2007, Piran, Slovenia
2007, Piran, Slovenia 2007, Piran, Slovenia
Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana 2007 Table 1: Mean skin temperature response by condition (mean ± SD). C n 202 Mean Duration (min) Skin Temperature "Start" ( ° C) "Stop" ( ° C) Rise ( ° C) Rate of Rise ( ° C.min -1 ) C1 10 58.3 ± 5.6 33.7 ± 0.4 35.9 ± 0.6 2.2 ± 0.6 0.04 ± 0.01 C2 8 59.9 ± 14.2 34.3 ± 0.6 36.8 ± 0.4 2.5 ± 0.6 0.04 ± 0.01 C3 12 55.9 ± 10.1 33.6 ± 0.4 35.8 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.4 0.04 ± 0.01 C4 10 61.4 ± 13.6 33.9 ± 0.6 36.9 ± 0.4 3.0 ± 0.8 0.05 ± 0.01 Total 40 58.7 ± 10.9 33.9 ± 0.6 36.3 ± 0.7 2.5 ± 0.7 0.04 ± 0.01 Thermal sensation 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 2: Ratings of thermal sensation by condition. Start Stop C1 C2 C3 C4 Sweat rate averaged 0.022 L.min -1 across all conditions, and whilst there was no significant difference (p=0.114), the highest sweat rate was seen in Condition 4 (GTS and travelator on), corresponding to a rate of ~1.6 L.hr -1 . At this sweat rate, it would take approximately 60 min to achieve a ~2% loss in body mass. Ratings of thermal sensation showed slightly lower, although not significant, baseline and final values for the NPPE conditions (C1 and C3) compared to the GTS conditions (C2 and C4) (Figure 2). This may be the result of the different microclimate within the GTS. Although there was little difference in the temperature between wear conditions (~22ºC) the GTS conditions did produce a far greater relative humidity (~96% RH versus ~45% RH). DISCUSSION In summary, these data show that both ensembles elicited a high Tc response, with temperatures exceeding 39 ° C in 28% of subjects. Thirteen percent of subjects had to be withdrawn from the trials and actively cooled due to attaining the threshold Tc (39.5°C). Further rises in Tc in these subjects could have resulted in significant health complications together with marked reductions in work capacity. Sweat rate was also high, the highest observed being equivalent to a body mass loss of 2% in one hour, a
Personal protective equipment level of dehydration commensurate with reduced physical and psychological performance (Shirreffs and Maughan, 2000). Perhaps surprisingly, there was no difference in the thermal response (core or skin temperature) experienced by the firefighters between the ensembles, although firefighters perceived the heat strain to be slightly greater in the GTS. The different work rates suggest that the similarity in Tc was a function of the self paced nature of the scenarios, which allowed subjects to control their thermal response and work at a sustainable rate. Work rate when carrying the casualty during the GTS scenarios was approximately 15 m.min -1 slower than during the NPPE scenarios. In conclusion, performance of a self-paced underground search and rescue scenario whilst wearing standard firefighting PPE or an impermeable GTS results in significant thermal stress and strain. For the same rise in core and skin temperature, firefighters completed less work in the GTS than the NPPE suggesting the physiological demands of working in the GTS are higher than the NPPE. REFERENCES Graveling, RA., Stewart, A., Cowie, HA., Tesh, KM., George, JPK., 2001. Physiological and environmental aspects of firefighter training. Fire Research Division of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Research Report Number 1/2001. McLellan, T., 1998. Sex-related differences in thermoregulatory responses while wearing protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 78: 28-37. Rayson, M., Wilkinson, D., Carter, J., Richmond, V., Blacker, S., Bullock, N., Robertson, I., Donovan, K., Graveling, R., Jones, D., 2004. Physiological assessment of firefighting in the built environment. On behalf of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, December 2004. ISBN 1 851127615. Shirreffs, S.,M., and Maughan, R.,J., 2000. Rehydration and recovery of fluid balance after exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 28: 27-32. Smith, DL., Petruzzello, SJ., Kramer, JM., Misner, JE., 1997. The effects of different thermal environments on the physiological and psychological responses of firefighters to a training drill. Ergonomics 40: 500-10. 203
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Personal protective equipment<br />
level of dehydration commensurate with reduced physical and psychological<br />
performance (Shirreffs and Maughan, 2000).<br />
Perhaps surprisingly, there was no difference in the thermal response (core or skin<br />
temperature) experienced by the firefighters between the ensembles, although<br />
firefighters perceived the heat strain to be slightly greater in the GTS. The different<br />
work rates suggest that the similarity in Tc was a function of the self paced nature of<br />
the scenarios, which allowed subjects to control their thermal response and work at a<br />
sustainable rate. Work rate when carrying the casualty during the GTS scenarios was<br />
approximately 15 m.min -1 slower than during the NPPE scenarios.<br />
In conclusion, performance of a self-paced underground search and rescue scenario<br />
whilst wearing standard firefighting PPE or an impermeable GTS results in significant<br />
thermal stress and strain. For the same rise in core and skin temperature, firefighters<br />
completed less work in the GTS than the NPPE suggesting the physiological demands<br />
of working in the GTS are higher than the NPPE.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Graveling, RA., Stewart, A., Cowie, HA., Tesh, KM., George, JPK., 2001.<br />
Physiological and environmental aspects of firefighter training. Fire Research<br />
Division of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Research Report Number<br />
1/2001.<br />
McLellan, T., 1998. Sex-related differences in thermoregulatory responses while<br />
wearing protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 78: 28-37.<br />
Rayson, M., Wilkinson, D., Carter, J., Richmond, V., Blacker, S., Bullock, N.,<br />
Robertson, I., Donovan, K., Graveling, R., Jones, D., 2004. Physiological<br />
assessment of firefighting in the built environment. On behalf of the Office of the<br />
Deputy Prime Minister, December 2004. ISBN 1 851127615.<br />
Shirreffs, S.,M., and Maughan, R.,J., 2000. Rehydration and recovery of fluid balance<br />
after exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 28: 27-32.<br />
Smith, DL., Petruzzello, SJ., Kramer, JM., Misner, JE., 1997. The effects of different<br />
thermal environments on the physiological and psychological responses of<br />
firefighters to a training drill. Ergonomics 40: 500-10.<br />
203
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