2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> The highest temperature peak appears inside the PC itself, while the highest water vapour concentration is observed in the underwear. This indicates that a large amount of water vapour stays in the system because the evaporated vapour condenses over the modelled skin and then the condensate is re-wicked into the underwear. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funded as a European Union GROWTH programme project “THERMPROTECT, Assessment of Thermal Properties of Protective Clothing and Their use” (contract G6RD-CT- 2002-00846), with participation by P. Broede (D), V. Candas (F), E. A. den Hartog (NL), G. Havenith (UK), I. Holmér (S), H. Meinander (FIN), and M. Richards, (CH). The first author T. Fukazawa acknowledges the financial support by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science. REFERENCES Fukazawa, T., Kawamura, H., and Tamura, T., 2000. Water vapour transfer through microporous membrane and polyester tectiles at combinations of temperature and pressure that simulate elevated altitudes. J. The Text. Inst., 91, 3, 434-447. Fukazawa, T., den Hartog, E. A., Daanen, H. A. M., Pender-van Elk, N., Tochihara, Y., Havenith, G., and TERMPROTECT Network, 2005. Radiant heat transfer network in the simulated protective clothing system under high heat flux, The 3rd International Conference on Human-Environment System, 435-438. 226
Personal protective equipment PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A MODIFICATION OF IMPERMEABLE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CONSTRUCTION Anna Marszałek 1 , Grażyna Bartkowiak 2 , Krzysztof Łęża 2 1 Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, Department of Ergonomics, Warsaw, Poland 2 Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, Department of Protective Clothing, Lodz, Poland Contact person: anmar@ciop.pl INTRODUCTION Protective clothing that is impermeable to air and water vapour affords good protection against chemical agents, but makes the exchange of heat between a human body and the environment difficult [1]. The body thermal load becomes especially high when work in this clothing is performed in a hot environment. When air temperature is higher than the mean skin temperature, the only way to remove excess heat from the body is through the evaporation of sweat. Physical features of impermeable protective clothing disturb sweat evaporation and therefore sweat accumulates in the underwear. As a result, air humidity under the impermeable layer of protective clothing increases and physiological and subjective assessments become worse. The first stage of the study showed that light work ought to be performed for not more than 30 min in impermeable protective clothing L2, constructed as an overall [2]. As a result of the next stage of the study, new construction solutions of protective clothing were developed. The aim of the present stage of the study was to assess the efficiency of new models of the basic protective clothing L2, and to indicate which of the construction modifications will be most comfortable for users. METHODS Subjects: Six fire-fighters participated in the study. The descriptive characteristics of the subjects (mean ± SD) were: age (29.0 ±3.7 y), height (183 ±7 cm), weight (80.3 ±4.8 kg) and physical fitness (40.3 ±2.1 mlVO2·kg -1 ·min -1 ). The subjects were fully informed of the purpose and procedures, and signed a statement of informed consent. Protective clothing tested in the study: Chemical protective clothing L2 available on the Polish protective clothing market, and used by military and civil services and fire-fighters, was used in this study. The model was designed for the protection of workers against pouring acids or alkalis during temporary work. It is made of polyamide fabric of 300 ±20 g·m -2 weight, covered on both sides with a rubber mixture based on a butyl rubber. The model consisted of a boiler suit with a hood, and it had rubber boots glued to the trousers. Construction modifications of the basic L2 model were as follows: (1) Prototype A had seven pockets of size of 14 x 40 cm placed as follows: two pockets in the upper part of trousers in front and in back, and four pockets in the upper part of the overall (two on the right and two on the left part of chest, and double pocket on the back). (2) Prototype B had profiled vertical tunnels in the waist level which make the air flow between lower and upper parts of clothing easier. It also had ventilation holes in the front and back sides of the upper part of the clothing covered with a thin, permeable net fabric. Moreover, it had a cloak with shorter sleeves over the upper part of clothing to protect against liquid chemicals. (3) Prototype C was equipped with a ventilator which delivered air from the outside. The air was then distributed in the clothing by pipes directed to the legs and chest. There were two exit valves on the legs. 227
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Page 177 and 178: Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
Page 179 and 180: Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
Page 181 and 182: Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
Page 183 and 184: Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
Page 185 and 186: Personal protective equipment Invit
Page 187 and 188: Personal protective equipment fabri
Page 189 and 190: Personal protective equipment PHYSI
Page 191 and 192: Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
Page 193 and 194: Personal protective equipment the S
Page 195 and 196: Personal protective equipment DISCU
Page 197 and 198: Personal protective equipment Final
Page 199 and 200: Personal protective equipment REFER
Page 201 and 202: Personal protective equipment Tc wa
Page 203 and 204: Personal protective equipment level
Page 205 and 206: F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
Page 207 and 208: h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
Page 209 and 210: Personal protective equipment 0.05
Page 211 and 212: Personal protective equipment was u
Page 213 and 214: Personal protective equipment THERM
Page 215 and 216: Personal protective equipment the s
Page 217 and 218: Personal protective equipment the c
Page 219 and 220: Personal protective equipment wette
Page 221 and 222: Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
Page 223 and 224: Personal protective equipment HEAT
Page 225: Personal protective equipment Profi
Page 229 and 230: Personal protective equipment REDUC
Page 231 and 232: 39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
Page 233 and 234: Personal protective equipment EXERC
Page 235 and 236: Personal protective equipment appro
Page 237 and 238: Personal protective equipment Table
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Page 241 and 242: Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
Page 243 and 244: Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
Page 245 and 246: Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
Page 247 and 248: Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
Page 249 and 250: Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
Page 251 and 252: Non-thermal factors to some categor
Page 253 and 254: Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
Page 255 and 256: Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
Page 257 and 258: Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
Page 259 and 260: Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
Page 261 and 262: Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
Page 263 and 264: Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
Page 265 and 266: Non-thermal factors A tendency for
Page 267 and 268: Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
Page 269 and 270: Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
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Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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