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Th e documents in the second chapter of the Appendices cover the Bihać crisis, caused by the assault of the Serbs from Bosnia&Herzegovina and Croatia on the UN safe area of Bihać. Th ey start with a memoir piece - the memories of Lieutenant General Krešimir Ćosić, Ph.D. on the negotiations in the United States with American political and military offi cials, which resulted in Operation Winter ’94 mounted by the Croatian armed forces and the resolution of the fi rst Bihać crisis. Th ere follow 44 documents, largely of Serbian origin, on the events at Bihać from 27 October 1994 until 3 August 1995, showing that Bihać was an extraordinarily important objective in the Serbian plans. However, it could not be achieved because of the tough resistance of the 5 th Corps of the Army of B&H and the 101 st Regiment of the Croatian Defence Council (unit composed of Croats from the Bihać area), supported by assistance from Croatia. Documents testify that Serbian strategists shrunk from no means in their attempts to take Bihać, and even mounted a covert operation involving the use of biological agents in poisoning food smuggled into Bihać and intended to cause widespread disease among the troops of the ARBiH 5 th Corps but also among the population of Bihać. Th e third chapter of the Appendices includes 22 documents showing that plans of the rebel Serbs concerning evacuation of the population form the occupied territory of Croatia in case of any assault by Croatian armed forces such as Storm existed already in 1993. Th ey include the “Decision of the RSK Supreme Defence Council on the evacuation of the population from the municipalities of Benkovac, Obrovac, Drniš, Gračac and Knin towards Srb and Lapac” issued in the aft ernoon hours in Knin on 4 August 1995. At the end, the Appendices present in a separate section the contents of the socalled Plan Z-4, which the rebel Serbs in Croatia did not even want to consider, and the memories of the representatives of the international community involved in the attempts to implement the plan. Th eir statements describing the way in which the representatives of the Serbs in Croatia refused to accept the off ered Plan as a platform for talks clearly confi rm that any attempt to achieve a peaceful reintegration of the occupied areas into the constitutional and legal system of the Republic of Croatia was doomed to failure because of the intolerant position of the Serbian leaders. Th e documents presented in the Appendices can be said to be a direct and argumentsupported response to questions why, unfortunately, there was no alternative to the military option, why the Croatian leadership could no longer delay Storm, and who was responsible for the exile of Croatia’s ethnic Serbs on the eve of and aft er Storm. Th e following facts also show how unconvincing are the claims that Croatia was hasty in mounting a military solution, and that more time should have been left for negotiations - the condition of Bihać’s defences was dramatic and the fall of Bihać would considerably, even decisively improve the position of the Serbian armed forces; - the leadership of the rebel Serbs turned down all peace initiatives - by the Government of the Republic of Croatia and by the international community - and even Plan Z-4 which envisioned an extremely broad autonomy for the Serbs in Croatia, almost “a state within the state”; - the continuous endeavours of the Serbs from Croatia and from Bosnia&Herzegovina focused since 1991 on the creation of a single Serbian state in the occupied parts of 176
the Republic of Croatia and of Bosnia&Herzegovina - the “United Serbian Republic” - entered the fi nal stage, the adoption of the joint constitution, just on the eve of Storm. Considering the experience, the course of the negotiations on the peaceful reintegration of the occupied Croatian territory into the constitutional and legal system of the Republic of Croatia, it would really be diffi cult to argue that the rebel Serbs, had they succeeded in taking Bihać and signifi cantly improving their strategic position with respect to Croatia, would have agreed to negotiate peaceful reintegration. 177
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Davor Marijan S T O R M 1
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Davor Marijan S T O R M Zagreb, Aug
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor’s introd
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EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION EDITOR’S
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why something was done in a specifi
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material, the reminiscences of Gene
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logical and that is was organized b
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ordered the Flight/; Večernje novo
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In addition to the comment that “
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- the population was signifi cantly
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General Staff had traditionally cou
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However, aft er the Split Agreement
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military support to the RSK. Specif
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warrant the conclusion that Croatia
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war. But, it is certain that they c
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Of course, this does not disprove t
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Croatian soldiers (guardsmen) 34
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36 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .
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(Croatian soldiers, 6 August 1995 (
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y infl uential Croatian politicians
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42 THE BATTLEFIELD AND THE BELLIGER
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Th e Croatian Air Force and Air Def
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46 THE SERBIAN REBELLION IN CROATIA
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helmets”. 35 Th ey brought relati
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standstill the Croatian Army was se
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attacks against the RSK. Th e Lika
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54 CROATIAN FORCE OPERATIONS IN LIV
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Th is was quite true, because the m
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Croatian guardsmen between Mali Ša
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of UNPROFOR. In his letter to Boutr
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62 THE SECOND BIHAĆ CRISIS On 11 J
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64 THE CROATIAN RESPONSE TO THE SEC
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to 8 days; guarantee of civil safet
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July noted that on the previous eve
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70 WAR PLANS (DEFENCE PLANS AND PLA
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Under the pressure of Croatian atta
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Croatian Navy units received orders
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Knin (the fortress), 5 August 1995
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HVO 3 rd Guards Brigade with the Se
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1 st and 4 th Light Brigades, the 2
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of access to Benkovac. 177 Along th
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Bribirske Mostine line on the way t
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88 Conclusion Th e Split Corps Dist
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90 SPECIAL MUP RH UNITS IN OPERATIO
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Medak at about 2000 hours and then,
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Special Police units of the Croatia
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96 THE GOSPIĆ CORPS DISTRICT The m
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98 Execution of the Operation Th e
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day they reached the planned line:
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Th e 138 th Home Guard Regiment pus
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Croatian soldiers (Guardsmen) 104 C
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106 KARLOVAC CORPS DISTRICT Accordi
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and prevent deeper penetration on t
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104 th Brigade, the Serbs committed
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decided to engage units of the 110
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order from Pašin Potok to the vill
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116 Conclusion Th e mission of the
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Pontoon Battalion and the 1 st Sisa
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Before the start of the operation,
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order of the President of the Repub
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Bačuga. On the Petrinja - Jabukova
Page 126 and 127: advance the fl anks and the rear of
Page 128 and 129: Petrova Gora, swept by the MUP RH S
Page 130 and 131: in the night of 6/7 August and orde
Page 132 and 133: Colonel Čedo Bulat, commander of t
Page 134 and 135: 134 BJELOVAR CORPS DISTRICT Aft er
Page 136 and 137: the 125 th Home Guard Regiment capt
Page 138 and 139: 138 Conclusion Th e Bjelovar Corps
Page 140 and 141: Batnoga - Cetingrad road and hit th
Page 142 and 143: 142 ARBiH FIFTH CORPS IN STORM With
Page 144 and 145: Th e Joint Staff of the Army of the
Page 146 and 147: 146 Southern Th eatre During Storm
Page 148 and 149: 148 RESPONSE OF THE SVK SLAVONIA-BA
Page 150 and 151: 150 UNCRO, UN AND INTERNATIONAL REA
Page 152 and 153: 152 OVERVIEW OF THE OPERATION A pro
Page 154 and 155: On 10 August the Chief of the HV Ge
Page 156 and 157: the liberation of Knin, all that re
Page 158 and 159: order of the Republic of Croatia th
Page 160 and 161: 160 “ETHNIC CLEANSING” OR SELF-
Page 162 and 163: On the fi rst day of Storm the deci
Page 164 and 165: 164 To Croatian citizens of Serbian
Page 166 and 167: 166 CONCLUSION There have been quit
Page 168 and 169: 168 REFERENCES Balkan Battlegrounds
Page 170 and 171: 170 Books: AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY Dav
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Page 174 and 175: 174
Page 178 and 179: 178 CONTENTS APPENDIX 1 - PLANS OF
Page 180 and 181: 9 1994, 20 November: Regular combat
Page 182 and 183: 7 1994, 1 February: Report of the O
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Page 186 and 187: Article 2 As of the date of entry i
Page 188 and 189: 188 3 1991, 16 May Knin Decision of
Page 190 and 191: a single political and territorial
Page 192 and 193: VI Th erefore, aft er the failed at
Page 194 and 195: should not give cause to confl icts
Page 196 and 197: VIII Cooperation in health and welf
Page 198 and 199: Such an act violates the basic inte
Page 200 and 201: 200 ____________________ Offi cial
Page 202 and 203: 10. Agreement on the realization of
Page 204 and 205: the Gornji Vakuf - Konjic axis, and
Page 206 and 207: est from our brothers and not what
Page 208 and 209: 208 17 1994, 18 August Proposal of
Page 210 and 211: 210 1. CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE EXIST
Page 212 and 213: Th is will create favourable condit
Page 214 and 215: Th e commitment of SVK forces under
Page 216 and 217: Operational implementation of the m
Page 218 and 219: idgehead created earlier to off ens
Page 220 and 221: (3) 105 th air brigade: Collect by
Page 222 and 223: [...] To put it simply, the peaceke
Page 224 and 225: (...) Th e SVK is expected to inspi
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shall operate throughout Croatia. W
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Th e proposal according to which th
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230 23 1995, 18 May Borovo Selo Par
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Th erefore, territorial integrity,
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No. 01-02-41/1-95 President of the
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236 30 1995, 30 July Knin From the
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Chief of the HV General Staff Gener
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tarian aid for the survivors. Th ro
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UNPROFOR units on the ground, and h
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efugees to the fact that rebel Serb
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Th at was certainly one of the most
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lockade of Bihać over several mont
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However, we fi nd it diffi cult to
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252 7 1994, 20 November Report of t
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254 11 1994, 27 November Oštrelj -
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- 60,000 rounds for AA weapons; - 5
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1995, 17 February Oštrelj - Petrov
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1. Hostile forces Th e Croatian Arm
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Black market trade with the (Army o
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264 26 1995, 11 June Knin Extraordi
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(...) 6. PERSONNEL AND ORGANIZATION
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Original, typewritten, Cyrillic scr
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3. Other issues: 1) Uncontrolled us
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272 35 1995, 26 July Report of the
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other. Th erefore, the total value
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276 36 1995, 26 July Communication
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the line Brkića Koplje - Visoka Gl
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280 41 1995, 31 July Vrhovine Th e
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282 43 1995, 3 August Report of the
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Dmitar Obradović, former security
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286
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fi ghting tank and the combi-van ha
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290 5 [Okučani, July] Letter of th
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1. Inform all authorized persons ab
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Th e population eligible for evacua
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296 A S S E S S M E N T OF THREAT A
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- Pakrac - Okučani, the most likel
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- inadequate preparation and equipp
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- 120,000 places in basic protectio
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specifi c services and employees in
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municipality. In other municipaliti
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308 11 1995, 11 May Knin Report of
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1995, 30 May Knin 310 12 Order of S
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Original, typewritten, Cyrillic scr
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2. Municipal civil defence staff s
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Original, typewritten, Latin script
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5. Surveillance and reporting servi
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To REGIONAL CIVIL DEFENCE STAFFS To
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Grahovo - Livanjsko Polje. Specifi
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Th e security system at all levels
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326
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328
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VI Police Forces in Krajina 330 VI.
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332 DRAFT AGREEMENT ON KRAJINA, SLA
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334 (b) Th e defence of the Republi
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to mitigate the evasion of taxes an
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338 Chapter IV Participation of Kra
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340 PART TWO: ARRANGEMENTS CONCERNI
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342 PART THREE: COMMON PROVISIONS C
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2. All governmental organs and admi
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346 Chapter XIII Special Constituti
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2. Th e amendments and legislation
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350 A N N E X B LIST OF HUMAN RIGHT
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352 Article 4 Competence Th e compe
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354 II. THE COMPETENCE AND THE POWE
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7. In accordance with the provision
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And you went to Knin? Yes, we came
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Prosecutor Nice: You then met him o
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Prosecutor Nice: What about the acc
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Prosecutor Nice: Did you respond to
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Prosecutor Nice: Let’s pause ther
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I briefed my diplomatic colleagues
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States, and that he absolutely had
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PROSECUTOR UERTZ-RETZLAFF: And when
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PROSECUTOR UERTZ-RETZLAFF: You have
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PROSECUTOR UERTZ-RETZLAFF: Yes. Who
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PROSECUTOR UERTZ-RETZLAFF: Did you
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PROSECUTOR UERTZ-RETZLAFF: “Us”
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BABIĆ: Th ey were integrated into
Page 384 and 385:
Croatian Memorial- Documentation Ce
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PoD pozadinski odred logistics squa
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ZZPO Zapovjedništvo Zbornog podru
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Đ Đerić Branko, 194, 196, Đinđ
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Stoltenberg Th orvald, 359 Stupar M
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Čista Mala, 212 Čista Velika, 83
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Ogulin, 40, 41, 73, 97, 106-108, 11
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398
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400
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