2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> EFFECT OF NON-UNIFORM SKIN TEMPERATURE ON THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSE DURING WATER IMMERSION Hitoshi Wakabayashi 1 , Koichi Kaneda 2 , Daisuke Sato 2 , Yutaka Tochihara 1 and Takeo Nomura 2 1 Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, 2 University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 332 Contact person: waka78421@yahoo.co.jp INTRODUCTION The thermal conductance of water is approximately 25 times greater than that of air. Consequently, body heat is rapidly conducted away from human skin to the water. Wearing an additional layer of insulation on the skin surface is a convenient means to reduce convective heat loss. Many investigators have studied the effects of wetsuits, which reduced the decrease of core temperature (Kang et al., 1983; Shiraki et al., 1986). In our previous studies, we investigated the effects of a partial coverage wetsuit (PCWS, or thermal swimsuit) during cool water immersion (Wakabayashi et al., 2005; Wakabayashi et al., 2006; Wakabayashi et al., <strong>2007</strong>), and compared them with the responses observed with a wetsuit. The tissue insulation (Itissue) with a partial coverage wetsuit (PCWS) was similar to the naked condition, while previous studies reported that wearing wetsuits decreased Itissue (Kang et al., 1983; Shiraki et al., 1986). While wearing a PCWS the distal extremities are exposed to water more than in wetsuits, which might be a sufficient sensory input to induce vasoconstriction similar to the naked condition. Choi et al. (2003) studied the effect of uniform and non-uniform skin temperature on thermal exchanges in water using a specially designed water-perfused garment and thermo-circulation system, which controlled five skin temperature regions individually. They reported that the higher skin temperature of the trunk attenuates shivering in cold water compared to the uniform condition at the same mean skin temperature. The present study investigated the effect of non-uniform skin temperature distribution wearing a PCWS on thermoregulatory responses during water immersion. METHODS Ten healthy male subjects volunteered for this study. Each subject participated in two trials: in one the skin temperature was uniform (uniform skin temperature, UST), and in the other it was not (non-uniform skin temperature, NUST). In the UST condition, subjects with ordinary swim trunks were immersed up to the level of their neck level for 60 min in 29°C water. In the NUST condition, subjects wore a PCWS during immersion in 26°C water. In both conditions, their mean skin temperatures were similar. The PCWS used in this study was made of nylon-faced neoprene (2 mm thick), covered trunks, upper arms, thighs, and neck. During the experiment, esophageal temperature (Tes) and 8 skin temperature regions were measured using thermistor sensors. The mean skin temperature ( T sk ), the skin temperature of the trunk and proximal extremities ( T trunk ) and the distal extremities ( T limb ) were calculated. The mean body temperature ( T b ) were calculated from Tes and T sk . Expired gases were continuously assessed using an automatic respiromonitor. Values of oxygen uptake ( VO2 & ), carbon dioxide elimination ( VCO 2 & ), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were averaged every 1 min. Total metabolic heat production (M) was calculated from V& and RER. Metabolic heat production from the unit skin surface (Ms) was calculated using O2
Cold water immersion the formula: Ms = 0.92 · M / SA. Body heat storage (Ss) was calculated from ΔT b , body weight (BW) and the human body specific heat capacity (Cb) using the following formula: Ss = Cb · ΔT b · BW / SA. Heat loss from the skin to the water (Hs) was calculated as Hs = Ms – Ss. Tissue insulation (Itissue) was calculated as Itissue = (Tes – T sk ) / Hs. Subject’s thermal sensation, thermal comfort and subjective shivering intensity were assessed every 5 minutes. RESULTS Changes in Tes and sk T are shown in Fig. 1. T sk was significantly higher in UST condition than in NUST condition from 15 min to 60 min (p
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Page 291 and 292: Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
Page 293 and 294: Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Page 297 and 298: Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
Page 299 and 300: Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
Page 301 and 302: Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
Page 303 and 304: Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
Page 305 and 306: Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
Page 307 and 308: Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
Page 309 and 310: Cold physiology number was estimate
Page 311 and 312: Cold physiology cold receptors decr
Page 313 and 314: Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
Page 315 and 316: Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
Page 317 and 318: TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
Page 319 and 320: Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
Page 321 and 322: Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
Page 323 and 324: Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
Page 325 and 326: Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
Page 327 and 328: Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
Page 329 and 330: Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
Page 331: Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
Page 335 and 336: Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
Page 337 and 338: Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
Page 339 and 340: Cold water immersion surf beaches.
Page 341 and 342: Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
Page 343 and 344: Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
Page 345 and 346: Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
Page 347 and 348: Cold water immersion thermogenesis
Page 349 and 350: Cold water immersion The other comp
Page 351 and 352: Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
Page 353 and 354: Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Page 357 and 358: Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Page 367 and 368: Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Page 371 and 372: Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Page 375 and 376: Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Page 379 and 380: time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
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Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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