2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> 166 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMAL INSULATION OF SOCKS TOWARDS PREVENTION OF GLOBAL WARMING Mikie Kusunoki Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima, Japan Contact person: kusunoki@yasuda-u.ac.jp INTRODUCTION Global warming advances faster than we predict, and effective measures should be taken by each nation. In our daily life, world-wide saving energy is demanded. The use of heating in the winter creates comfortable life spaces, but uses a great deal of energy. Therefore, it is necessary for individuals to refrain from using heating, and to rely more on clothing for thermal insulation. In other words, the switch from heating to thermal insulation is demanded. The purpose of this study is to clarify the responses of foot skin temperature to cold stimuli, and the characteristics of thermal insulation by socks. METHODS Twelve healthy female students participated in Experiment 1 (20 y, 156.77 ±4.87 cm, 49.76 ±6.18 kg, 20.29 ±2.28 body mass index) to obtain substantial skin temperature data. Each subject sat in a chair for 30 min in pre-test room (20 o C), then entered the climatic chamber. The chamber was controlled at 22 o C, relative humidity of 55% RH, and still air. The surface skin temperature was measured using an infrared thermography. In Experiment 2, two subjects who showed the similar surface skin temperature in Experiment 1 were chosen to consider the characteristics of thermal insulation of socks (A: 20 y, 151 cm, 46 kg, 20.2 body mass index, 1.389 m 2 surface area; B: 20 y, 163 cm, 52 kg, 19.6 body mass index, 1.547 m 2 surface area). Each subject sat down on a chair for 30 min in pre-test room (20 o C), then entered the chamber controlled at 10 o C or 15 o C (50% RH). Surface skin temperature (thermography) and blood pressure (before and after) were measured. Two different types of socks were studied (normal box and five-toe types). These were made of the same fibers. Every wearing time was 15 min, so that surface skin temperatures became constant. Experiments were performed in the two situations: rest and movement. The movement situation was 100 time of standstill for one minute according to rhythm of a metronome. There two experimental sequences: A (no socks → thermography → normal socks → thermography → finger socks → thermography); B (no socks → thermography → finger socks → thermography → normal socks → thermography). The results from both sequences were averaged. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Experiment 1: The results of surface skin temperature of 12 subjects are shown in Table 1. The domain from the knee to the toe in thermograph was measured as a surface skin temperature of foot. Minimal foot temperature was 24.9 ±1.46oC (right foot) and 24.8 ±1.48oC (left). The maximal temperature was 34.9 ±1.07oC (right) 34.8 ±1.08oC (left), with mean temperatures of 32.0 ±1.35oC (right) and 31.9 ±1.24oC (left), and this difference was significant (P
Clothing Table 1. Comparison of skin temperature between right foot and left feet ( o C, N=12). Right foot Left foot Min. Max. Mean S.D. Min. Max. Mean S.D. Mean 24.9 34.9 32.0 2.12 24.8 34.8 31.9 2.11 S.D. 1.46 1.07 1.35 0.65 1.48 1.08 1.24 0.62 Min. 23.2 32.9 29.8 0.96 22.9 33.1 30.1 1.06 Max. 27.9 36.8 34.8 2.89 27.6 37.0 34.3 2.92 Median 24.5 34.9 31.8 2.38 24.7 34.6 31.6 2.29 As for the temperature distribution in the body, a smaller difference among the parts is more desirable. Therefore, the less deviated one from the standard is desirable. Twelve subjects were divided into three groups according to S.D.: group A >Mean±S.D., group C
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
Page 115 and 116: Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
Page 129 and 130: Cognitive and psychophysiological f
Page 131 and 132: CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
Page 133 and 134: Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
Page 135 and 136: F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
Page 137 and 138: Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
Page 139 and 140: 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
Page 141 and 142: Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
Page 143 and 144: Clothing parallel It values ranged
Page 145 and 146: Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
Page 147 and 148: Clothing and left side chest, scapu
Page 149 and 150: Clothing studies using an ice vest
Page 151 and 152: Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
Page 153 and 154: Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
Page 155 and 156: Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
Page 157 and 158: Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
Page 159 and 160: Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
Page 161 and 162: 38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
Page 163 and 164: Clothing German) were measured, and
Page 165: Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
Page 169 and 170: Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
Page 171 and 172: Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
Page 173 and 174: Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
Page 175 and 176: Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
Page 177 and 178: Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
Page 179 and 180: Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
Page 181 and 182: Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
Page 183 and 184: Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
Page 185 and 186: Personal protective equipment Invit
Page 187 and 188: Personal protective equipment fabri
Page 189 and 190: Personal protective equipment PHYSI
Page 191 and 192: Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
Page 193 and 194: Personal protective equipment the S
Page 195 and 196: Personal protective equipment DISCU
Page 197 and 198: Personal protective equipment Final
Page 199 and 200: Personal protective equipment REFER
Page 201 and 202: Personal protective equipment Tc wa
Page 203 and 204: Personal protective equipment level
Page 205 and 206: F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
Page 207 and 208: h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
Page 209 and 210: Personal protective equipment 0.05
Page 211 and 212: Personal protective equipment was u
Page 213 and 214: Personal protective equipment THERM
Page 215 and 216: Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Thermal comfort Figure 2. Skin wett
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Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Temp.ˇ ]˘ Jˇ ^ 42 40 38 36 34 32
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time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
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Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
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Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
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Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
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Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Acute and chronic heat exposure of
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Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
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probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
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Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
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Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
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Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
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Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
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Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
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Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
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Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Acute and chronic heat exposure 30%
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Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
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RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMET
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Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
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Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
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IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
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Manikins cases. If the body is even
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Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
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Manikins clothing system. This effe
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Manikins The coupled system was val
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Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
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Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
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SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
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ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
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Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
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Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
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Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
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Manikins different black 100% cotto
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Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
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Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
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Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
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NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
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Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
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Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Modelling Figure 1: Blood and mean
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Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling Table 1. Descriptive summ
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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SPONSOR 641
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2007, Piran, Slovenia

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