken out of the 404
probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20 5 1 0,5 WVT start WVT end SMRT start SMRT end 36,5 37,0 37,5 38,0 38,5 39,0 Acute and chronic heat exposure T re / °C Figure 1: Probability plots for heart rates and rectal temperatures at the start and the end of WVT and SMRT for subject 3. analysis. The limit for heart rate never was exceeded. As for SMRT, no parameter in Table 3 showed a linear variation with time for any of the subjects. The starting values of HR and Tre are lower in HTT compared to SMRT for all subjects due to the fact that the test started more early in the morning. Figure 1 shows probability plots of rectal temperatures at the start and the end of WVT and SMRT for subject 3. The data seem to have a normal distribution. Table 3: Statistical data for heart rates and rectal temperatures at the beginning and at the end of the HTT. Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Number of HTT tests 11 9 11 7 HR at start of HTT / min -1 HR at end of HTT / min -1 Increase of HR / min -1 Tre at start of HTT / °C Tre at end of HTT / °C Increase of Tre / °C minimum maximum mean ± std.dev. minimum maximum mean ± std.dev. minimum maximum mean ± std.dev. minimum maximum mean ± std.dev. minimum maximum mean ± std.dev. minimum maximum mean ± std.dev. 57 91 71.0 ± 10.7 100 133 112.6 ± 12.1 17 72 41.6 ± 17.6 36.81 37.20 37.01 ± 0.11 37.42 38.40 37.91 ± 0.24 0.29 1.49 0.90 ± 0.30 55 85 67.8 ± 13.5 125 172 147.4 ± 13.5 40 107 79.7 ± 19.1 36.59 37.42 36.96 ± 0.29 37.90 38.33 38.14 ± 0.14 0.48 1.65 1.17 ± 0.33 70 99 82.0 ± 9.4 110 163 137.2 ± 17.0 15 90 55.2 ± 20.7 36.72 37.35 37.05 ± 0.18 37.29 37.99 37.70 ± 0.22 0.40 0.88 0.65 ± 0.17 70 102 84.1 ± 11.2 128 145 137.4 ± 7.3 40 61 53.3 ± 6.8 37.08 37.78 37.43 ± 0.25 38.18 38.63 38.41 ± 0.16 0.70 1.55 0.98 ± 0.30 405
- Page 353 and 354: Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
- Page 355 and 356: Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
- Page 357 and 358: Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
- Page 359 and 360: Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
- Page 361 and 362: Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
- Page 363 and 364: Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
- Page 365 and 366: Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
- Page 367 and 368: Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
- Page 369 and 370: Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
- Page 371 and 372: Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
- Page 373 and 374: Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
- Page 375 and 376: Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
- Page 377 and 378: Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
- Page 379 and 380: time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
- Page 381 and 382: Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
- Page 383 and 384: Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
- Page 385 and 386: Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
- Page 387 and 388: Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
- Page 389 and 390: Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
- Page 391 and 392: Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
- Page 393 and 394: Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
- Page 395 and 396: Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
- Page 397 and 398: Acute and chronic heat exposure of
- Page 399 and 400: Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
- Page 401 and 402: Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
- Page 403: Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
- Page 407 and 408: Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
- Page 409 and 410: Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
- Page 411 and 412: Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
- Page 413 and 414: Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
- Page 415 and 416: Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
- Page 417 and 418: Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
- Page 419 and 420: Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
- Page 421 and 422: Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
- Page 423 and 424: Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
- Page 425 and 426: RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
- Page 427 and 428: Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
- Page 429 and 430: Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
- Page 431 and 432: IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
- Page 433 and 434: Manikins cases. If the body is even
- Page 435 and 436: Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
- Page 437 and 438: Manikins clothing system. This effe
- Page 439 and 440: Manikins The coupled system was val
- Page 441 and 442: Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
- Page 443 and 444: Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
- Page 445 and 446: SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
- Page 447 and 448: ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
- Page 449 and 450: Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
- Page 451 and 452: Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
- Page 453 and 454: Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
probability plot<br />
99<br />
95<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
5<br />
1<br />
0,5<br />
WVT start<br />
WVT end<br />
SMRT start<br />
SMRT end<br />
36,5 37,0 37,5 38,0 38,5 39,0<br />
Acute and chronic heat exposure<br />
T re / °C<br />
Figure 1: Probability plots for heart rates and rectal temperatures at the start and the end of<br />
WVT and SMRT for subject 3.<br />
analysis. The limit for heart rate never was exceeded. As for SMRT, no parameter in Table 3<br />
showed a linear variation with time for any of the subjects. The starting values of HR and Tre<br />
are lower in HTT compared to SMRT for all subjects due to the fact that the test started more<br />
early in the morning. Figure 1 shows probability plots of rectal temperatures at the start and<br />
the end of WVT and SMRT for subject 3. The data seem to have a normal distribution.<br />
Table 3: Statistical data for heart rates and rectal temperatures at the beginning and at the<br />
end of the HTT.<br />
Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4<br />
Number of HTT tests 11 9 11 7<br />
HR at start<br />
of HTT<br />
/ min -1<br />
HR at end<br />
of HTT /<br />
min -1<br />
Increase of<br />
HR<br />
/ min -1<br />
Tre at start<br />
of HTT<br />
/ °C<br />
Tre at end<br />
of HTT<br />
/ °C<br />
Increase of<br />
Tre<br />
/ °C<br />
minimum<br />
maximum<br />
mean ± std.dev.<br />
minimum<br />
maximum<br />
mean ± std.dev.<br />
minimum<br />
maximum<br />
mean ± std.dev.<br />
minimum<br />
maximum<br />
mean ± std.dev.<br />
minimum<br />
maximum<br />
mean ± std.dev.<br />
minimum<br />
maximum<br />
mean ± std.dev.<br />
57<br />
91<br />
71.0 ± 10.7<br />
100<br />
133<br />
112.6 ± 12.1<br />
17<br />
72<br />
41.6 ± 17.6<br />
36.81<br />
37.20<br />
37.01 ± 0.11<br />
37.42<br />
38.40<br />
37.91 ± 0.24<br />
0.29<br />
1.49<br />
0.90 ± 0.30<br />
55<br />
85<br />
67.8 ± 13.5<br />
125<br />
172<br />
147.4 ± 13.5<br />
40<br />
107<br />
79.7 ± 19.1<br />
36.59<br />
37.42<br />
36.96 ± 0.29<br />
37.90<br />
38.33<br />
38.14 ± 0.14<br />
0.48<br />
1.65<br />
1.17 ± 0.33<br />
70<br />
99<br />
82.0 ± 9.4<br />
110<br />
163<br />
137.2 ± 17.0<br />
15<br />
90<br />
55.2 ± 20.7<br />
36.72<br />
37.35<br />
37.05 ± 0.18<br />
37.29<br />
37.99<br />
37.70 ± 0.22<br />
0.40<br />
0.88<br />
0.65 ± 0.17<br />
70<br />
102<br />
84.1 ± 11.2<br />
128<br />
145<br />
137.4 ± 7.3<br />
40<br />
61<br />
53.3 ± 6.8<br />
37.08<br />
37.78<br />
37.43 ± 0.25<br />
38.18<br />
38.63<br />
38.41 ± 0.16<br />
0.70<br />
1.55<br />
0.98 ± 0.30<br />
405