2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSMISSION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CLOTHING AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT Joanne N. Caldwell 1 , Yvonne C. Williams 1 , Mark J. Patterson 2 , Nigel A.S. Taylor 1 1 Human Performance Laboratories, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, and 2 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Australia Contact person: nigel_taylor@uow.edu.au INTRODUCTION Within environments that pose either a chemical or a biological threat to workers, the ability to regulate body temperature is adversely affected by the need to wear personal protective ensembles. These chemical and biological (CB) protective ensembles impede the loss of metabolically-generated heat, the wicking of sweat and the removal of water vapour resulting from the evaporation of sweat. The design objective of most newly-developed materials is to facilitate heat loss, whilst retaining the appropriate chemical and biological protection. In this project, the focus was upon the physiological impact of exercising in a hot-dry environment, whilst wearing CB protective ensembles made from various combinations of these materials. METHODS Seven physically-active males participated in this project, completing four experimental trials, each with a different configuration of CB protective clothing. Trials differed only in the type of CB clothing worn, which varied in the heat and moisture transmission ratings. Both the subjects and researchers were blind to these qualities, and the ensembles were coded alphabetically (A, B, C and D (a commercially-available CB ensemble)). Within each trial, subjects completed external work at two intensities, which were designed to simulate the approximate total metabolic heat production expected during vehicular activities (e.g. aircraft flight, driving armoured vehicles). For 60 min, subjects worked at a very-light external work rate (25 W: total metabolic heat production ≈180 W), followed by 60 min at a light intensity (50 W: total metabolic heat production ≈300 W). All trials were performed in a hot-dry environment (40°C, 30% relative humidity), which was based on the conditions expected within tanks, and possibly helicopters, during 6 months of the year in Darwin (northern Australia). Physiological data were collected continuously, whilst psychophysical data were collected intermittently. The former included: body core and skin temperatures, heart rate, whole-body sweat and evaporation rates. Psychophysical indices were: perceived exertion, thermal and skin wetness perception, and clothing, thermal and skin wetness discomfort. RESULTS Three principal observations arose from the current experimental series. First, the existing CB protective ensemble appeared to more adversely affect physiological function than any of the newly-developed garments (Table 1). This was most evident for core temperature, mean body temperature, heart rate and the evaporation of sweat from within the ensemble. Indeed, the new ensembles appeared to better support the attainment of thermal and cardiovascular steady states during very-light work in hot-dry environments. This was not possible with the existing ensemble, which would appear to impose approximately 15% greater thermal insulation than each of the other ensembles. Indeed, from independently derived, sweating hot-plate data, the average thermal resistance of ensembles A-C was found to be only 66% of that obtained for ensemble D (0.036 versus 0.054 m 2 .K.W -1 : Defence Science and Technology Organisation). 236
Personal protective equipment Table 1: Averages for the last 5 min of each trial, or from the last sampling period. Data are means (standard errors of the means). Variable Ensemble A Ensemble B Ensemble C Ensemble D Core temperature (°C) 38.30 (0.13) 38.25 (0.09) 38.30 (0.14) 38.70 (0.11) Skin temperature (°C) 37.24 (0.17) 37.25 (0.12) 37.16 (0.12) 37.59 (0.12) Heart rate (b.min -1 ) 126.8 (4.9) 121.5 (5.3) 126.6 (4.6) 136.0 (6.3) Body mass change (kg) 1.49 (0.22) * 1.39 (0.12) * 1.45 (0.09) * 1.59 (0.16) Perceived exertion (6-20) 11.0 (0.53) 11.1 (0.70) 11.4 (0.48) 11.9 (0.96) Thermal sensation (1-13) 10.7 (0.36) 10.9 (0.34) 11.1 (0.34) 10.4 (0.78) Thermal discomfort (1-5) 3.3 (0.42) 3.3 (0.50) 3.6 (0.25) 3.5 (0.55) Skin wetness (1-13) 10.9 (0.34) 11.1 (0.51) 11.1 (0.26) 11.3 (0.47) Skin wetness discomfort 3.1 (0.37) 3.1 (0.47) 3.4 (0.30) 3.5 (0.54) (1-5) Clothing discomfort (1-5) 3.3 (0.41) 3.1 (0.51) 3.4 (0.25) 3.5 (0.55) * significantly different from the existing CB ensemble (D; P
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
Page 185 and 186: Personal protective equipment Invit
Page 187 and 188: Personal protective equipment fabri
Page 189 and 190: Personal protective equipment PHYSI
Page 191 and 192: Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
Page 193 and 194: Personal protective equipment the S
Page 195 and 196: Personal protective equipment DISCU
Page 197 and 198: Personal protective equipment Final
Page 199 and 200: Personal protective equipment REFER
Page 201 and 202: Personal protective equipment Tc wa
Page 203 and 204: Personal protective equipment level
Page 205 and 206: F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
Page 207 and 208: h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
Page 209 and 210: Personal protective equipment 0.05
Page 211 and 212: Personal protective equipment was u
Page 213 and 214: Personal protective equipment THERM
Page 215 and 216: Personal protective equipment the s
Page 217 and 218: Personal protective equipment the c
Page 219 and 220: Personal protective equipment wette
Page 221 and 222: Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
Page 223 and 224: Personal protective equipment HEAT
Page 225 and 226: Personal protective equipment Profi
Page 227 and 228: Personal protective equipment PHYSI
Page 229 and 230: Personal protective equipment REDUC
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Page 233 and 234: Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Page 241 and 242: Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
Page 243 and 244: Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
Page 245 and 246: Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
Page 247 and 248: Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
Page 249 and 250: Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
Page 251 and 252: Non-thermal factors to some categor
Page 253 and 254: Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
Page 255 and 256: Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
Page 257 and 258: Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
Page 259 and 260: Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
Page 261 and 262: Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
Page 263 and 264: Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
Page 265 and 266: Non-thermal factors A tendency for
Page 267 and 268: Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
Page 269 and 270: Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Page 281 and 282: Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
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Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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