2007, Piran, Slovenia
2007, Piran, Slovenia 2007, Piran, Slovenia
Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana 2007 Table 4. 50% Survival time from UKNIIS 2006 (N=1593) Water Temperature Not Worn Worn 5°C 3.6 >24 10°C 5.7 >24 15°C 9.0 >24 Tables 3 and 4 give estimations of 50% survival time with and without buoyancy aids. All analyses were performed using Minitab. DISCUSSION The new data set do not provide estimations that are significantly different from the original data set. However, the increase in the number of cases has decreased the standard error around of the predictions, as a consequence data collection should be continued. Even with the increase in cases, the results should be interpreted with a degree of caution. For example, Tables 3 & 4 focus on the use of buoyancy aids, but the cases which constitute this Table will include individuals with different types of lifejacket, different clothing, different physique and gender (i.e. complicated interactions). Even with the large number of cases, the number contributing to extreme scenarios (e.g. immersions longer than 4 hours, very cold or warm water) is relatively small, which makes predictions less reliable and more qualitative than quantitative. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by the US Coastguard & US Army. REFERENCES Oakley, E.H., Pethybridge, R., 1997. The prediction of survival during cold immersion: Results from the UK National Immersion Incident Survey. Institute of Naval Medicine, Gosport. 342
Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION AND SWIMMING IN COLD WATER Michel B. DuCharme 1 , David S. Lounsbury 2 1 Defence R&D Canada, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada, G3J 1X5 2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1 Contact person: michel.ducharme@drdc-rddc.gc.ca INTRODUCTION Swimming failure is believed to be caused by a combination of arm cooling and muscle fatigue. This hypothesis is supported by a study by Wallingford et al. (2000) simulating cold water survival, in which regression analysis showed that the most significant predictor for distance covered before swimming failure was the triceps skinfold thickness. The objective of the present study was to test whether adding insulation to the arms would improve cold water swimming performance by delaying swimming failure. METHODS Novice (NOV, n=7) and expert (EXP, n=8) swimmers, clothed and equipped with a personal flotation device, each performed two trials in a swimming flume filled with 10 ºC water. During Free Swimming (FS), subjects performed swimming until failure, followed by the Heat Escape Lessening Posture. In Free Swimming with Additional insulation (FSA), subjects wore custom-fitted armbands. Trials ended when rectal temperature decreased to 34 ºC or after 2 hours of immersion. Measurements included: rectal and skin temperatures, heat flow, and various appraisals of swimming performance. RESULTS FSA was thermally advantageous versus FS. Rectal temperature cooling rates during swimming (dT/dt Swim) were faster for FS compared to FSA (0.050 ± 0.007 ºC·min -1 vs. 0.042 ± 0.006 ºC·min -1 , p
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Cold water immersion<br />
ARM INSULATION AND SWIMMING IN COLD WATER<br />
Michel B. DuCharme 1 , David S. Lounsbury 2<br />
1 Defence R&D Canada, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada, G3J 1X5<br />
2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1<br />
Contact person: michel.ducharme@drdc-rddc.gc.ca<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Swimming failure is believed to be caused by a combination of arm cooling and muscle<br />
fatigue. This hypothesis is supported by a study by Wallingford et al. (2000) simulating cold<br />
water survival, in which regression analysis showed that the most significant predictor for<br />
distance covered before swimming failure was the triceps skinfold thickness. The objective<br />
of the present study was to test whether adding insulation to the arms would improve cold<br />
water swimming performance by delaying swimming failure.<br />
METHODS<br />
Novice (NOV, n=7) and expert (EXP, n=8) swimmers, clothed and equipped with a personal<br />
flotation device, each performed two trials in a swimming flume filled with 10 ºC water.<br />
During Free Swimming (FS), subjects performed swimming until failure, followed by the<br />
Heat Escape Lessening Posture. In Free Swimming with Additional insulation (FSA),<br />
subjects wore custom-fitted armbands. Trials ended when rectal temperature decreased to 34<br />
ºC or after 2 hours of immersion. Measurements included: rectal and skin temperatures, heat<br />
flow, and various appraisals of swimming performance.<br />
RESULTS<br />
FSA was thermally advantageous versus FS. Rectal temperature cooling rates during<br />
swimming (dT/dt Swim) were faster for FS compared to FSA (0.050 ± 0.007 ºC·min -1 vs.<br />
0.042 ± 0.006 ºC·min -1 , p
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