2007, Piran, Slovenia

2007, Piran, Slovenia 2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana 2007 Figure 2: Inter-site differences in head sweat secretion at rest and during incremental exercise in the heat. Data are means with standard errors of the means. From these time series data (Figure 2), two-way ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for measurement site when the forehead was compared with each of the other locations (P

Sweating Such differences could be explained on the basis of differences in local skin temperatures, sweat gland densities or local differences in glandular flows. However, our data revealed no significant differences among the skin temperatures for the ten head sites. Whilst forehead sweat gland density has been reported as one of the highest (Szabo, 1967), there is lack of information regarding sweat gland density and flow across the scalp. A number of head manikins and other head forms have been built to investigate the impact of headgear and helmets on physiological responses (Liu and Holmer, 1995; Hsu et al., 2000; Bruhwiler, 2003). The current study provides a unique description of the sweating distribution within the head, which may represent a useful contribution for those interested in simulating the human head thermal responses, and developing helmets and headgear that are most likely to enhance evaporative cooling and thermal comfort. REFERENCES Bruhwiler, P.A. (2003). Heated, perspiring manikin headform for the measurement of headgear ventilation characteristics. Meas. Sci. Technol. 14:217-227. Desruelle, A.V., and Candas, V. (2000). Thermoregulatory effects of three different types of head cooling in humans during a mild hyperthermia. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:33-39. Froese, G., Burton, A.C. 1957. Heat losses from the human head. J. Appl. Physiol. 10, 235- 241. Hardy, J.D., DuBois, E.F. 1938. The technic of measuring radiation and convection. J. Nutr. 15, 461-475. Hsu, Y.L.,Tai, C.Y., Chen, T.C. (2000). Improving thermal properties of industrial safety helmets. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 26:109-117. Liu, X., Holmér, I. (1995). Evaporative heat transfer characteristics of industrial safety helmets. Appl. Ergon. 26:135–140. Rasch, W., Samson, P., Cote, J., Cabanac, M. 1991. Heat loss from the human head during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 71, 590-595. Szabo, G. (1967). The regional anatomy of the human integument with special reference to the distribution of hair follicles, sweat glands and melanocytes. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London. Series B. 252:447-485. 275

Environmental Ergonomics XII<br />

Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong><br />

Figure 2: Inter-site differences in head sweat secretion at rest and during incremental exercise<br />

in the heat. Data are means with standard errors of the means.<br />

From these time series data (Figure 2), two-way ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for<br />

measurement site when the forehead was compared with each of the other locations (P

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