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124 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 103
hacho, and others, when in second position, really indicate certain
classes of warriors, not perhaps classes that were very clearly de-
fined, but still forming rough categories. So far as humma is concerned,
it is indicated by what has been quoted from Byington
regarding the na humma. Thus Tiak humma is not really a Red
Pine but a Pine Red, Red being the classifier. And so we have a
Flute Red, a Postoak Red, a Choctaw Red, a House Holahta, a
Corn Hacho, a White-man Imastabi, a Warrior Leader, a Warrior
Imataha.
EDUCATION
This differed but slightly from education among the Creeks and
Chickasaw. Our earliest authority gives very little on the subject
specifically except to remark that " they never whip their chil-
dren." ^'^ Bossu declares that
Although the savages count descent only on the female side, the women
are not permitted to correct the boys; they have authority only over the
girls. If a mother ventured to strike a boy, she would receive sharp reprimands
and would be struck in her turn, but when her little boy errs she
takes him to an old man who gives him a lecture and then throws cold water
over his body."*
Romans confirms this in the following paragraph which, how-
ever, concerns only male children
Their exercises agree pretty much with what I have seen among other na-
tions : from their infancy they learn the use of bows and arrows ; they are
never beaten or otherwise rudely chastised, and very seldom chid ; this educa-
tion renders them very wilful and wayward, yet I think it preferable to the
cruel and barbarous treatment indiscriminately used by some European parents,
who might with slight punishments by the excellency of wholesome christian
Admonitions, work in a very different manner on the tender inclinations of
pliable infancy. . . . [With the blowgun] they often plague dogs and other
animals according to the innate disposition to cruelty of all savages, being
encouraged to take a delight in torturing any poor animal that has the misfortune
to fall into their hands ; thinking best of him, who can longest keep the
victim in pain, and invent the greatest variety of torture. "When growing up,
they use wrestling, running, heaving and lifting great weights, the playing with
the ball two different ways, and their favourite game of chunks, all very violent
exercises.^
Bossu says that the boys contended against each other with bow
and arrows, " the one who shoots best being awarded the prize of
praise from the lips of an old man, who names him an apprentice
warrior." ^^^
" Appendix, p. 249 ; Mem. Am. Anth. Assn., v. p. 61.
»» Appendix, pp. 263-269 ; Bossu, Nouv. Voy., vol. 2, pp. 105-106.
=9 Romans, E. and W. Fla., pp. 76-77.
»•« Appendix, p. 263 ; Bossu, Nouv. Voy., vol. 2, p. 101.