2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project was funded by the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Australia. REFERENCES Caldwell, J.N., Patterson, M.J., Taylor, N.A.S. 2006. Simulated helicopter flight performance is affected by heat strain. J. Human-Environ. Sys. 9:13-18. Faerevik, H., Reinertsen, R.E. 2003. Effects of wearing aircrew protective clothing on phsiological and cognitive responses under various ambient conditions. Ergon. 48:780- 799. Froom, P., Caine, Y., Shochat, I., Ribak, J. 1993. Heat-stress and helicopter pilot errors. J. Occupat. Environ. Med. 35:720-724. Gopinathan, P.M., Pichan, G., Sharma, M.A. 1988. Role of dehydration in heat stress-induced variations in mental performance. Arch. Environ. Health. 43, 15-17. Shephard, J.M., Kosslyn, S.M. 2005. The MiniCog rapid assessment battery: developing a “blood pressure cuff for the mind”. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 76(Suppl. S):B192-B197. Szinnai, G., Schachnger, H., Arnaud, M.J., Linder, L., Keller, U. 2005. Effect of water deprivation on cognitive-motor performance in healthy men and women. Am. J. Physiol. 289, R275-R280. 402
Acute and chronic heat exposure INTRA-INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY OF STRAIN DURING UNCOMPENSABLE HEAT STRESS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Bernhard Kampmann 1 , Georg Bresser 2 1 Division of Applied Physiology, Occupational Medicine & Infectiology, Department of Safety Engineering, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany 2 Central Mine Rescue Station, Deutsche Steinkohle AG, Herne, Germany Contact person: kampmann@uni-wuppertal.de INTRODUCTION Whenever mean values of physiological strain are recorded for a group of subjects, the intraindividual variability of the single subjects implicitly is included within the results. To estimate this contribution to data variability, we decided to carry out a longitudinal study for two types of training, that had been studied before at the Central Mine Rescue Station for all mine rescue brigadesmen of a coal mine (52 brigadesmen): for a standard mine rescue training (SMRT) in a training gallery (with flame protection clothing and SCBA (self contained breathing apparatus); Kampmann et al., 1997) lasting for two hours, and for a heat tolerance test (HTT) at ta = 39°C and 88 % relative humidity, treadmill work of 70 Watts external load, lasting for maximal 30 minutes (Kampmann et al., 1996); only shorts, t-shirt, socks and safety boots were worn for HTT. Both exposures represented uncompensable heat stress. The longitudinal study comprised of four brigadesmen of the operational rescue team of the Central Mine Rescue Station and was extended for 10 years (1990-2000), so additional information about changes in physiological strain with age could be expected. METHODS Before the SMRT started during the late morning, bicycle ergometry was performed, resulting in a Dynavit ® -score that displays specific fitness (i.e. fitness per body mass). A Dynavit ® - score of 75 was mandatory for participation in the SMRT that started after a resting period of about 1.5 hours. The details of the SMRT are given in (Kampmann et al., 1997). From 56 continuous recordings of heart rate and rectal temperature 53 data sets could be evaluated. During the SMRT the timetable for the training was followed as closely as possible, resulting in a total duration of 124 ±2 minutes. During the time of investigation, the Central Mine Rescue Station moved to another location and another training gallery was used; as in both training facilities no statistical differences were found, the results were analyzed in total. On different days a HTT according to Stoklossa (Kampmann et al., 1996) was performed after a resting period around 8:30 and after a further resting period another training took place that will not be discussed here. Heart rate and body temperatures were monitored continuously. The exposure was stopped at Tre > 38.5 °C, HR > “220-age” or at request of the subjects. After it took some time to reinstall the climatic chambers after moving to another location 36 HTTs could be analyzed. RESULTS Table 1 gives the anthropometric data of the participating subjects. From these data, body mass, and the correspondingly Broca-index and BMI, had a significant increase during the investigation for subjects 1, 3 and 4. The Dynavit-score showed no linear trend with time for any subjects. No habituation effects were expected during the investigation as all subjects had participated for several years in mine rescue training (Kampmann and Bresser, 2005) Table 2 gives heart rates and rectal temperatures at the beginning and end of the SMRT: for none of the subjects, rectal temperature at the end of SMRT depends significantly on the 403
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Page 353 and 354: Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Page 385 and 386: Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Page 389 and 390: Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
Page 391 and 392: Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
Page 393 and 394: Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Page 407 and 408: Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Page 415 and 416: Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
Page 417 and 418: Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Page 423 and 424: Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
Page 425 and 426: RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
Page 427 and 428: Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
Page 429 and 430: Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
Page 431 and 432: IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
Page 433 and 434: Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Page 443 and 444: Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
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Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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