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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 103 PLATE 3 WEST VAI(OO®0^^3^ K ^Ê ^ KUN^kAK CHITO ^-' I KUNSHAK CMITO ', icnP'V OSAIfA CI^TO® JDkUNSHAK TIKPI .IC:^^ Sul^VoBcRyLA_9HA I! SKITl-NI (iSVOKSAK The Old Choctaw Country. Mississippi CUTHlÛCKEMACA f soKiio meters C, E, S, W—Towns belonging to the Central, Eastern, Southern, and Western divisions of the nation, respectively. The dotted lines indicate the boundaries between the three latter divisions in the early part of the nineteenth century. I
SWANTON] CHOCTAW SOCIAL AND CEEEMONIAL LIFE 55 Simpson speaks of Choctaw woodcraft in much the same terms as does Cushman. When in a strange country the leader of a band of Indians would break twigs to mark the course his followers were to take, or a pole was pointed in that direction and a number of twigs laid at its base to indicate how many miles they were to go. A fish diet was thought highly of by the ancient Choctaw. Nanih Waiya was the principal fish stream in the Choctaw country but it is claimed that the Indians did not fish in it until the white people brought fishhooks into the country. This was largely because it never goes dry and forms pools that may be poisoned or dragged. Wlien they poisoned a pool with buckeye they cut down trees and bushes and piled them up about it so as to keep the stock away and cautioned their people not to drink from it. For this purpose they also used winter berries and devil's shoestring. The latter is so weak that a great quantity is required, but winter berries (see p. 43) falling into a stream naturally will drive fish away. Ordinarily the Choctaw did not allow anyone to poison the pools but dragged them with a drag made of brush fastened to- gether with creepers. When the water was deep, ponies and oxen were secured to the drag at intervals and men sat upon it to keep it down. The fish caught were trout, jacks, perch, suckers, and sometimes catfish. Regarding the sucker, the claim is made that it can be driven ashore by the simple expedient of throwing objects just behind it one after the other. In poisoning and dragging they were allowed to keep only enough for their families; any surplus must be sent to one of the other bands. If this were not done the credit reposed in the stingy band was destroyed. They did not allow fish to be shot in the streams but it was permitted in the lakes and rivers at certain seasons. Big flakes of salt used to appear on the ground at Blue Licks in Noxubee County, and the people resorted to that place in winter to collect them. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Geographical Divisions and Towns (See PI. 3) When Europeans came to know this tribe intimately, and from that time on, three geographical divisions were recognized, but a careful examination shows that we must treat them as four in order to introduce any order into the several town classifications which have come down to us. It seems pretty clear that the Sixtown Indians (Okla Hannali) and their immediate neighbors, who lived in the southern part of the old Choctaw territory, wore early differentiated from the rest, the separation being partly linguistic and partly cultural. Sometimes this division is limited absolutely to
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T^ W^V^lf TÛItli^Î'MlfXtKKKX^,- s
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,\JL . S. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION B
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CONTENTS Introduction 1 Historical
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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLET
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Page Acorns, use of 48 Adoption, cu
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Dances—Coutimied. INDEX 277 Page
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liiiiiii i |iiil!BilB| SMITHSONIAN
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